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In order to answer the question whether a Science
student can believe, I would like to tell you a story
about one of my tutees.




                                                        1
He is called Nicodemus, and he is quite the
Einstein. Jewish like him, and brilliant, well, almost
like him. Let me introduce him a little bit more.




                                                         2
Nicodemus, we usually call him Nico, has been
building things all his life. He had actually
managed to send rockets into space, and was
always willing to talk about that. But recently,
when his parents asked about his projects, he
would just say, ‘oh, nothing special’, and if they
insisted with their interest, he would smile, but
say nothing. So they left him alone.




                                                     3
His parents did not use to be ‘devout’ Jews, only
from a Jewish family – an important Jewish family,
yes. But in recent years, they started to go to the
synagogue. You could regularly see them talking
to the Rabbi, who even came to visit their home a
few times. Just before Nico was to start at the
AUC, Nico’s father came to him one day, and said
‘Nicodemus, your mother and I have decided to
move to Jerusalem. We think we can be more
united with our people there. We respect that you
have decided to go to college in Amsterdam, but
would like to ask you to come with us.’




                                                      4
Nico was much surprised by his father’s message and his request.
He remained silent for some time, and asked for time to think,
which his father granted him. In the following nights, Nico would
lie in his bed, with thoughts racing through his mind. He thought
about what his life would be like in Jerusalem, he would probably
also be able to study there. But above all, he wondered if he could
really feel united to his Jewish family. His parents had never told
him much about the Jewish faith, so he did not feel he had faith.
Moreover, he really wanted to get a good scientific education at
the AUC. After long thought, he concluded that he would feel very
out of place in Jerusalem. He went to his father, and told him:
“Dad.” “You look very tired, son.” “So I am, dad. I have been
thinking a lot.” “I thought so, Nico. Let’s not beat about the bush. I
can see you are uncomfortable, what have you decided.” Nico
started to quiver. “Dad, I have decided that… that I would rather
stay in Amsterdam.” His father remained silent for a while. “I
understand son. This will be tough on your mother.” “I know dad. I
don’t want to leave her, it’s just that…” “Leave it, Nico, I
completely understand. And she will too. You have my blessing.”




                                                                         5
After coming to AUC, Nico was assigned to my tutor
group. Not long ago we were having drinks during a
tutor group meeting. Suddenly Nico said, “Sir, you are a
believer, right?” I was a bit surprised, and said, “Yes,
you could say that, why?” “Well, you are also a
biologist, how do these things combine?” At the time I
did not know much about his background, so I thought
that the best would be to talk a bit about mine, so that
he would feel free to talk about his as well. I told him “I
am from Laren, a Catholic village in the centre of the
Netherlands. We have a very nice basilica in our village,
that thanks its existence partly to the yearly procession
of St John the Baptist that we have there.”




                                                              6
Not long ago, catholic processions in the Netherlands
were prohibited. Above the rivers, only ours was
allowed to continue, because of its ancient tradition.
On St John’s day, everyone who has something to do
with Laren comes to town. As a child, we watched the
procession, but I never participated. Although I was
baptized, received my first communion and
confirmation, as customary for catholic children, we did
not go to church very often. In my adolescence I only
went there to sing in a youth choir, because I love
singing. But I started to read books by Stephen
Hawkins, and thought that I would like to be a scientist.
I thought that this could not be combined with faith in
God, and since my faith was not very strong, I
considered myself an ‘agnostic’. God might be there,
who knows?




                                                            7
Then, in the year 2000, several people from my choir went to Rome for
the World Youth Days that were organized there. This is a three-yearly
worldwide event for catholic young people and their friends, started
by pope John Paul II. I went along to have a good vacation. I had
unconsciously developed a pretty strong prejudice against religious
people. I felt they were either quite gloomy and boring people or
hypocrites. I remember quite vividly stepping in to the bus that would
drive us to Rome, and have the priest say the voyage benediction as
soon as we drove away. It struck me as, oh man, what have I got
myself into? But on the way we stopped at many interesting places,
and I had good conversations with my traveling mates from my own
parish and from the other parishes that came with us. Some of the
most impressive experiences were the stops at Assisi and La Verna,
places where St Francis of Asis lived and died. We were guided around
by Franciscans. These people radically give everything away that they
have to serve God, the only thing they have is their habit. That made
me think: ‘if God does not exist, these people really have a problem.”
But they seemed quite happy, St Francis certainly was a very happy
person.
Since Nico still seemed interested, I continued.




                                                                         8
When we arrived to Rome, we met huge crowds
of young people, singing and having a good time. I
was rather wary of the ‘mass effect’, especially
since I could not yet really ‘feel with’ the crowd.
But the message that religious people are not
necessarily sad and boring was well taken. All in
all, this trip did not convinced me to believe, but it
opened the way, because it raised my interest for
the faith. Since I wanted to be a biologist, I now
wanted to know how one could combine faith and
science.




                                                         9
I was very lucky that one of the participants in my trip was a person who was
very devoutly religious, and knew a lot of people that were involved with these
sorts of questions. He took me to the student residence Leidenhoven, were
people lived with a profound faith, and who are also true scientists. I went to a
few lectures there, and when I told one of the organizers about my problem: how
to combine faith and science, his answer was very simple. He said, “You know
what science is, now learn what the faith is, and you will see for yourself whether
they can combine.” I thought that was very reasonable, so I took his advice, and I
took classes with him about the faith. Little by little, I started understanding
more, I started to pray, and I started to understand how it all fitted. That was a
great experience for me.
Nico, listened to this story with interest, and afterwards told me about his own
background and his problem with his family. I ended up by giving him the same
advice that they gave me: learn about the faith, and you will see how the two
combine.
“But sir, that may be true, but what can I do with such advice now?” Nico asked.
“I want to know whether I can be reconciled with my family, and you ask me to
undertake a multi-year studying project. Can’t you see that is not an option for
me?”
I told him that I thought it would be the only way to get a satisfactory answer.
“Well,” he said “it is not the answer I was looking for.” And he stood up, and
marched off.




                                                                                      10
The next day, however, he was back. “Sir, I am sorry for
being a bit abrupt yesterday, but can’t we talk about
some concrete problems? What about evolution? Do
you think you can believe and think that evolution
actually took place?” “ Yes,” I said, “we can talk about
that, and I don’t mind telling you about it. But think
about the fact that your parents took quite a bit of time
about making up their mind about this issue, and so did
I. Don’t expect to see a complete answer, you’ll need
time.” “Sir,” Nico said, “ We’ll see about that. But could
you now tell me whether one can believe and be
serious about evolution. I mean, without compromising
on the faith. I don’t want to be half-hearted in
anything.” So I said, “All right, that’s a theme we can
talk about. I think you can be completely serious about
your faith and about evolution at the same time. Let
me explain.”




                                                             11
First, let me tell you that I have a serious problem with
‘young-earth creationism’, the idea that the earth was
literally created in seven days, that the universe is at
most 7000 years old. The problem is, that if you look at
the universe, the earth, and species, you see something
else. Now, I believe that, as Galileo famously said, God
wrote two books: the bible and creation. Would He
construct creation in such a way that it seems to be
millions of years old, but it is actually not? And then
write another book to show us that he is actually just
joking, and it is really not so old as it seems? That very
much contradicts the image of an all-powerful, eternal,
loving and faithful God. I do not think that God
contradicts himself in this way.




                                                             12
Nico asked: but what about Genesis? It SAYS that the earth
developed in seven days, doesn’t it? And I answered him:
“Indeed it does. But have you ever read: ‘How to read a
book?’” “I can read”, Nico said. “I bet you can” I told him,
“but there is a difference between reading and really
assimilating what an author is trying to say. One of the
basic questions that this book teaches you to ask when
reading is, what type of book is this? What kind of
question is it trying to answer? And if you think a little bit
about who wrote Genesis (probably Moses, inspired by
the Holy Spirit – it is the Word of God), and who the
audience was: the people of Israel, you will probably figure
out that the natural sciences are not what this book is
trying to convey. In other words, it was never written to
answer the question whether the earth was actually
created in six, seven or twenty million days. That is just not
relevant.




                                                                 13
“But then what is Genesis about?” Nico asked. “Well, you have to
see the book in the context of the whole Old Testament” I
explained. “What is the bible about? It is basically about the
relationship of God with his chosen people, which were the Jews
to start with. And Genesis is the start of this relationship. God is
building a house for His people, and giving them a mission. You
see, in the beginning it says, everything was “formless and
empty”. In the first three days, God deals with the formlessness,
in the second three days with the emptiness. The last day is a
resting day, a sign of the covenant he agreed with his people. So
Genesis is all about the relation between God and his people, not
about cosmology.” “So there is no problem between Genesis and
evolution?” Nico asked. “None at all” I concluded. “But why do
people make such an issue about the faith and science debate
then? You make believing sound rational, but everyone tells me it
is not. Who should I believe?” “There is only one way to find out,
Nico,” I told him. “You have to study to know, and study takes
time, I’m sorry.” “Well thanks, but I don’t want to hear that
another time,” Nico replied, and went off again.




                                                                       14
However, a week later he came back again,
carrying a copy of ‘the God Delusion’. “Sir”, he
said, “last week you told me a story about Genesis
and all, but look, someone gave me a copy of
Dawkins. I read it this week, and his problem is
not with genesis, it is just that, scientifically
speaking, believers are highly stupid and
unreasonable people.” “Right,” I said, “well, if you
have taken the time to hear his side of the
argument, you might as well take the time to hear
the other side, right?” “I suppose I should”
Nicodemus agreed.




                                                       15
So I recommended him to read ‘Answering the new Atheism’ by
Scott Hahn and Benjamin Wiker, which he promised to read. “But”
he said, “whatever they write, I will agree with Dawkins that God
is an unlikable character.” “Really, do you feel he is unlikable?
Why?” I asked. “Well, he made me choose between my parents
and my science education, and I don’t think that’s a likable thing
to do.” “So you feel that God unreasonably made you choose
between the two?” “Well, yes, in a sense.” Nico answered “I
mean, … of course my parents themselves had a hand in it, and I
also could have gone to Israel and study science there.” “So you
think that your parents and you yourself had something to do
with it as well?” I asked. “Yeah, certainly,” Nico replied, “but… oh
it’s all so complicated. Perhaps I shouldn’t blame God directly, it’s
probably too easy.” “Look” I said, “I don’t blame you for being
confused, just have some patience with yourself all right? I think
God is very loving in his providence, but it may take time for you
to see that. For now just read the other book, and we’ll talk
further another time.”




                                                                        16
“No wait,” he said, “have you not only told me the faith-side of
the story on evolution? Isn’t there a biological side as well? You’re
a biologist, so you should know about the science.” “There is a
biological side,” I told him, “All right, I’ll briefly summarize. We
could for instance look at the word evolution. It has several
meanings.” One is that living organisms have gone through a
development from simple to complex, with more complex forms
arising out of simple ones, in several stages of development. The
second is meaning is that this development is due to the
mechanism of random variation and natural selection, as
proposed by Darwin. The third meaning is that human beings
came forth from their animal predecessors without any form of
divine intervention. I agree completely with the first, I think the
second is rather vague and needs further elaboration, and I
completely disagree with the third, because I think God
intervenes at the conception of every human being, making us His
children in a special way. But there is no natural scientist who can
either prove or disprove this point using his natural sciences
methodology.




                                                                        17
Nico understood the distinction I made and its importance, but he
immediately asked how I could be so sure about my conviction
that God intervenes with the conception of every human being.
There again I had to tell him that this is an article of faith in the
Catholic Church, and to understand this faith would require more
than even a long discussion could provide. “If you study calculus,”
I told him, “you study it for a semester, and if you want to be good
at it, even more. Why would you put less effort into
understanding a system of life and thought that proposes to give
answers to life’s biggest questions?’ “You’ve told me that five
times now, and I think I get the message” Nico said. “ But I’m
afraid I just don’t have that time.” “Why don’t you spend a little
time reading about it each day? With a little patience you can
make quite a bit of time available for your studies, and you’ll
certainly learn much faster than you think.” I tried. “Yeah right,
well I’ll make time all right.” And he marched off, making me feel
quite uneasy.




                                                                        18
In the coming days, I did not see Nicodemus. But more
worryingly, neither did anyone else at AUC. After the
second week, teachers started sending me emails that
Nico had not shown up for two weeks. I sent him
emails, but he did not reply. From other tutees, I heard
that he had not been seen on campus either. The senior
tutor finally decided to inform the police that he was
missing, and they traced him to his experimentation
shed, although they did not find him there either. All
they found were rather extensive notes on the secret
project that Nico had been working on for some time.
Study of the papers revealed that Nico was working on
… a time machine.




                                                           19
For me, these weeks were a time of intense prayer,
because I was very worried that Nico had taken my
words differently than they had been intended. Indeed,
it was not my intention to advice him to quit school. If
he would have asked, I would certainly have told him
that I am convinced that God’s will for a student is to
study well, so quitting school was certainly not a part of
my proposal. The news about the time machine struck
me as curious, but nothing more. Although I did not
spend more time than is usual for me on prayer every
day, my prayer was certainly very intense in this period,
because I was so worried. I often went to the Holy
Scripture for support. And it is there that I made a
discovery.




                                                             20
While reading the Gospel according to John, I encountered the following lines. (…) Now,
these struck me greatly. First of all, of course, because I was highly sensitized to the
name ‘Nicodemus’. But also it struck me who he was, and what he said. First of all, he
was a ruler, which must have meant that he was from a good Jewish family. Also, he was
someone with a serious wish to find out the meaning of the actions of Jesus, who had
then just started to appear in public. He was not about to trust in the reports of others,
but went out on his own, by night (which may also refer to his own insecurity), to find
out exactly what was going on from the first-hand. This would require a bold person,
and one searching for the truth. It exactly fit the person of Nico that I knew.
In what Nicodemus says, it shows that he has seen Jesus doing great ‘signs’, and he is
curious. But he is certainly not what we would call a ‘Christian’, because he says that
Jesus is a ‘teacher come from God’, but he himself would also have been regarded as
such. He also thinks that God is ‘with him’, just as God might have been with earlier
prophets to do signs. The Christian notion that Jesus is God himself is clearly not on his
mind. So he is a seeking intellectual, not a Christian. Very much like my Nico.
Indeed, what if Nico would have taken my words very seriously, and transported himself
back to the year 0? He would have had ample opportunity to familiarize himself with the
faith of Israel, and, given his talent and descent, doubtlessly have risen to an important
position around the year 30. He would then have taken the opportunity to talk to Jesus
directly. Although I could certainly not believe that this had happened, I thought that the
conversation between Nicodemus and Jesus would help me once my Nico had turned
up again. So I decided to get the most out of it. I wanted to study this scene in depth so
that with Jesus’ answer to Nicodemus in mind, I could satisfactorily answer any
objections scientists could have to the faith.




                                                                                              21
So I continued to read: (…). These sentences again
greatly struck me. What a mysterious answer from
Our Lord! Unless one is born again, one cannot
see. What does this ‘born again’ mean? And then
the question from this Nicodemus: How can this
be? Again, I found it very striking. Completely in
line with my Nico’s mission. And also, is this not
just the question that any scientist nowadays
would ask? You tell me this, but how could that
ever be? There is some openness, but also some
skepticism in the question. Isn’t this ‘how’
question the driving force for most of science? I
quickly read on:




                                                     22
This answer from Jesus is rather different than we might have
expected. A biologist may want to study the mechanism by which
someone is born, but it is clear that the Spirit that Jesus talks
about cannot be caught by any mechanism. He compares it to the
wind that blows where it wills. Even with advanced computer
simulation, we can still not simulate exactly where a breeze comes
from and will go in future. And Jesus says that the Spirit he is
talking about ‘wills’, has its own free will. For something to be
study-able in a natural science way, it needs to be repeatably
measurable. If this Spirit has a free will, even if it were
measurable, than it is certainly not repeatably so. So no
repeatable mechanisms, I’m afraid, for the Spirit that Jesus is
talking about.
But this consideration makes the mystery even greater. If this
Spirit is something not “catchable” by natural sciences, then what
is it? And what does it then mean that someone is born again of
the Spirit? What will a scientist think about this answer?




                                                                     23
Nicodemus was reading my mind. How can all this be? It is really going outside our normal ‘schemes’ of
thinking.
Again the answer of Jesus is rather surprising. First of all he reprimands Nicodemus for not understanding
him. Nicodemus is a ‘teacher of Israel’, which means that he should by now have learnt about the things
that God revealed to the Jewish people. And these include spiritual teachings.
Jesus may have had another intention in reprimanding Nicodemus. Because we intellectuals have the
tendency to presume much about our intellectual knowledge. It may be hard to accept for us that there
are things that we do not know. But then again, as Socrates already discovered, especially knowing that
we do not know everything may open a path towards wisdom for us. We are only open if we recognize
our own limits.
Jesus goes on to speak about his testimony. Why testimony? Because, indeed, testimony is an important
way of knowing things. In our daily lives, we use it continually. When a teacher talks about something, we
assume that he knows about the subject he talks about. We receive his testimony. Now often, of course,
this testimony can be checked. But we often don’t have time to do so, so we just trust in the teacher.
Now of course, there may be situations in which the teacher knows something we cannot check, because
it is not public knowledge. What Jesus is saying is that the knowledge he is talking about is of this type. He
tells us things that he knows about, but that we cannot check against other sources, we can only see
whether he himself is credible. So is Jesus credible?
Nicodemus has already given some motives for which he trusts Jesus: the signs he does. There was also a
keen expectation of a messiah in Israel at the time, so if he were the real Teacher come from God, he
would certainly come expected and well-announced. Indeed John the Baptist had indicated that Jesus was
the Messiah they were expecting. So Jesus had some credibility, but would it convince Nicodemus?




                                                                                                                 24
I knew from the Holy Scripture that certainly not everyone
was prepared to accept Jesus’ testimony. Some time later this
would become crystal clear when Jesus was arrested and led
before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish council of religious leaders at
the time, of which Nicodemus was a member. Clearly, this trial
was far from ordinary, and several members of the Sanhedrin
were not present or objected, among them quite possibly
Nicodemus. Let’s have at look how that trial went.

These images clearly show that there were people who were
not going to accept Jesus. Therefore, when Jesus asks
Nicodemus to believe him, he also struggled with a relational
conflict to make the relation between faith and science
difficult for him, just like my Nico. And Jesus knew about this
difficulty, and the difficulties that He himself was going to
face, as becomes clear over the remainder of their
conversation. Let’s read the rest of it.


