Principal motivation theories

1. Motivation Theories

2. accompany
food & water, air, sleep, sex ...
safety of body, employment,
health, property ...
tribe, family,
friendship, brand
social network
self-esteem
respect (<->)
true
self
reaching
potential
values
Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Belonging
Safety
Physiol.
A. Maslow
hierarchy of needs
• Needs
• Hierarchy
• Lower level needs to be
fulfilled before higher-level
needs can come to bear

3. accompany
D. McClelland
Motivations
• Need for achievement (nAch) drive to
excel, to achieve, to succeed.
• Need for power (nPow) influence, lead, have an
impact, be in charge.
• Need for affiliation (nAff) desire for friendly
and close interpersonal relationships (need to be liked?)
David McClelland “The Achieving Society” [1961]

4. accompany
F. Herzberg
Dual factor theory
Motivators
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Work Itself
• Responsibility
• Promotion
• Growth
Frederick Irving Herzberg [1923 - 2000]

5. accompanyFrederick Irving Herzberg [1923 - 2000]
Hygiene Factors
• Pay and Benefits
• Company Policies
• Relationships with others
• Supervision
• Status
• Job Security
• Working Conditions
• Personal life
F. Herzberg
Dual factor theory

6. accompany
E. Locke
Goal setting theory
Frederick Irving Herzberg [1923 - 2000]

7. accompany
V.VROOM
Valence & Expectancy Theory

8. accompany
JS Adams
Equity Theory

9. accompany
McGregor
Assumptions of theory X
• Employees do not like to work and will seek
to avoid it.
• Therefore, they have to be forced or
threatened.
• Employees avoid responsibility and need
directions.
• Most workers display little ambition.
Theory X / Theory Y
Assumptions of theoryY
• Physical and mental effort at work is natural.
• People do exercise self-control and self-
direction when committed to the
organization’s goals.
• Average human beings are willing to take
responsibility and exercise imagination,
ingenuity and creativity.
• People have potential.
This organization will be authoritarian in nature. This organizations will be participative in nature
The aims of the organization and of the individuals
are aligned

10. accompany
Malone & Lepper
Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation