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Image Credit: IPNSIG




Data communication
       and
   Mars missions

       Stephan Gerard
 Association Planète Mars (APM)
   stephan.gerard@laposte.net

  12th European Mars Conference
  EMC12 – Munich - 13 Oct 2012
Summary
1) Introduction
2) Data Communication
3) Communication infrastructure
4) Mars missions
5) Mission data
6) Future communication technologies
7) Conclusion
8) Questions


              S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   2
Introduction


If no communication:
 => no data transmitted to Earth
 => no scientific data
 => we have a problem !!!


         S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   3
Data Communication
     Mars communication challenges

●   Large transmission delays
       RTT between Earth and Mars varies between:
        ●   7min and 46min
●   Great distance
        ●   between 55.7 and 401.3 million km
●   Limited bandwidth available
●   Disrupted links (orbital visibility)

                     S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   4
Data Communication
     Mars communication challenges

●   Error rates
●   Noisy communication links
●   Limited time frame
●   Power available on lander or rover
●   Buffer capacity




                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   5
Data Communication
            Communication systems
2 types of communications:
    ➢   “Long Haul” between Mars and Earth
    ➢   “Short Haul” or “Proximity” between the orbiter
        and Mars surface
Antennas:
●   Low gain antenna is omni-directionnal used as a
    backup to high gain antenna
●   High gain antenna is directionnal

                   S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   6
Data Communication
                           CCSDS
●   CCSDS = Consultative Commitee for Space Data
    Systems
●   Multi-national forum since 1982.
●   CCSDS has its 30th anniversary this year.
●   Develop standards for space data communications.
●   CCSDS has been founded by 11 space agencies.




                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   7
Data Communication
                           CCSDS
●   CCSDS standards independent of the underlaying bus
    architecture.
●   ESA mandates that all missions to be CCSDS
    compatible.
●   Proximity-1 Space Link protocol (UHF1) is the
    standard used for relay communications by all the
    missions currently at Mars since Mars Odyssey and
    is designed to ensure error-free delivery of data.



                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   8
Data Communication
               Radio frequencies
X-band:
   ●   microwave frequency
          Transmit: 7145MHz-7190Mhz
          Receive: 8400MHz-8450Mhz
   ●   current standard in communications
   ●   is used for long range communications
   ●   used between rovers and Earth



                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   9
Data Communication
              Radio frequencies
UHF band:
  ●   Ultra High Frequency (300 to 3 000 MHz)
        from 390 to 450MHz on Mars missions
  ●   used between landers, rovers and orbiting
      spacecrafts




                 S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   10   1
Data Communication
               Radio frequencies
Ka-band:
●   microwave frequency
      Transmit: 34200MHz-34700MHz
      Receive: 31800MHz-32300MHz
●   used as a secondary link between landers and
    orbiters
●   previously untested radio frequency
●   Frequency x 4 allow an higher data rate than using
    X-band
                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   11   1
Image Credit: NASA / JPL

Telecommunications for Mars Rovers and Robotic Missions
       S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012             12   1
Communication infrastructure
         DSN - Deep Space Network
                NASA / JPL




●   DSN is present in 3 locations (Goldstone, Madrid,
    Canberra) to have full day coverage.
●   DSN has extremely large antennas:
     - 70 meter
     - 34 meter HEF (High Efficiency)
                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   13   1
Communication infrastructure
     DSN Deep Space Network
          NASA / JPL


   Mars missions are not the only mission using
  interplanetary communications infrastructure.

Communication time frame windows must be shared
            with the other missions.




             S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   14   1
Communication infrastructure
                        ESTRACK
            ESA Tracking Station Network

●   Only New Norcia, Cebreros and Malargüe have or
    will have 35 meter deep-space antennas
●   35m Deep Space Antenna stations primarily use the
    X-band
●   S-band (2025-2300 Mhz), Ka (18.1-32.3 GHz) and
    X-Band (7145-8500 Mhz)
●   Data rates vary depending on the mission but
    typically range from 256 Kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s
                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   15   1
S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   16   1
Mars missions
         Current active missions


Mars Odyssey (ODY) (2001 – USA)
Mars Express (MEX) (2003 – EU)
Opportunity (MER-B) (2003 – USA)
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (2005 – USA)
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) (2011 – USA)




               S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   17   1
Mars missions
                Viking 1 & 2
                                  ➢   Sent data directly back to
                                      Earth using UHF relay radio
                                      but most often via the
                                      Viking orbiter
                                  ➢   Science data rate via relay
                                      orbiter at 250, 500, and
                                      1000 bits/s
Image Credit: NASA
                                  ➢   Science data rate via direct
                                      link at 250, 500, and 1000
                                      bits/s


             S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                  18   1
Mars missions
            Pathfinder rover
              “Sojourner”
                                   ➢   UHF radio systems
                                   ➢   Direct communication from
                                       Mars surface to Earth
                                   ➢   Limited transmitter
                                   ➢   Communication weak and
                                       data reliability limited
                                   ➢   Limited data rate


Image Credit: NASA




              S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012               19   1
Mars missions
        Mars Odyssey Orbiter

                                       ➢   Odyssey is used as a data
                                           relay
                                       ➢   UHF and X-band frequencies
                                       ➢   X-band transfer rates of up to
                                           128 kb/s
                                       ➢   Has approx. 260Mbit of
                                           memory allocated for surface
                                           vehicule.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech




                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                  20   2
Mars missions
                   MER rover
               “Opportunity & Spirit”
                                               ➢   X-band & UHF systems
                                               ➢   Use Proximity-1 (Prox-1)
                                                   protocol for relay
                                                   communications
                                               ➢   120 Mbits allocated onboard
                                                   memory of Mars Odyssey
                                               ➢   Data rate using UHF: 8, 32,
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell University
                                                   128, 256 kbps



                          S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                 21   2
Mars missions
                    Mars Express

                                     ➢   MEX is used as a data relay
                                     ➢   UHF and X-band frequencies
                                     ➢   Use Proximity-1 protocol



Image Credit: ESA




                S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012              22   2
Mars missions
     Phoenix Mars Lander

                                       ➢X-band & UHF system
                                       ➢ Use Proximity-1 (Prox-1)


                                       protocol
                                       ➢ Data rate UHF: 8, 32, 128,


                                       256 kbps
                                       ➢ Can use MEX orbiter as


                                       backup data relay


Image Credit: NASA/JPL




              S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                  23   2
Mars missions
Mars Science Laboratory rover
         “Curiosity”
                                            1st rover to have an Electra
                                           transceiver
                                           ➢   X-band & UHF system
                                           ➢ Use MRO and ODY as data
                                           relay
                                           ➢   Cross support with MEX
                                           ➢Use Proximity-1 Space Link
                                           Protocol (Prox-1)

Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
                                           ➢ Use “store-and-forward” mode
                                           of communications

                     S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                24   2
Mars missions
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
                                    ➢   MRO is used as a data relay
                                    ➢   Use X-band and Ka-band
                                    ➢   can send data back to Earth
                                        > X 10 than previous
                                        missions.
                                    ➢   sends data to Earth for 10
                                        to 11 hours per day
                                    ➢   Data rates: from 0.5Mbits/s
 Image Credit: NASA/JPL
                                        to 4 Mbits/s
                                    ➢   Predicted total amount of
                                        data: 34 terabits
               S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                25   2
MER telecommunication
     architecture




            Image Credit: NASA / JPL


    S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   26   2
Mars missions
             Orbiters as data relay
                   with Earth
●   Mars Odyssey acts as a data relay for MER.
●   Currently, ODY, MEX and MRO are used as data
    relay for Mars missions.
●   MRO is able to send data back to Earth more than
    10 times faster than previous missions.
●   Future ExoMars orbiter will also act as a data relay
    in jan 2019


                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   27   2
Mars missions
  Data transferred from Mars
Amount of data received from Mars via MRO




                 177 223 Terabits
         1 Terabits = 10 power 12 bits
          S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   28   2
Missions data
                         Data rates
MRO
●   A 3 meter long high gain antenna and 100 watt.
●   160 gigabits of solid-state memory
●   Data rate at a maximum of around 6 Mbit/s when the
    distance between Earth and Mars is minimum (55.7
    million km)
●   Data rate at a minimum of 0.6 Mbit/s when the distance
    between Earth and Mars is maximum (401.3 million km)
●   Time of transmission during science phase:              8h/day

                   S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012            29   2
Missions data
                       Data rates
Martian rovers can send data Direct To Earth (DTE) at
a rate from 3.5kb/s to 12kb/s.
Data rate to an orbiter is at constant rate of 128kbit/s
but varies between 128kb/s or 256kb/s
The rover can only transmit direct to Earth for around
3h/day due to power and thermal limitations.
Odyssey can also operate in bent-pipe mode: downlink
to Earth while at the same time receiving data from
landers using UHF system.

