America in the 19th century

America in the 19th
Century - CHAPTER 16

Skyscraper
• Made possible
due to steel and
elevator

Louis
Sullivan
• Father of ‘Modern
Architecture”

Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, ScottLouis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott
Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

D. H. Burnham:D. H. Burnham:
Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902

FlatironFlatiron
BuildingBuilding
NYC – 1902NYC – 1902
D. H. BurnhamD. H. Burnham

Grand Central Station, 1913Grand Central Station, 1913

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:
The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
(the first suspension bridge)(the first suspension bridge)

Frank Lloyd Wright
• American architect, who designed
more than 1,000 projects, which
resulted in more than 500 completed
works
• Wright promoted organic architecture
(exemplified by Fallingwater),
• His work includes original and
innovative examples of many
different building types, including
offices, churches, schools, sky
scrapers, hotels, and museums.
• Already well-known during his
lifetime, Wright was recognized in
1991 by the American Institute of
Architects as "the greatest American
architect of all time"

FrankLloyd Wright:FrankLloyd Wright:
HollyhockHouse [Los Angeles], 1917HollyhockHouse [Los Angeles], 1917
American architect, who designed more
than 1,000 projects, which resulted in
more than 500 completed works
Wright promoted organic architecture
(exemplified by Fallingwater),
His work includes original and innovative
examples of many different building
types, including offices, churches,
schools, sky scrapers, hotels, and
museums.
Already well-known during his lifetime,
Wright was recognized in 1991 by the
American Institute of Architects as "the
greatest American architect of all time"

“Falling Waters”, 1936“Falling Waters”, 1936
American architect, who
designed more than 1,000
projects, which resulted in
more than 500 completed
works
Wright promoted organic
architecture (exemplified
by Fallingwater),
His work includes original
and innovative examples
of many different building
types, including offices,
churches, schools, sky
scrapers, hotels, and
museums.
Already well-known during
his lifetime, Wright was
recognized in 1991 by the
American Institute of
Architects as "the greatest
American architect of all
time"

American architect, who
designed more than 1,000
projects, which resulted in
more than 500 completed
works
Wright promoted organic
architecture (exemplified by
Fallingwater),
His work includes original
and innovative examples of
many different building
types, including offices,
churches, schools, sky
scrapers, hotels, and
museums.
Already well-known during
his lifetime, Wright was
recognized in 1991 by the
American Institute of
Architects as "the greatest
American architect of all
time"

Interiorof “Falling Waters”Interiorof “Falling Waters”

Johnson Wax Bldg. – Racine, WI, 1936Johnson Wax Bldg. – Racine, WI, 1936

Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959

Orville
Wilbur
Orville and Wilbur Wright
• Invented the airplane

• The Wright family owned a bicycle store. Where Wilbur and
Orville got most of there supplies. If they couldn’t find it
there they just built it themselves.
• The Wright brothers started building there glider in 1902.
• The glider which cost only about 15 bucks that time had a 32
foot wing span.

Flyer 3
• The Wright Brothers finished there glider. In 1903, and flew it in Kitty Hawk NC. The
glider only flew for a few seconds. And there was only few people to witness the
spectacular event.
• They picked that event because it had rolling hills and good winds.
• Before they went there though they tested it on there wind tunnel which they made
themselves.
• It took many tries to get the “right” stuff going to fly the glider and finally now they
did it.

George
Eastman
• develop
paper base
film
• invented
Kodak
camera

W. E. B. Du Bois
• First African American to
receive doctorate from
Harvard
• Civil rights activist
• Believe that black should
fight for the right to vote
and equal opportunity
• 56% were literate 1900;
blacks owned 30,000
businesses in 1915
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

Booker T. Washington
– Born a slave
– Philosophy “ knowledge must be
harnessed to the things of real life”
– Founded Tuskegee Institute
in Alabama
• Started a vocational training for
blacks
– Suggest blacks focus on
achieving economic success
– Even w/o votes noted that “
little green ballot” money, could
be deposited at the bank where
no one will throw it out or refuse
to count it

Voting
Restriction
Literacy test
– more difficult
questions for blacks
than for whites
poll tax
– annual tax that had
to be paid to gain
access to the booth
grandfather
clauses
– father or grandfather
must have been
eligible to vote
before Jan 1, 1867

• Jim Crow Laws
– laws that segregated blacks (separating people
on the basis of race)

• If any black
person broke
the rules, they
were probably
lynched, or
hanged, which
was the most
common style
of punishment
for blacks.
Those who did
the lynching
rarely were
arrested for it.

– Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
• Homer A. Plessy was denied a seat in a
railroad car because he was 1/8 black
• Segregation legal – “separate but equal”

• Bicycles
– Manufactured by Albert A. Pope
• Began as male only sport
• Women started joining abandoning corset and donning
split skirt

• Coca-cola 1886
– John Pemberton
• Formulated cola for headache
• Ingredients: extracts form Peruvian coca leaves and African
cola nuts

Ethiopian language
• The Coca Cola company unveiled new
Television ads featuring Coca Cola cans
written in different languages including
Ethiopia's official language, Amharic.
Ethiopia is the only country in Africa with
its own written language, many countries
either use the Latin or Arabic characters to
write their languages. The coke cans
written in Ethiopic alphabets are now on
sale at all fine stores in America

P.T. Barnum and Bailey (Ringling Brothers)
• First famous circus that travel town to town

P.T. Barnum and
Bailey (Ringling
Brothers)
• First famous circus that travel
town to town

Macy’s – first Department Store

Five and dime stores
• First five and dime- Woolworth
• They sold many different items, most of which were worth
five or ten cents. Popular five and dimes included:

First Catalog- Montgomery Ward and
Sears

• nuts
• Vaudeville
– Barnum and bailey Circus 1881
• P.T. Barnum and Anthony bailey
• First film
– The great Train robbery
• Brand names
– Marshall Field
• began the concept of department stores
– FW Woolworth
• Began the five and dime stores
• Began chain stores
• Mail order catalog
– Started by Montgomery Ward and Sears

Name brands
• Milton Hershey was born in 1857. He started
work as a printer's apprentice, but went on to
work for a candy maker in Lancaster, PA. He
opened his first candy shop in Philadelphia in
1876. After several failed business attempts, he
returned to Lancaster and established the
Lancaster Caramel Co. His interest in coating
caramels with chocolate resulted in the birth of
the Hershey Chocolate Co. in 1894. Today,
Hershey's is America's leading chocolate
manufacturer, and produces more than 1 billion
pounds of chocolate products each year

• George Eastman overcame financial adversity
and used his entrepreneurship to develop
products that changed the course of
photographic history. His first job as an office
boy paid $3 a week. At age 24, with the
purchase of a photographic outfit, his fascination
with film and cameras began. He founded a
photographic dry plate business and by 1888
had developed the first simple consumer
camera. Today, Kodak is a household word

• The Colgate story began in late-18th century
Maryland. In 1798, 15-year-old William Colgate,
in an effort to help his family recover from
financial troubles, moved to Baltimore and took
a job as a soap maker. He mastered the trade
and at age 18 set out for New York to make his
fortune. In 1806, he set up a starch, soap and
candle business. His original William Colgate
Co. evolved into the $9 billion Colgate-Palmolive
Co. we know today

• At 14, Will Keith Kellogg sold brooms for his
father's broom business. Later, he worked with
his brother, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, at the
Battle Creek Sanitarium. In 1894, John and Will
developed a successful cereal flake that they
first served to patients at the sanitarium. In
1906, John launched his own food company to
sell his Toasted Corn Flakes cereal. If all of the
Kellogg's cereal boxes consumed since 1906
were placed side-by-side, they would ring the
earth more than 3,000 times.

