The paper was presented international conference in Uinversity of Kerela,Thiruvananthapuram,India regarding Culture,language,anld globalization.February,2008.

1. International ConferenceInternational Conference
on Malayalam and Globalizationon Malayalam and Globalization
25-2725-27thth
Feb. 2008, Thiruvananthapuram.Feb. 2008, Thiruvananthapuram.
CULTURE,LANGUAGECULTURE,LANGUAGE
ANDAND
GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
SEYED HOSSEIN FAZELI
Department of Linguistics, University of Mysore, Mysore.
Email:fazeli78@yahoo.com

2. OutlineOutline
IntroductionIntroduction
1. The history of vocabulary “Culture”1. The history of vocabulary “Culture”
2. Nature and reality of “culture”2. Nature and reality of “culture”
3. The categories of definitions of “culture”3. The categories of definitions of “culture”
4. Language, thought and culture4. Language, thought and culture
5. Language, Culture and Society5. Language, Culture and Society
6. Language learning6. Language learning
7. Culture, learning and communication7. Culture, learning and communication
8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and
learninglearning
9.Globalization9.Globalization
10. Results10. Results
English in GlobalizationEnglish in Globalization
ReferencesReferences

3. IntroductionIntroduction
Importance of relationship of language and cultureImportance of relationship of language and culture
Culture and language are two unseperatable sides of humanCulture and language are two unseperatable sides of human
communication systemcommunication system
A language of one society reflects the culture of that society
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in various ways
Language is human society’s most precious possession not only
because of its communicative values, but also because language is the
vehicle of culture
Culture is the embodiment of all that a society believes produces
Language becomes an integral part of culture
Language and culture go hand in hand interacting with and shaping
together CONTINUE ……

4. The acquisition of one language is done through or with culture
Society and culture are more than background and even more than
context
Language and society are so inter-linked and so much apart each
other that are cannot be thought of except in relation to the other
Language for the individual is his tool for interaction with community
as well as the community’s tool for interaction with the individual
Language acquiring is just one aspect of acculturation
The two languages are not translation of each others
Globalization in a literal sense is international integration
Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of
the world are unified into single society
The effects of globalization which work to linguistic homogenization
and cultural homogenization is done through modernization,
translation, standardization and the others.

5. 1. The history of word “Culture”1. The history of word “Culture”
Origin of concept “culture”Origin of concept “culture”
It is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical LatinIt is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical Latin
(Cultura)(Cultura)
In 1750, it was used to describe the human society for theIn 1750, it was used to describe the human society for the
first time in Germany languagefirst time in Germany language
In 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definitionIn 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definition
In 1926, ”Culture” was added to Webster dictionary (for theIn 1926, ”Culture” was added to Webster dictionary (for the
same meaning)same meaning)

6. 2. Nature and reality of “culture”2. Nature and reality of “culture”
It refers to some “property” of communityIt refers to some “property” of community
culture is something that everybody hasculture is something that everybody has
Material culture and Non-material cultureMaterial culture and Non-material culture
Culture is knowledge includes “know-how “and “how-that”Culture is knowledge includes “know-how “and “how-that”
(1957, Goodenough)(1957, Goodenough)
Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-
shared non-cultural knowledge in one societyshared non-cultural knowledge in one society
CultureCulture
is general; however, it is particular.is general; however, it is particular.
is dynamic, however, it is static.is dynamic, however, it is static.
is accepted through force, however, it is free willis accepted through force, however, it is free will
Problems of the study of cultureProblems of the study of culture

7. 3.The categories of3.The categories of definitionsdefinitions of “culture”of “culture”
The Descriptive type-The Descriptive type- The factorial elements of cultureThe factorial elements of culture -Tylor 1871-Tylor 1871
The Traditional typeThe Traditional type- The social heritage or tradition- The social heritage or tradition -Sapir 1921-Sapir 1921
The Normative typeThe Normative type--
The rule or wayThe rule or way -Young 1934-Young 1934
The values and ideasThe values and ideas -Sorokin 1947-Sorokin 1947
The Psychological typeThe Psychological type --
Culture as adjustmentCulture as adjustment -Small 1905-Small 1905
The learningThe learning -Opler 1947-Opler 1947
The habitsThe habits -Murdock 1941-Murdock 1941
The structural type-The structural type- The model, pattern or organization of cultureThe model, pattern or organization of culture
-Willey 1926-Willey 1926
The Genetical type-The Genetical type-
Culture is as a productionCulture is as a production - Falsom 1928- Falsom 1928
The ideas in cultureThe ideas in culture - Ward 1903- Ward 1903
The symbols of cultureThe symbols of culture - Whyite 1943- Whyite 1943

8. 4.Language, though and culture
In language acquisition, cognitive development and linguistic
development, go hand in hand, each interacting with and shaping the
other
Verbal labels can shape the way we store events for later recall
culture as “socially acquired knowledge”
culture is one part of memory
Culture is really an integral part of the interaction between language
and thought
Meanings for every thing, are in the human

9. 5. Language, Culture and Society
The facility of communication and interaction for social
living, is as a result of social being and living in societies as
characteristic of the human
Language does not develop in a vacuum
Language records the cultural history of a community
A language is part of the culture of a people and the chief
means by which the members of a society communicate
Language is component of culture and central network
through which the other components are expressed
Differences in cultural meanings across language are a
problem in learning a new language
Contacting with people of another society, identifies some
characteristics of the behavior ,that show they are as
member of a different society

10. 6. Language learning and teaching
Learning is as “acquiring or getting of knowledge of a
subject or skill by study, experience, or instruction”
The concept of learning, as it is understood today, has been
generally influenced by the psychological study of the
learning process
Teaching is as" showing or helping someone to learn how to
do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of
something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or
understand”
Your understanding of how the learner learns, will
determine the philosophy of education

11. 7. Culture, learning and communication
To understand some materials and subject in one language,
we should understand the meanings of the culture expressed
by the words of the language
There can be no real learning of a language, without
understanding something of the patterns and values of the
culture of which it is a part
To become truly educated in language, it is necessary to
absorb the full cultural meaning of the target language
Breaking free of the elements meaning units of the learner’s
native language, let him to achieve right communication
through a second language
CONTINUE…

12. If we suppose that:
*M = “Meaning which exists in the mind of
sender of message during the specific
communication, as it is called Communication
A.”
*M′ = “Meaning which consist in the mind
of receiver of message during the specific
communication, as it is called Communication
A.”
**Among the two individuals
communication, one of the below states, will
occur: CONTINUE…

13. State one M'/M=1, Two individuals communicate each
others completely.
State two M'/M=0, Two individuals do not communicate
each each others.
State three M'/M <1, Two individuals communicative each
others, but not completely.
State four M'/M >1, Two results will occur:
A-Complete communication B - Self communication

14. 8. The analysis of the social content of
language teaching and learning
The social content of language learning can be regarded as a set of
factors that is likely to exercise a powerful influence on language
learning
Socio-cultural factors that bear upon motivation
Sociolinguistic and socio cultural factors in learning environment
Importance to the influence of interethnic relations upon ethno-
linguistic attitudes and on language learning
the social opportunities for contact with the second language
Educational frame work in which the teaching normally occurs

15. 9.Globalization
Globalization (generally written with a Z) has been defined
by Giddens as “the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa” (Giddens, 1990)
Globalization in a literal sense is international integration
Globalization can be described as a process by which the
people of the world are unified into single society
Scholars from various disciplines such as sociology,
political, science and geography have perceived
globalization differently and tried to define it from various
angles
CONTINUE…

16. Commodity of chains whereby production is coordinated on
a global scale
Diffusion of practice, values and technology that have an
influence on people’s life world wide
Increasing technological scale and information flow
Increasing broader flow of goods, services, money,
information and culture
we can find some of common concepts like mutual
interdependence, exchange, and sharing the community
around the world in all aspects such as social, economic,
cultural and even linguistic aspects CONTINUE…

17. Although there seems to be a consensus that we are living in
increasingly globalized world, there is by no means agreement about
related issues Compression of space and time, shrinking of world
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several
different ways such as:
1.Industrial, 2) Financial, 3) Economic, 4) Political, 5) Informational,
6) Cultural, 7) Social and 8) Ecological
In cultural aspects, there are many international exchanges such as:
1. Spreading of multiculturalism, 2) International travel and tourism,
3) Immigration, 4) formation or development of a set of universal
values, 5) Development of a global telecommunications
infrastructure, 6) Internet, Communication satellites and the other
related tools, 7) Increase in the number of standards applied globally
CONTINUE…

18. Globalization is the emergence that is common cross-
culturally and across national boundaries
The global communication leads to some extent functional
homogenization of culture and language
Homogenization of culture and homogenization of
language, are particularly relevant for translating
globalization as a reality
The active responses of sub-national languages and cultures
to the global force are also very important for their own
survival and progress

19. 10.Results
Language and culture go hand in hand, each interacting with
and shaping together
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in
various ways
Language is an integral part of culture and the vehicle of
culture
Effects on every one of them, leads to affect the other as it
can to be called directly or indirectly
Globalization, through linguistic homogenization and
cultural homogenization, affects on language and culture as
modernization, translation, standardization and the others
CONTINUE…

20. Globalization’s effects can be positive and negative effects
The homogenization of culture due to globalization process
results in the marginalization of indigenous cultures
However, globalization through cultural homogenization,
can be helpful in the progress and development of the
cultures; if ….
The members of one culture community should try to
maintain their positive aspects of culture and replace
negative aspects of their culture through positive aspects of
globalization
The members of one culture community should aware
about outcomes of globalization
CONTINUE…

21. At the language level , globalization leads to growth of
many countries
The technological and advanced communicational facilities
make the world to shrink and pave way for homogenization
many who believe their mother tongue does not have
universal role , they waste their time to use their mother
tongue or teach it to their children
many others who believe such language (English) is as a
language that can make the world as a peaceful unit world
through understanding same language
CONTINUE…

22. Some ideas as result of globalization and English or any
language with such effect can be dangerous for national,
local languages, specially endangered language which are
understood to be moribund languages
The industrialists, traders and their marketing techniques
play a major role in shaping the languages
It should be mentioned that, in fact the control over the
language is not in the hands of scholar or academic
institutions. It is shaped by the traders and marketing
agencies

23. English in Globalization
English is as a language of communication and official
language in many countries
English is not own language of particular community or
country
Since 1945 (after second world war), English became a
lingua France
More than 2/3 of scientists in the world, write their books
and articles in English
3/4 of letters in the world are written in English
90 percent of all communications in Internet as international
network, is in English
CONTINUE…

24. The education English programs of English radios are used
by more than 150 millions in the world
More than 500 millions of children in elementary schools
and more than 800 hundreds in secondary and high school
(without china) are familiar with English as a second or
foreign language
However, there are some governments’ policies against
English in countries such as France, German, Spain
There are three circles regarding to English first circle, such
as U.S and England, the second circle such as India, which
English has much dominance and it is applied as a second
language and the third circle ,such as china and Russia
which English has special importance as a international
language and for such countries is as first foreign language
CONTINUE…

25. In 1994 , 1/3 of the press in the world, are printed in
countries which English has special importance
In 1995, 110 from 160 of linguistics journals(70 percent)
were printed in English
In 1995, there were 5000 radio station that 45 percent of
them were in countries that English has special role
It is estimated that English film serials in U.S. and England
are watched in more than 120 countries
In 1996, 80 percent of produced films were in English
CONTINUE…

26. 85 percent of incomes of world’s cinemas are for English
production of Hollywood
In countries such as German and France, although, there
are governments’ policies against English, but only, 25
percent of their cinemas incomes are for non-English
movies
In 1990, 549 from 557 of famous music groups act in
English
1156 from 1219 of famous singers, sing in English
language
In 1998, U.S. had the first percentage of income of tourism
(50 milliards dollars )
Around 80 percent of register of information in Internet, is
in English .The users of Internet in 1990 had been one
million and in 1993,Tthey became 20 millions and 40
millions in 1995. It is estimated that in 2020, Such numbers
will be one milliard

27. ACKONWLEDGMENT
I Acknowledge that I
did main from work
of the present work
based on the work of
Hossein Yaghobi.

28. References
1.Ashori, D. 2002. Definitions and concept of culture. Tehran: AAgah Publication.
2. Avanguren, J.L.1970. Human communication. World University Library. New York: McGraw Hill Book
Co.
3.Bailey, C. 1982. English as a world language. London: CUP.
4.Basnett, s. 1990. Translation: History and culture. London. Pinter publishuers.
5..Brown, H.D.H. 1994. Principles of language learning and teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
6.Crystal, D. 1997. The Cambridge Eneyclopedia of language. Newyork: Cambridge university press.
7.Crystal, D. 1`998. English as a global language. Newyork: Cambridge university press.
8.Eco.U. 1997. The search for the perfect language. London; Fontana press.
9.Finaly, F. 1971. Translating. London: Teach yourself books.
10.Fisiak, J. 1985. Contrastive linguistics and the language teacher. Great Britain: Pergamon Press Ltd.
11. Hilgard, E.R.1975.Introduction to Psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace.
12.Louis, D. 1915. Culture individuelle et culture de masse. (Translatd in Persian by: Baageri, A. 2005.
Tehran: Ferouzan Publication).
13.Lyons, J. 1990. Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14.Pei, M. 1958. One language for the world. Newyork: Dewn- Adaor.
15.Mohesiniaan Raad, M. 2005.Communicology: An innovative definition and model for communication
process. Tehran: Soroush press.
16. Polman, R.1997.Behavioral Genetics. (Translated in Persian by:Nik KHo,M.R.2001.Tehran:Mehtab
publication).
17.Roh Alamini, M. 2004. Background of Culturology. Tehran: Payaam nour University Pres.
18.Simmons, Tom. 1983. One language, one world. Newyork: Harper perennial. Edwards, J.L. 1985.
Society and identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
19.Stern, H.H. 1991. Fundamental concept of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20.Yaghobi. H. 2005. Language, translation, and the relationships of cultures. Tehran: Ghazal print.

29. THANK
YOU