1. THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
LESSON 11:
GROUP DISCUSSION / QUIZ
Summary Problems
• Phase Rule F = 2 −π + N 1. On the basis of Maxwell’s equations derive a relation for
enthalpy and entropy as functions of temperature and
1  ∂V  pressure.
• Volume expansivity: β≡   2. Air expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a negligible
V  ∂T  P initial velocity to a final velocity of 325 m s-1. What is the
temperature drop of the air, if air is assumed to be an ideal
1  ∂V  gas for which CP = (7/2)R?
• Isothermal compressibility: κ ≡−  
V  ∂P  T References
• The residual Gibbs energy is G º G - G
R ig 1. J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness, M. M. Abbott, Adapted by B.
I. Bhatt, Introduction To Chemical Engineering
HR  B dB   C 1 dC  2  Thermodynamics, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
= T  − ρ +  − ρ  Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi
RT  T dT   T 2 dT   2. Alfred Martin, Physical Pharmacy, 4th Edition, B. I. Waverly
Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
 ∂Z   dq  ρb
  = −  3. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th
 ∂T   dT  (1 + ερb)(1 + σρb) Edition, Michael J Moran, Howard N Shapiro, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
4. www.people.virginia.edu
• MAXWELL’S equations.
Notes
 ∂T   ∂P   ∂T   ∂V 
  = −    = 
 ∂V  S  ∂S  V  ∂P  S  ∂S  P
 ∂P   ∂S   ∂V   ∂S 
  =    = − 
 ∂T  V  ∂V  T  ∂T  P  ∂P  T
• For the case of steady-state adiabatic flow in a
horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area,
dA/dx = 0:
 βu 2 
1+ 
dP T CP  dS
=−   dx
dx V 1− M 2
 
 
 
 βu 2 
 +M 2 
du  C  dS
u = T P  dx
dx 1− M 2
 
 
 
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