                                                                   25
Jesus here gives a direct prophesy of his suffering, that we have just seen a part
of, in a language that is a bit cryptic for us, but for Nicodemus must have been
crystal clear. For when the Israelites were traveling through the desert, snakes
came upon them, and many perished. To counter the plague, God instructed
Moses to lift up a silver serpent upon a pole. Anyone who looked up at the snake
would live. Jesus now tells Nicodemus both that he will be put on a pole like the
snake, that he will suffer, to heal the people. The snake is an image of his
passion, that will heal us. The snake now still is the emblem of pharmacists.
Just as the Israelites that looked at the snake would live, Jesus says that the
people that believe in him will also live. But the life that Jesus talks about is not
normal ‘life’. Het talks about eternal life. What does that mean?
First of all, we should note a common confusion about the world ‘eternal’. Many
people think it means ‘without end’, a time that continues indefinitely. But it
does not, it refers to a reality ‘outside’ time. So eternal life is a life outside time,
in which no time is present. How can that be? Because if we know anything
about biological life, than we must say that it develops in time. Isn’t ‘eternal life’
a ‘contradictio in terminis’ then? Or is the life that we normally talk about only
one instance of a class of states, some of which are outside time? If so, what
characterizes this eternal life? Maybe Jesus’ next words will give some
perspective on that, let’s read on.




                                                                                           26
The following words of Jesus give some perspective on eternal
life, but are still rather mysterious. Because he says that God
gave his only Son, that we may have eternal life. So eternal life
is a gift, that comes with the Son of God. The fact that life is a
gift is not really surprising. If you talk to young parents, you
will notice that they often see their baby, a new life, as a gift.
But why do we need the Son?
Jesus continues talking about being ‘condemned’ and being
‘saved’. It seems that this new life has something to do with
those concepts. On another occasion, Jesus had said, ‘It is my
food to do the Father’s will’, so the new life and its sustenance
must have something to do with the way we act. He also says
that ‘believing’ has something to do with being saved or
condemned, and therefore with this eternal life. Whatever
type of Life Jesus is talking about, its generation is certainly
not by a mechanism we could study through the natural
sciences, even though it has something to do with love. At
least that’s something we are familiar with. Now for the final
part of the conversation.




                                                                     27
Jesus now continues on about the judgment, saying that it has to
do with what people do, good or evil deeds. Indeed, his words
remind me of the ‘near death experiences’ people talk about,
where they see a large light. Perhaps we could imagine a light that
shines right through our innermost thoughts, of all our lives,
because these people often report seeing their whole life flashing
by their eyes. I can imagine that that light may be really nasty for
people who don’t want to have their inner thoughts exposed.
While for people with beautiful thoughts, it may be quite
pleasant. But, if we think about this, who could say that he would
want all his thoughts to be exposed? Indeed, we would all
probably have thoughts that I would like to be ‘saved’ from being
exposed. Is that then what this Son will do for me? Save me from
the things I do not want others to know about, because I know
that they are evil?
But why does he talk about ‘deeds carried out in God’? Does
perhaps this ‘eternal life’ in the Spirit, mean that we are somehow
entering ‘into’ God? That would be really strange and mysterious.
And how will this Son save us?




                                                                       28
Thus ends the night-time visit of Nicodemus to
Jesus. Jesus only said a few things, but it gives us a
lot to think about. He talks about big mysteries,
but asks that we believe in him. What would
Nicodemus have thought about it? Is he satisfied
with the answers to his ‘scientific’ questions? It is
certainly not the scientific answer I was hoping
for. His ‘how’ question has not really been
answered, is my quest over? Perhaps I could see
what the Nicodemus in the bible does, will he or
will he not take Jesus seriously?




                                                         29
We don’t see this Nicodemus again in the Gospel
until some Pharisees want to arrest Jesus. The
soldiers do not want to arrest him, rather bravely.
But the Pharisees clearly presume superior
knowledge, and do not have the intellectual
humility that Jesus was asking from Nicodemus.




                                                      30
Nicodemus speaks out for a just process for Jesus.
Indeed, hearing him is what he has done himself.
Nicodemus seems to be somewhat sympathetic
towards him. However, he does not talk about the
things Jesus said to him, perhaps that is too much
for him. His colleagues are not convinced, but
leave it at this for now. But for how long?




                                                     31
Indeed, Nicodemus’ objection did not have much
effect on the long term. The Pharisees arrest
Jesus, and lead him to be crucified, the most cruel
and lowly death penalty that the Romans had at
their disposal at that time.




                                                      32
Jesus has died, some miracles have occurred: the earth
shook, the Temple curtain was split asunder, people
were raised from the dead. But all Jesus’ disciples had
fled, except for his mother Mary, the young apostle
John, and several women.

So now Nicodemus comes forward together with
Joseph of Arimathea, another important Jew, known as
“a respected member of the council”. Some have
referred to this deed as ‘the first fruits of Jesus' death”,
people who have previously been fearful now come out
as disciples of Jesus. And indeed, Nicodemus uses
valuable spices to prepare Jesus’ body for burial, a sign
of esteem and veneration. The nightly visit had
obviously had some effect on him.




                                                               33
But still, one of the most famous commentators on this
gospel, St Thomas Aquinas, remarks that myrrh and
aloes are used to preserve a body, and that this
indicates that Nicodemus did not believe that Jesus was
going to be resurrected, something that Jesus had
himself predicted on several occasions. In that sense,
although Nicodemus’s act was bold and generous, the
two probably did not think it any great threat to their
position among the Jews, since for these Jews the
question of Jesus had already ‘been taken care of’. If St
Thomas was right, they were not really Christians yet,
since a Christian believes in Jesus’ resurrection.




                                                            34
The gospel narrates how Jesus is resurrected and
shows himself to his disciples. (…) But we do not
see the name of Nicodemus mentioned any more.
What would he have done when confronted with
Jesus' resurrection? Perhaps it is likely that one so
bold to come forward at Jesus' burial, would not
lack the courage to follow him now. But still, this
would have serious repercussions for his standing
among the Pharisees, who continued to persecute
the disciples of Jesus. And did he really believe
him? So the answer is that we don’t know what
Nicodemus did. We can only guess.




                                                        35
(first points) Listening to Jesus may be a bit
difficult for us, since we are not used to hearing
about spiritual realities, and they do not really
have a place in our worldview. But if the teacher is
to be trusted, why would they not be real?




                                                       36
37
38
39
Oh, and what happened to Nico? The truth is that I do
not know. And there is only one way to find out.
Because Nico, that is each of us. If we want to find an
answer to his question, the only way to find out about
it is to undertake the journey as the Nicodemus of the
Gospel did. It will require all the fortitude and
determination that Nicodemus showed, it will require
dedicated study, it will require openness to a relation
with Jesus, if you are interested in what He has to say.
But it is the road to find out about one of the most
important questions of your life: can I believe in God?

Just please don’t disappear…




                                                           40
41

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Can I, a Scientific Student, Believe?

  • 1. In order to answer the question whether a Science student can believe, I would like to tell you a story about one of my tutees. 1
  • 2. He is called Nicodemus, and he is quite the Einstein. Jewish like him, and brilliant, well, almost like him. Let me introduce him a little bit more. 2
  • 3. Nicodemus, we usually call him Nico, has been building things all his life. He had actually managed to send rockets into space, and was always willing to talk about that. But recently, when his parents asked about his projects, he would just say, ‘oh, nothing special’, and if they insisted with their interest, he would smile, but say nothing. So they left him alone. 3
  • 4. His parents did not use to be ‘devout’ Jews, only from a Jewish family – an important Jewish family, yes. But in recent years, they started to go to the synagogue. You could regularly see them talking to the Rabbi, who even came to visit their home a few times. Just before Nico was to start at the AUC, Nico’s father came to him one day, and said ‘Nicodemus, your mother and I have decided to move to Jerusalem. We think we can be more united with our people there. We respect that you have decided to go to college in Amsterdam, but would like to ask you to come with us.’ 4
  • 5. Nico was much surprised by his father’s message and his request. He remained silent for some time, and asked for time to think, which his father granted him. In the following nights, Nico would lie in his bed, with thoughts racing through his mind. He thought about what his life would be like in Jerusalem, he would probably also be able to study there. But above all, he wondered if he could really feel united to his Jewish family. His parents had never told him much about the Jewish faith, so he did not feel he had faith. Moreover, he really wanted to get a good scientific education at the AUC. After long thought, he concluded that he would feel very out of place in Jerusalem. He went to his father, and told him: “Dad.” “You look very tired, son.” “So I am, dad. I have been thinking a lot.” “I thought so, Nico. Let’s not beat about the bush. I can see you are uncomfortable, what have you decided.” Nico started to quiver. “Dad, I have decided that… that I would rather stay in Amsterdam.” His father remained silent for a while. “I understand son. This will be tough on your mother.” “I know dad. I don’t want to leave her, it’s just that…” “Leave it, Nico, I completely understand. And she will too. You have my blessing.” 5
  • 6. After coming to AUC, Nico was assigned to my tutor group. Not long ago we were having drinks during a tutor group meeting. Suddenly Nico said, “Sir, you are a believer, right?” I was a bit surprised, and said, “Yes, you could say that, why?” “Well, you are also a biologist, how do these things combine?” At the time I did not know much about his background, so I thought that the best would be to talk a bit about mine, so that he would feel free to talk about his as well. I told him “I am from Laren, a Catholic village in the centre of the Netherlands. We have a very nice basilica in our village, that thanks its existence partly to the yearly procession of St John the Baptist that we have there.” 6
  • 7. Not long ago, catholic processions in the Netherlands were prohibited. Above the rivers, only ours was allowed to continue, because of its ancient tradition. On St John’s day, everyone who has something to do with Laren comes to town. As a child, we watched the procession, but I never participated. Although I was baptized, received my first communion and confirmation, as customary for catholic children, we did not go to church very often. In my adolescence I only went there to sing in a youth choir, because I love singing. But I started to read books by Stephen Hawkins, and thought that I would like to be a scientist. I thought that this could not be combined with faith in God, and since my faith was not very strong, I considered myself an ‘agnostic’. God might be there, who knows? 7
  • 8. Then, in the year 2000, several people from my choir went to Rome for the World Youth Days that were organized there. This is a three-yearly worldwide event for catholic young people and their friends, started by pope John Paul II. I went along to have a good vacation. I had unconsciously developed a pretty strong prejudice against religious people. I felt they were either quite gloomy and boring people or hypocrites. I remember quite vividly stepping in to the bus that would drive us to Rome, and have the priest say the voyage benediction as soon as we drove away. It struck me as, oh man, what have I got myself into? But on the way we stopped at many interesting places, and I had good conversations with my traveling mates from my own parish and from the other parishes that came with us. Some of the most impressive experiences were the stops at Assisi and La Verna, places where St Francis of Asis lived and died. We were guided around by Franciscans. These people radically give everything away that they have to serve God, the only thing they have is their habit. That made me think: ‘if God does not exist, these people really have a problem.” But they seemed quite happy, St Francis certainly was a very happy person. Since Nico still seemed interested, I continued. 8
  • 9. When we arrived to Rome, we met huge crowds of young people, singing and having a good time. I was rather wary of the ‘mass effect’, especially since I could not yet really ‘feel with’ the crowd. But the message that religious people are not necessarily sad and boring was well taken. All in all, this trip did not convinced me to believe, but it opened the way, because it raised my interest for the faith. Since I wanted to be a biologist, I now wanted to know how one could combine faith and science. 9
  • 10. I was very lucky that one of the participants in my trip was a person who was very devoutly religious, and knew a lot of people that were involved with these sorts of questions. He took me to the student residence Leidenhoven, were people lived with a profound faith, and who are also true scientists. I went to a few lectures there, and when I told one of the organizers about my problem: how to combine faith and science, his answer was very simple. He said, “You know what science is, now learn what the faith is, and you will see for yourself whether they can combine.” I thought that was very reasonable, so I took his advice, and I took classes with him about the faith. Little by little, I started understanding more, I started to pray, and I started to understand how it all fitted. That was a great experience for me. Nico, listened to this story with interest, and afterwards told me about his own background and his problem with his family. I ended up by giving him the same advice that they gave me: learn about the faith, and you will see how the two combine. “But sir, that may be true, but what can I do with such advice now?” Nico asked. “I want to know whether I can be reconciled with my family, and you ask me to undertake a multi-year studying project. Can’t you see that is not an option for me?” I told him that I thought it would be the only way to get a satisfactory answer. “Well,” he said “it is not the answer I was looking for.” And he stood up, and marched off. 10
  • 11. The next day, however, he was back. “Sir, I am sorry for being a bit abrupt yesterday, but can’t we talk about some concrete problems? What about evolution? Do you think you can believe and think that evolution actually took place?” “ Yes,” I said, “we can talk about that, and I don’t mind telling you about it. But think about the fact that your parents took quite a bit of time about making up their mind about this issue, and so did I. Don’t expect to see a complete answer, you’ll need time.” “Sir,” Nico said, “ We’ll see about that. But could you now tell me whether one can believe and be serious about evolution. I mean, without compromising on the faith. I don’t want to be half-hearted in anything.” So I said, “All right, that’s a theme we can talk about. I think you can be completely serious about your faith and about evolution at the same time. Let me explain.” 11
  • 12. First, let me tell you that I have a serious problem with ‘young-earth creationism’, the idea that the earth was literally created in seven days, that the universe is at most 7000 years old. The problem is, that if you look at the universe, the earth, and species, you see something else. Now, I believe that, as Galileo famously said, God wrote two books: the bible and creation. Would He construct creation in such a way that it seems to be millions of years old, but it is actually not? And then write another book to show us that he is actually just joking, and it is really not so old as it seems? That very much contradicts the image of an all-powerful, eternal, loving and faithful God. I do not think that God contradicts himself in this way. 12
  • 13. Nico asked: but what about Genesis? It SAYS that the earth developed in seven days, doesn’t it? And I answered him: “Indeed it does. But have you ever read: ‘How to read a book?’” “I can read”, Nico said. “I bet you can” I told him, “but there is a difference between reading and really assimilating what an author is trying to say. One of the basic questions that this book teaches you to ask when reading is, what type of book is this? What kind of question is it trying to answer? And if you think a little bit about who wrote Genesis (probably Moses, inspired by the Holy Spirit – it is the Word of God), and who the audience was: the people of Israel, you will probably figure out that the natural sciences are not what this book is trying to convey. In other words, it was never written to answer the question whether the earth was actually created in six, seven or twenty million days. That is just not relevant. 13
  • 14. “But then what is Genesis about?” Nico asked. “Well, you have to see the book in the context of the whole Old Testament” I explained. “What is the bible about? It is basically about the relationship of God with his chosen people, which were the Jews to start with. And Genesis is the start of this relationship. God is building a house for His people, and giving them a mission. You see, in the beginning it says, everything was “formless and empty”. In the first three days, God deals with the formlessness, in the second three days with the emptiness. The last day is a resting day, a sign of the covenant he agreed with his people. So Genesis is all about the relation between God and his people, not about cosmology.” “So there is no problem between Genesis and evolution?” Nico asked. “None at all” I concluded. “But why do people make such an issue about the faith and science debate then? You make believing sound rational, but everyone tells me it is not. Who should I believe?” “There is only one way to find out, Nico,” I told him. “You have to study to know, and study takes time, I’m sorry.” “Well thanks, but I don’t want to hear that another time,” Nico replied, and went off again. 14
  • 15. However, a week later he came back again, carrying a copy of ‘the God Delusion’. “Sir”, he said, “last week you told me a story about Genesis and all, but look, someone gave me a copy of Dawkins. I read it this week, and his problem is not with genesis, it is just that, scientifically speaking, believers are highly stupid and unreasonable people.” “Right,” I said, “well, if you have taken the time to hear his side of the argument, you might as well take the time to hear the other side, right?” “I suppose I should” Nicodemus agreed. 15
  • 16. So I recommended him to read ‘Answering the new Atheism’ by Scott Hahn and Benjamin Wiker, which he promised to read. “But” he said, “whatever they write, I will agree with Dawkins that God is an unlikable character.” “Really, do you feel he is unlikable? Why?” I asked. “Well, he made me choose between my parents and my science education, and I don’t think that’s a likable thing to do.” “So you feel that God unreasonably made you choose between the two?” “Well, yes, in a sense.” Nico answered “I mean, … of course my parents themselves had a hand in it, and I also could have gone to Israel and study science there.” “So you think that your parents and you yourself had something to do with it as well?” I asked. “Yeah, certainly,” Nico replied, “but… oh it’s all so complicated. Perhaps I shouldn’t blame God directly, it’s probably too easy.” “Look” I said, “I don’t blame you for being confused, just have some patience with yourself all right? I think God is very loving in his providence, but it may take time for you to see that. For now just read the other book, and we’ll talk further another time.” 16
  • 17. “No wait,” he said, “have you not only told me the faith-side of the story on evolution? Isn’t there a biological side as well? You’re a biologist, so you should know about the science.” “There is a biological side,” I told him, “All right, I’ll briefly summarize. We could for instance look at the word evolution. It has several meanings.” One is that living organisms have gone through a development from simple to complex, with more complex forms arising out of simple ones, in several stages of development. The second is meaning is that this development is due to the mechanism of random variation and natural selection, as proposed by Darwin. The third meaning is that human beings came forth from their animal predecessors without any form of divine intervention. I agree completely with the first, I think the second is rather vague and needs further elaboration, and I completely disagree with the third, because I think God intervenes at the conception of every human being, making us His children in a special way. But there is no natural scientist who can either prove or disprove this point using his natural sciences methodology. 17
  • 18. Nico understood the distinction I made and its importance, but he immediately asked how I could be so sure about my conviction that God intervenes with the conception of every human being. There again I had to tell him that this is an article of faith in the Catholic Church, and to understand this faith would require more than even a long discussion could provide. “If you study calculus,” I told him, “you study it for a semester, and if you want to be good at it, even more. Why would you put less effort into understanding a system of life and thought that proposes to give answers to life’s biggest questions?’ “You’ve told me that five times now, and I think I get the message” Nico said. “ But I’m afraid I just don’t have that time.” “Why don’t you spend a little time reading about it each day? With a little patience you can make quite a bit of time available for your studies, and you’ll certainly learn much faster than you think.” I tried. “Yeah right, well I’ll make time all right.” And he marched off, making me feel quite uneasy. 18
  • 19. In the coming days, I did not see Nicodemus. But more worryingly, neither did anyone else at AUC. After the second week, teachers started sending me emails that Nico had not shown up for two weeks. I sent him emails, but he did not reply. From other tutees, I heard that he had not been seen on campus either. The senior tutor finally decided to inform the police that he was missing, and they traced him to his experimentation shed, although they did not find him there either. All they found were rather extensive notes on the secret project that Nico had been working on for some time. Study of the papers revealed that Nico was working on … a time machine. 19
  • 20. For me, these weeks were a time of intense prayer, because I was very worried that Nico had taken my words differently than they had been intended. Indeed, it was not my intention to advice him to quit school. If he would have asked, I would certainly have told him that I am convinced that God’s will for a student is to study well, so quitting school was certainly not a part of my proposal. The news about the time machine struck me as curious, but nothing more. Although I did not spend more time than is usual for me on prayer every day, my prayer was certainly very intense in this period, because I was so worried. I often went to the Holy Scripture for support. And it is there that I made a discovery. 20
  • 21. While reading the Gospel according to John, I encountered the following lines. (…) Now, these struck me greatly. First of all, of course, because I was highly sensitized to the name ‘Nicodemus’. But also it struck me who he was, and what he said. First of all, he was a ruler, which must have meant that he was from a good Jewish family. Also, he was someone with a serious wish to find out the meaning of the actions of Jesus, who had then just started to appear in public. He was not about to trust in the reports of others, but went out on his own, by night (which may also refer to his own insecurity), to find out exactly what was going on from the first-hand. This would require a bold person, and one searching for the truth. It exactly fit the person of Nico that I knew. In what Nicodemus says, it shows that he has seen Jesus doing great ‘signs’, and he is curious. But he is certainly not what we would call a ‘Christian’, because he says that Jesus is a ‘teacher come from God’, but he himself would also have been regarded as such. He also thinks that God is ‘with him’, just as God might have been with earlier prophets to do signs. The Christian notion that Jesus is God himself is clearly not on his mind. So he is a seeking intellectual, not a Christian. Very much like my Nico. Indeed, what if Nico would have taken my words very seriously, and transported himself back to the year 0? He would have had ample opportunity to familiarize himself with the faith of Israel, and, given his talent and descent, doubtlessly have risen to an important position around the year 30. He would then have taken the opportunity to talk to Jesus directly. Although I could certainly not believe that this had happened, I thought that the conversation between Nicodemus and Jesus would help me once my Nico had turned up again. So I decided to get the most out of it. I wanted to study this scene in depth so that with Jesus’ answer to Nicodemus in mind, I could satisfactorily answer any objections scientists could have to the faith. 21
  • 22. So I continued to read: (…). These sentences again greatly struck me. What a mysterious answer from Our Lord! Unless one is born again, one cannot see. What does this ‘born again’ mean? And then the question from this Nicodemus: How can this be? Again, I found it very striking. Completely in line with my Nico’s mission. And also, is this not just the question that any scientist nowadays would ask? You tell me this, but how could that ever be? There is some openness, but also some skepticism in the question. Isn’t this ‘how’ question the driving force for most of science? I quickly read on: 22
  • 23. This answer from Jesus is rather different than we might have expected. A biologist may want to study the mechanism by which someone is born, but it is clear that the Spirit that Jesus talks about cannot be caught by any mechanism. He compares it to the wind that blows where it wills. Even with advanced computer simulation, we can still not simulate exactly where a breeze comes from and will go in future. And Jesus says that the Spirit he is talking about ‘wills’, has its own free will. For something to be study-able in a natural science way, it needs to be repeatably measurable. If this Spirit has a free will, even if it were measurable, than it is certainly not repeatably so. So no repeatable mechanisms, I’m afraid, for the Spirit that Jesus is talking about. But this consideration makes the mystery even greater. If this Spirit is something not “catchable” by natural sciences, then what is it? And what does it then mean that someone is born again of the Spirit? What will a scientist think about this answer? 23
  • 24. Nicodemus was reading my mind. How can all this be? It is really going outside our normal ‘schemes’ of thinking. Again the answer of Jesus is rather surprising. First of all he reprimands Nicodemus for not understanding him. Nicodemus is a ‘teacher of Israel’, which means that he should by now have learnt about the things that God revealed to the Jewish people. And these include spiritual teachings. Jesus may have had another intention in reprimanding Nicodemus. Because we intellectuals have the tendency to presume much about our intellectual knowledge. It may be hard to accept for us that there are things that we do not know. But then again, as Socrates already discovered, especially knowing that we do not know everything may open a path towards wisdom for us. We are only open if we recognize our own limits. Jesus goes on to speak about his testimony. Why testimony? Because, indeed, testimony is an important way of knowing things. In our daily lives, we use it continually. When a teacher talks about something, we assume that he knows about the subject he talks about. We receive his testimony. Now often, of course, this testimony can be checked. But we often don’t have time to do so, so we just trust in the teacher. Now of course, there may be situations in which the teacher knows something we cannot check, because it is not public knowledge. What Jesus is saying is that the knowledge he is talking about is of this type. He tells us things that he knows about, but that we cannot check against other sources, we can only see whether he himself is credible. So is Jesus credible? Nicodemus has already given some motives for which he trusts Jesus: the signs he does. There was also a keen expectation of a messiah in Israel at the time, so if he were the real Teacher come from God, he would certainly come expected and well-announced. Indeed John the Baptist had indicated that Jesus was the Messiah they were expecting. So Jesus had some credibility, but would it convince Nicodemus? 24
  • 25. I knew from the Holy Scripture that certainly not everyone was prepared to accept Jesus’ testimony. Some time later this would become crystal clear when Jesus was arrested and led before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish council of religious leaders at the time, of which Nicodemus was a member. Clearly, this trial was far from ordinary, and several members of the Sanhedrin were not present or objected, among them quite possibly Nicodemus. Let’s have at look how that trial went. These images clearly show that there were people who were not going to accept Jesus. Therefore, when Jesus asks Nicodemus to believe him, he also struggled with a relational conflict to make the relation between faith and science difficult for him, just like my Nico. And Jesus knew about this difficulty, and the difficulties that He himself was going to face, as becomes clear over the remainder of their conversation. Let’s read the rest of it. 25