                 S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012    30   3
Missions data
                      Data rates
A rover communicate with an orbiter during 8min/sol
For comparison, in 8min, 60Mb could be transmitted
during a sol.
The same 60Mb would take between 1.5h and 5h to
transmitted direct to Earth.
InSight mission is planned to send more than 29Gb in
1 Martian year.



                S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   31   3
Future communication technologies
        Mars communications projects

●   The purpose of these new projects are:
    ➢   to reduce time latency between Earth and the
        remote mission spacecraft
    ➢   to improve reliability and reduce errors code
        transmission




                   S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   32   3
Future communication technologies
  Mars communications projects


To improve data bandwidth which increase with
better onboard instruments and new needs.


Test new technologies like Laser Communication and
new protocols (DTN)




             S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   33   3
Future communication technologies
      Optical space communications
Optical space communication also know as laser
communication or lasercom
●   A demonstrator is currently done with Laser
    Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD).
●   The lasercom system would increase the data rate to
    100Mbps.
●   A high resolution image would arrive on Earth in 5
    minutes rather than in 90 minutes using MRO.
●   MAVEN mission will use optical communications
                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   34   3
Future communication technologies
Optical space communications




      Image Credit: JPL/CalTech



           S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   35   3
Future communication technologies
       Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

●   The InterPlanetary Network (IPN) is also associated
    in DTN project.
●   Demonstrators are currently running on ISS
●   Store and forward method
Factsheet - Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN)
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/DTN.html




                       S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012             36   3
Future communication technologies
                            IPNSIG
●   IPNSIG (InterPlanetary Networking Interest Group)
●   A communication system with networking protocols to
    handle signal delay and connectivity disruption
●   The Space Internetworking Strategy Group has
    published a document the document “Operations
    Concept for a Solar System Internetwork (SSI)” in
    October 2010 ( IOAG.T.RC.001.V1 )




                  S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   37   3
Future communication technologies
                                         IPNSIG




                                          Image Credit: IPNSIG

The red-dotted data flows use DTN protocols.TCP/IP or other low latency protocols are the yellow and
blue-dotted data flows.
                               S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012                              38   3
Conclusion

Since the 1st missions to Mars, the amount of data
     transmitted to Earth has increased a lot.
          More bandwidth are needed
Data communications are an important part of the
                    mission.
   Data are used by the scientific communities
          and also for public outreach.



              S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   39   3
Conclusion

  Usage of CCSDS communication standards.

 New technologies and standards are currently
tested to allow more and more data to be send
  back to Earth with a minimum of disruption.

       Communication is a key element
        for future missions on Mars.


         S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   40   4
Questions




S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   41   4
Image Credit: NASA / JPL / Caltech


S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012   42   4
References
                     Mars missions – JPL / NASA
                      http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/

             NASA – Space Communications and Navigation
                  https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/

                                 CCSDS
            Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
                         http://public.ccsds.org

                                IPNSIG
            InterPlanetary Networking Special Interest Group
                            http://ipnsig.org
                                 DTNRG
               Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group
                          http://www.dtnrg.org
                             DESCANSO
Deep Space Communications and Navigation Systems Center of Excellence
                    http://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov
                    S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012              43   4

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Data communication and Mars missions