• In 1886, Atlanta physician and chemist Dr. John
Stith Pemberton develped a nerve tonic called
"Pemberton's French Wine Cola." A prohibition
law persuaded Pemberton to revise his original
formula, substituting sugar instead of wine. This
new Coca-Cola was advertised as an ideal
temperance drink. The Coca-Cola Co. was
incorporated 1888. In 1886 - about nine drinks
were sold each day. Today's daily sales number
450 million.
•

• The coffee that's "good to the very last drop"
was the brainchild of Joel Owsley Cheek. Cheek
sold coffee for a wholesale coffee house in
Nashville. As the popularity of coffee increased
in the late 1800's, Joel began his quest to
develop a perfect coffee. In 1892, he convinced
the manager of the Maxwell House Hotel to
serve his new blended coffee recipe to his
guests. Patrons loved it and the hotel allowed
him to use the Maxwell House name

• Kool-Aid got its start in Hastings, Nebraska. In
the early 1900s, Edwin Perkins enjoyed studying
chemistry and inventions. His father opened a
general store and he became fascinated with
food products. He started his own company,
Perkins Products, and experimented with
methods to remove the liquid from a
concentrated drink mix called Fruit Smack. The
resulting powder was repackaged under the
name "Kool-Ade," and later changed to "Kool-
Aid," the name that's so popular today. More
than 563 million gallons are consumed in a year.

• How he changed the English language forever.
• That good old swindler P. T. Barnum (1810-91) introduced more terms into our language than
any other modern person.
• For example:
• Jumbo - This was the name of the world's largest elephant. Now we have jumbo shrimp. (Note:
Jumbo was already named when Barnum purchased him from the London Zoo in 1882 for
$10,000). However, the fame that Barnum created for the elephant allowed for the term to
become part of our language.)
• Throwing your hat in the ring was coined when a local politician actually threw his hat into
Barnum's circus ring after declaring his candidacy.
Grandstanding referred to prominent people who would sit in the best stands at the circus to be
noticed.
• Let's get the show on the road was P. T.'s declaration when it was time to load the animals on
the train.
• The Greatest Show on Earth - what else would you call a large circus?
• Siamese Twins - he made his living showing off freaks (clearly not a politically correct term
today). He had two called Chang and Eng from (where else?) Siam.
• Rain or Shine - by using the famous big top, the show always went on, no matter how bad the
weather was.
• By the way, the only phrase that he is currently famous for is A sucker is born every minute.
Strangely enough, he never said this. It was actually stated by his competitor - a banker named
David Hannum, owner of the Cardiff Giant (which later turned out to be a hoax).
• As a side note, Humphrey Bogart never said Play it again, Sam. Woody Allen said it in the movie
of the same name.
• The original circus was called simply the P. T. Barnum Circus. He then merged with his
competitor and formed the Barnum & Bailey Circus. When Barnum died, Bailey ran the circus.
When Bailey died, the Ringling Brothers bought them out. That's how we get the incredibly long
Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
• Barnum was also a somewhat successful politician, serving several terms as a Connecticut State
legislator. He is credited as casting the deciding factor in the senate vote for the abolition of
slavery after the Civil War.

•Samuel Clemens
•Gilded Age

Washington Irving
• Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
• Rip Van Winkle

James Fenimore Cooper
• Last of the
Mohicans
• The Deerslayer

Nathaniel Hawthorne
• The Scarlet Letter
• The House of Seven
Gables

Henry W. Longfellow
• The Song of Hiawatha
• Courtship of Miles Standish

Edgar Allan Poe
• Invented mystery
• Dark poetry with
morals
• The Raven
– Wife died in Baltimore
• The Purloined Letter
• The Tell Tale Heart
• Cask of Amontillado
• Pit and the Pendulum

Walt Whitman
• Leaves of Grass
– Collection of American poems

Louisa May Alcott
• Little Women

Emily Dickinson
• American poetess
• Seclusion in
Massachusetts
• 1700 poems, only 7
published during
lifetime
– Theme: interaction
between self and
world

“I have not failed. I’ve just
found 10,000 ways that won’t
work.”
– Thomas Alva Edison

•Enemy
No. 1?
•Why?
What
Could Be
Done?

What Does this
Cartoon Imply
about Monetary
Policy?

America in the 19th century

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