  • 26. Jesus here gives a direct prophesy of his suffering, that we have just seen a part of, in a language that is a bit cryptic for us, but for Nicodemus must have been crystal clear. For when the Israelites were traveling through the desert, snakes came upon them, and many perished. To counter the plague, God instructed Moses to lift up a silver serpent upon a pole. Anyone who looked up at the snake would live. Jesus now tells Nicodemus both that he will be put on a pole like the snake, that he will suffer, to heal the people. The snake is an image of his passion, that will heal us. The snake now still is the emblem of pharmacists. Just as the Israelites that looked at the snake would live, Jesus says that the people that believe in him will also live. But the life that Jesus talks about is not normal ‘life’. Het talks about eternal life. What does that mean? First of all, we should note a common confusion about the world ‘eternal’. Many people think it means ‘without end’, a time that continues indefinitely. But it does not, it refers to a reality ‘outside’ time. So eternal life is a life outside time, in which no time is present. How can that be? Because if we know anything about biological life, than we must say that it develops in time. Isn’t ‘eternal life’ a ‘contradictio in terminis’ then? Or is the life that we normally talk about only one instance of a class of states, some of which are outside time? If so, what characterizes this eternal life? Maybe Jesus’ next words will give some perspective on that, let’s read on. 26
  • 27. The following words of Jesus give some perspective on eternal life, but are still rather mysterious. Because he says that God gave his only Son, that we may have eternal life. So eternal life is a gift, that comes with the Son of God. The fact that life is a gift is not really surprising. If you talk to young parents, you will notice that they often see their baby, a new life, as a gift. But why do we need the Son? Jesus continues talking about being ‘condemned’ and being ‘saved’. It seems that this new life has something to do with those concepts. On another occasion, Jesus had said, ‘It is my food to do the Father’s will’, so the new life and its sustenance must have something to do with the way we act. He also says that ‘believing’ has something to do with being saved or condemned, and therefore with this eternal life. Whatever type of Life Jesus is talking about, its generation is certainly not by a mechanism we could study through the natural sciences, even though it has something to do with love. At least that’s something we are familiar with. Now for the final part of the conversation. 27
  • 28. Jesus now continues on about the judgment, saying that it has to do with what people do, good or evil deeds. Indeed, his words remind me of the ‘near death experiences’ people talk about, where they see a large light. Perhaps we could imagine a light that shines right through our innermost thoughts, of all our lives, because these people often report seeing their whole life flashing by their eyes. I can imagine that that light may be really nasty for people who don’t want to have their inner thoughts exposed. While for people with beautiful thoughts, it may be quite pleasant. But, if we think about this, who could say that he would want all his thoughts to be exposed? Indeed, we would all probably have thoughts that I would like to be ‘saved’ from being exposed. Is that then what this Son will do for me? Save me from the things I do not want others to know about, because I know that they are evil? But why does he talk about ‘deeds carried out in God’? Does perhaps this ‘eternal life’ in the Spirit, mean that we are somehow entering ‘into’ God? That would be really strange and mysterious. And how will this Son save us? 28
  • 29. Thus ends the night-time visit of Nicodemus to Jesus. Jesus only said a few things, but it gives us a lot to think about. He talks about big mysteries, but asks that we believe in him. What would Nicodemus have thought about it? Is he satisfied with the answers to his ‘scientific’ questions? It is certainly not the scientific answer I was hoping for. His ‘how’ question has not really been answered, is my quest over? Perhaps I could see what the Nicodemus in the bible does, will he or will he not take Jesus seriously? 29
  • 30. We don’t see this Nicodemus again in the Gospel until some Pharisees want to arrest Jesus. The soldiers do not want to arrest him, rather bravely. But the Pharisees clearly presume superior knowledge, and do not have the intellectual humility that Jesus was asking from Nicodemus. 30
  • 31. Nicodemus speaks out for a just process for Jesus. Indeed, hearing him is what he has done himself. Nicodemus seems to be somewhat sympathetic towards him. However, he does not talk about the things Jesus said to him, perhaps that is too much for him. His colleagues are not convinced, but leave it at this for now. But for how long? 31
  • 32. Indeed, Nicodemus’ objection did not have much effect on the long term. The Pharisees arrest Jesus, and lead him to be crucified, the most cruel and lowly death penalty that the Romans had at their disposal at that time. 32
  • 33. Jesus has died, some miracles have occurred: the earth shook, the Temple curtain was split asunder, people were raised from the dead. But all Jesus’ disciples had fled, except for his mother Mary, the young apostle John, and several women. So now Nicodemus comes forward together with Joseph of Arimathea, another important Jew, known as “a respected member of the council”. Some have referred to this deed as ‘the first fruits of Jesus' death”, people who have previously been fearful now come out as disciples of Jesus. And indeed, Nicodemus uses valuable spices to prepare Jesus’ body for burial, a sign of esteem and veneration. The nightly visit had obviously had some effect on him. 33
  • 34. But still, one of the most famous commentators on this gospel, St Thomas Aquinas, remarks that myrrh and aloes are used to preserve a body, and that this indicates that Nicodemus did not believe that Jesus was going to be resurrected, something that Jesus had himself predicted on several occasions. In that sense, although Nicodemus’s act was bold and generous, the two probably did not think it any great threat to their position among the Jews, since for these Jews the question of Jesus had already ‘been taken care of’. If St Thomas was right, they were not really Christians yet, since a Christian believes in Jesus’ resurrection. 34
  • 35. The gospel narrates how Jesus is resurrected and shows himself to his disciples. (…) But we do not see the name of Nicodemus mentioned any more. What would he have done when confronted with Jesus' resurrection? Perhaps it is likely that one so bold to come forward at Jesus' burial, would not lack the courage to follow him now. But still, this would have serious repercussions for his standing among the Pharisees, who continued to persecute the disciples of Jesus. And did he really believe him? So the answer is that we don’t know what Nicodemus did. We can only guess. 35
  • 36. (first points) Listening to Jesus may be a bit difficult for us, since we are not used to hearing about spiritual realities, and they do not really have a place in our worldview. But if the teacher is to be trusted, why would they not be real? 36
  • 37. 37
  • 38. 38
  • 39. 39
  • 40. Oh, and what happened to Nico? The truth is that I do not know. And there is only one way to find out. Because Nico, that is each of us. If we want to find an answer to his question, the only way to find out about it is to undertake the journey as the Nicodemus of the Gospel did. It will require all the fortitude and determination that Nicodemus showed, it will require dedicated study, it will require openness to a relation with Jesus, if you are interested in what He has to say. But it is the road to find out about one of the most important questions of your life: can I believe in God? Just please don’t disappear… 40
  • 41. 41