-Invisible technology -Integration of virtual and physical worlds -Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life -Take the data out of environment, leaving behind just an enhanced ability to act. Ellen returns home after a long day's work. At the front door she is recognized by an intelligent surveillance camera, the door alarm is switched off, and the door unlocks and opens. When she enters the hall the house map indicates that her husband Peter is at an art fair in Paris, and that her daughter Charlotte is in the children's playroom, where she is playing with an interactive screen. The remote children surveillance service is notified that she is at home, and subsequently the on-line connection is switched off. When she enters the kitchen the family memo frame lights up to indicate that there are new messages. The shopping list that has been composed needs confirmation before it is sent to the supermarket for delivery. There is also a message notifying that the home information system has found new information on the semantic Web about economic holiday cottages with sea sight in Spain. She briefly connects to the playroom to say hello to Charlotte, and her video picture automatically appears on the flat screen that is currently used by Charlotte. Next, she connects to Peter at the art fair in Paris. He shows her through his contact lens camera some of the sculptures he intends to buy, and she confirms his choice. In the mean time she selects one of the displayed menus that indicate what can be prepared with the food that is currently available from the pantry and the refrigerator. Next, she switches to the video on demand channel to watch the latest news program. Through the 'follow me' she switches over to the flat screen in the bedroom where she is going to have her personalized workout session. Later that evening, after Peter has returned home, they are chatting with a friend in the living room with their personalized ambient lighting switched on. They watch the virtual presenter that informs them about the programs and the information that have been recorded by the home storage server earlier that day.

1. Ubiquitous Computing
……Providing computations and
communications everywhere !!
February 2012
Presenter : 09BCE035 Arpan Patel
Guide: Dr. S.N. Pradhan
Nirma University of Technology

2. Yesterday's Computers Filled Rooms …

3. … So Will Tomorrow’s

4. Computing Evolution

5. The Trends in Computing Technology
1970s
1990s
Late 1990s
Now and Tomorrow ?

6. Computers: Size + Number
size number
One Computer
for many people
Le Grand
Napoleon
One Computer
for everyone
adapted from: F. Mattern, Dagstuhl 2002
Many Computers
for everyone

7. Types of Computing
1. Mainframe era (many people, one computer)
2. PC era (one person, one computer)
 transition phase ( the internet, mobile
computing, distributed data processing &
storing , social changes , towards
Information Society)
3. Ubiquitous Computing (one person, many
computers & many people, many computers)

8. Reference: Alan Daniel, Georgia Institute of Technology.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/gacha/daniels_essay.html

9. Related Topics:
 Several terms that share a common vision:
 Ubiquitous Computing/Pervasive Computing
 Ambient Intelligence
 Human Computer Interaction
 Context Awareness (Context-Aware Pervasive Systems)
 Wearable Computing
 Intelligent environments
 Augmented reality
 Sentient computing

10. What makes this possible ?
 Processing
 cheaper, faster, smaller, more energy efficient
 Storage
 Big, fast and small in size.
 Networking 1GB in Flashcard format
 global, local, ad-hoc, low-power, high bandwidth, low
latencies
 Displays
 projection, flexible materials, power consumption

11. Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cf7IL_
eZ38
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZkHpN
nXLB0
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-
GXO_urMow
To be continued…

12. The Ubiquitous Computing Vision
 Mark Weiser (July 23, 1952 - April 27, 1999)
 Chief scientist of Xerox PARC
 During one of his talks, Weiser outlined a set of
principles describing ubiquitous computing:
 The purpose of a computer is to help you do something else.
 The best computer is a quiet, invisible servant.
 The more you can do by intuition the smarter you are; the
computer should extend your unconscious.

13. Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
Computing Vision
“In the 21st century the technology
revolution will move into the everyday,
the small and the invisible…”
“The most profound technologies are those
that disappear. They weave themselves
into the fabrics of everyday life until they
are indistinguishable from it.”
Mark Weiser (1952 –1999), XEROX PARC
 Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensors
in almost all everyday objects
on your body (“wearable computing”)
embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)

14. Ubiquitous Computing
• “Ubiquitous computing enhances computer use by making many
computers available throughout the physical environment, but
making them effectively invisible to the user.”
• Computing capabilities, any time, any place
• Machines sense users’ presence and act accordingly
• Devices mostly have low power and short-range wireless
communication capabilities.
• Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) integrates computation into the
environment, rather than having computers which are distinct
objects.
• The idea of ubicomp enable people to interact with information-
processing devices more naturally and casually, and in ways that
suit whatever location or context they find themselves in.
~from Wiki
Source: Weiser, 1993a

15.  Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, calm
technology
 Weiser:
 Available everywhere
 Everything connected
 which ideally “weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until
they are indistinguishable from it”
“The computer of the 21st century.”, Scientific American, 1991.
 “…highest ideal is to make a computer so embedded , so fitting, so
natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.”
 In Designing Calm Technology, Weiser and John Brown
describe calm technology as "that which informs but doesn't
demand our focus or attention".

16. Goals of Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
Computing
• Ultimate goal:
– Invisible technology
– Integration of virtual and physical worlds
– Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life
– Take the data out of environment, leaving
behind just an enhanced ability to act

17. Advantages of Pervasive Computing:
 Quick,efficient and effortless.
 It supports a new class of intelligent and
portable appliances or "smart devices" .
 It gives people convenient access to relevant
information .
 It removes the complexity of new technologies.

18. Applications:
 Remote computers will monitor our heath
statistics
 Cars will use the Internet to find an open
parking space or the nearest vegetarian
restaurant for their owners
 Used in Digi-tickers or implanted heart
monitors
 In development of Smart Clothes.

19. Where do we currently stand?
 Ubiquitous devices (always “at hand”):
 Mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants,
Laptops, etc.
 Ubiquitous networks (always available):
 (W)LAN/MAN (Ethernet & IEEE 802.11)
 GSM/GPRS/3G
 PANs (Bluetooth, IrDA, AudioNet etc.)
 Ubiquitous services
 Currently mostly “location-based”

20. Related areas
 Wearable computing
 Intelligent environments
 Augmented reality
 All will be referred to by umbrella term
of Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp)

21. General Ubicomp Features (GUF)
 There are three general features that are
shared across a wide variety of ubicomp
applications.
 These features are :
1. the ability to provide transparent interfaces
2. the ability to automatically adapt the behavior of a
program based on knowledge of the context of its
use,
3. the ability to automate the capture of live
experiences for later recall.

22. GUF - (1) TRANSPARENT INTERFACES
 Unicom Vision: “pervasive computation
without intrusion.”
 Remove the physical barrier between user
and computational device
 Keyboard and mouse are still the most
commonly used interfaces !!
 Need:
 flexible interfaces
 Varied interfaces that can provide similar functionality

23. GUF - (2) CONTEXT AWARENESS
 Context – information about the environment in which
the application operates and reacts accordingly.
 LOCATION and TIME are simple examples of context !
 Context aware application:
 is one which can capture the context
 assign meaning to it
 change behavior accordingly
 Need:
 Applications that are context aware and allow rapid
personalization of their services.

24. GUF - (3) AUTOMATED CAPTURE
 Capture everyday experiences and make the
records available for later use.
 Constraints:
 Multiple streams of information
 Their time synchronization
 Their correlation and integration
 Need:
 Automated tools that support capture, integration and
future access of info.

25.  Pervasive computing provides an attractive vision for the
future of computing
 Computational power will be available everywhere through
mobile and stationary devices
 Three key features for Ubiquitous Computing
1. Transparent Interface
2. Context Awareness
3. Automated Capture
 When Edison finally found a filament that would burn, did he
see the possibility of silent but pervasive electrical current
flowing throughout our homes, cars and communities?

26. References
 Grand Challenges http://www-se.doc.ic.ac.uk/Projects/UbiNet/GC/index.html
 http://indus.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page
 http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/pubs/icse99/final.html
 Mark Weiser. "The world is not a desktop". Interactions; January 1997; pp. 7-8.
 Mark Weiser, "Hot Topics: Ubiquitous Computing" IEEE Computer, October 1999.
 Mark Weiser, "Some Computer Science Problems in Ubiquitous Computing,"
Communications of the ACM, July 1997. (reprinted as "Ubiquitous Computing".
Nikkei Electronics; December 6, 1997; pp. 137-143.)
 Mark Weiser, "The Computer for the Twenty-First Century," Scientific American,
pp. 94-10, September 1991

27. Thank You
Questions ?
Comments ?
Experiences?