Lecture 11
- 1. THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
LESSON 11:
GROUP DISCUSSION / QUIZ
Summary Problems
• Phase Rule F = 2 −π + N 1. On the basis of Maxwell’s equations derive a relation for
enthalpy and entropy as functions of temperature and
1 ∂V pressure.
• Volume expansivity: β≡ 2. Air expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a negligible
V ∂T P initial velocity to a final velocity of 325 m s-1. What is the
temperature drop of the air, if air is assumed to be an ideal
1 ∂V gas for which CP = (7/2)R?
• Isothermal compressibility: κ ≡−
V ∂P T References
• The residual Gibbs energy is G º G - G
R ig 1. J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness, M. M. Abbott, Adapted by B.
I. Bhatt, Introduction To Chemical Engineering
HR B dB C 1 dC 2 Thermodynamics, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
= T − ρ + − ρ Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi
RT T dT T 2 dT 2. Alfred Martin, Physical Pharmacy, 4th Edition, B. I. Waverly
Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
∂Z dq ρb
= − 3. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th
∂T dT (1 + ερb)(1 + σρb) Edition, Michael J Moran, Howard N Shapiro, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
4. www.people.virginia.edu
• MAXWELL’S equations.
Notes
∂T ∂P ∂T ∂V
= − =
∂V S ∂S V ∂P S ∂S P
∂P ∂S ∂V ∂S
= = −
∂T V ∂V T ∂T P ∂P T
• For the case of steady-state adiabatic flow in a
horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area,
dA/dx = 0:
βu 2
1+
dP T CP dS
=− dx
dx V 1− M 2
βu 2
+M 2
du C dS
u = T P dx
dx 1− M 2
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