  • 1. Image Credit: IPNSIG Data communication and Mars missions Stephan Gerard Association Planète Mars (APM) stephan.gerard@laposte.net 12th European Mars Conference EMC12 – Munich - 13 Oct 2012
  • 2. Summary 1) Introduction 2) Data Communication 3) Communication infrastructure 4) Mars missions 5) Mission data 6) Future communication technologies 7) Conclusion 8) Questions S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 2
  • 3. Introduction If no communication: => no data transmitted to Earth => no scientific data => we have a problem !!! S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 3
  • 4. Data Communication Mars communication challenges ● Large transmission delays RTT between Earth and Mars varies between: ● 7min and 46min ● Great distance ● between 55.7 and 401.3 million km ● Limited bandwidth available ● Disrupted links (orbital visibility) S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 4
  • 5. Data Communication Mars communication challenges ● Error rates ● Noisy communication links ● Limited time frame ● Power available on lander or rover ● Buffer capacity S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 5
  • 6. Data Communication Communication systems 2 types of communications: ➢ “Long Haul” between Mars and Earth ➢ “Short Haul” or “Proximity” between the orbiter and Mars surface Antennas: ● Low gain antenna is omni-directionnal used as a backup to high gain antenna ● High gain antenna is directionnal S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 6
  • 7. Data Communication CCSDS ● CCSDS = Consultative Commitee for Space Data Systems ● Multi-national forum since 1982. ● CCSDS has its 30th anniversary this year. ● Develop standards for space data communications. ● CCSDS has been founded by 11 space agencies. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 7
  • 8. Data Communication CCSDS ● CCSDS standards independent of the underlaying bus architecture. ● ESA mandates that all missions to be CCSDS compatible. ● Proximity-1 Space Link protocol (UHF1) is the standard used for relay communications by all the missions currently at Mars since Mars Odyssey and is designed to ensure error-free delivery of data. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 8
  • 9. Data Communication Radio frequencies X-band: ● microwave frequency Transmit: 7145MHz-7190Mhz Receive: 8400MHz-8450Mhz ● current standard in communications ● is used for long range communications ● used between rovers and Earth S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 9
  • 10. Data Communication Radio frequencies UHF band: ● Ultra High Frequency (300 to 3 000 MHz) from 390 to 450MHz on Mars missions ● used between landers, rovers and orbiting spacecrafts S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 10 1
  • 11. Data Communication Radio frequencies Ka-band: ● microwave frequency Transmit: 34200MHz-34700MHz Receive: 31800MHz-32300MHz ● used as a secondary link between landers and orbiters ● previously untested radio frequency ● Frequency x 4 allow an higher data rate than using X-band S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 11 1
  • 12. Image Credit: NASA / JPL Telecommunications for Mars Rovers and Robotic Missions S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 12 1
  • 13. Communication infrastructure DSN - Deep Space Network NASA / JPL ● DSN is present in 3 locations (Goldstone, Madrid, Canberra) to have full day coverage. ● DSN has extremely large antennas: - 70 meter - 34 meter HEF (High Efficiency) S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 13 1
  • 14. Communication infrastructure DSN Deep Space Network NASA / JPL Mars missions are not the only mission using interplanetary communications infrastructure. Communication time frame windows must be shared with the other missions. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 14 1
  • 15. Communication infrastructure ESTRACK ESA Tracking Station Network ● Only New Norcia, Cebreros and Malargüe have or will have 35 meter deep-space antennas ● 35m Deep Space Antenna stations primarily use the X-band ● S-band (2025-2300 Mhz), Ka (18.1-32.3 GHz) and X-Band (7145-8500 Mhz) ● Data rates vary depending on the mission but typically range from 256 Kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 15 1
  • 16. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 16 1
  • 17. Mars missions Current active missions Mars Odyssey (ODY) (2001 – USA) Mars Express (MEX) (2003 – EU) Opportunity (MER-B) (2003 – USA) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (2005 – USA) Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) (2011 – USA) S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 17 1
  • 18. Mars missions Viking 1 & 2 ➢ Sent data directly back to Earth using UHF relay radio but most often via the Viking orbiter ➢ Science data rate via relay orbiter at 250, 500, and 1000 bits/s Image Credit: NASA ➢ Science data rate via direct link at 250, 500, and 1000 bits/s S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 18 1
  • 19. Mars missions Pathfinder rover “Sojourner” ➢ UHF radio systems ➢ Direct communication from Mars surface to Earth ➢ Limited transmitter ➢ Communication weak and data reliability limited ➢ Limited data rate Image Credit: NASA S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 19 1
  • 20. Mars missions Mars Odyssey Orbiter ➢ Odyssey is used as a data relay ➢ UHF and X-band frequencies ➢ X-band transfer rates of up to 128 kb/s ➢ Has approx. 260Mbit of memory allocated for surface vehicule. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 20 2
  • 21. Mars missions MER rover “Opportunity & Spirit” ➢ X-band & UHF systems ➢ Use Proximity-1 (Prox-1) protocol for relay communications ➢ 120 Mbits allocated onboard memory of Mars Odyssey ➢ Data rate using UHF: 8, 32, Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell University 128, 256 kbps S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 21 2
  • 22. Mars missions Mars Express ➢ MEX is used as a data relay ➢ UHF and X-band frequencies ➢ Use Proximity-1 protocol Image Credit: ESA S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 22 2
  • 23. Mars missions Phoenix Mars Lander ➢X-band & UHF system ➢ Use Proximity-1 (Prox-1) protocol ➢ Data rate UHF: 8, 32, 128, 256 kbps ➢ Can use MEX orbiter as backup data relay Image Credit: NASA/JPL S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 23 2
  • 24. Mars missions Mars Science Laboratory rover “Curiosity” 1st rover to have an Electra transceiver ➢ X-band & UHF system ➢ Use MRO and ODY as data relay ➢ Cross support with MEX ➢Use Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol (Prox-1) Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech ➢ Use “store-and-forward” mode of communications S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 24 2
  • 25. Mars missions Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ➢ MRO is used as a data relay ➢ Use X-band and Ka-band ➢ can send data back to Earth > X 10 than previous missions. ➢ sends data to Earth for 10 to 11 hours per day ➢ Data rates: from 0.5Mbits/s Image Credit: NASA/JPL to 4 Mbits/s ➢ Predicted total amount of data: 34 terabits S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 25 2
  • 26. MER telecommunication architecture Image Credit: NASA / JPL S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 26 2
  • 27. Mars missions Orbiters as data relay with Earth ● Mars Odyssey acts as a data relay for MER. ● Currently, ODY, MEX and MRO are used as data relay for Mars missions. ● MRO is able to send data back to Earth more than 10 times faster than previous missions. ● Future ExoMars orbiter will also act as a data relay in jan 2019 S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 27 2
  • 28. Mars missions Data transferred from Mars Amount of data received from Mars via MRO 177 223 Terabits 1 Terabits = 10 power 12 bits S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 28 2
  • 29. Missions data Data rates MRO ● A 3 meter long high gain antenna and 100 watt. ● 160 gigabits of solid-state memory ● Data rate at a maximum of around 6 Mbit/s when the distance between Earth and Mars is minimum (55.7 million km) ● Data rate at a minimum of 0.6 Mbit/s when the distance between Earth and Mars is maximum (401.3 million km) ● Time of transmission during science phase: 8h/day S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 29 2
  • 30. Missions data Data rates Martian rovers can send data Direct To Earth (DTE) at a rate from 3.5kb/s to 12kb/s. Data rate to an orbiter is at constant rate of 128kbit/s but varies between 128kb/s or 256kb/s The rover can only transmit direct to Earth for around 3h/day due to power and thermal limitations. Odyssey can also operate in bent-pipe mode: downlink to Earth while at the same time receiving data from landers using UHF system. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 30 3
  • 31. Missions data Data rates A rover communicate with an orbiter during 8min/sol For comparison, in 8min, 60Mb could be transmitted during a sol. The same 60Mb would take between 1.5h and 5h to transmitted direct to Earth. InSight mission is planned to send more than 29Gb in 1 Martian year. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 31 3
  • 32. Future communication technologies Mars communications projects ● The purpose of these new projects are: ➢ to reduce time latency between Earth and the remote mission spacecraft ➢ to improve reliability and reduce errors code transmission S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 32 3
  • 33. Future communication technologies Mars communications projects To improve data bandwidth which increase with better onboard instruments and new needs. Test new technologies like Laser Communication and new protocols (DTN) S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 33 3
  • 34. Future communication technologies Optical space communications Optical space communication also know as laser communication or lasercom ● A demonstrator is currently done with Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD). ● The lasercom system would increase the data rate to 100Mbps. ● A high resolution image would arrive on Earth in 5 minutes rather than in 90 minutes using MRO. ● MAVEN mission will use optical communications S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 34 3
  • 35. Future communication technologies Optical space communications Image Credit: JPL/CalTech S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 35 3
  • 36. Future communication technologies Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) ● The InterPlanetary Network (IPN) is also associated in DTN project. ● Demonstrators are currently running on ISS ● Store and forward method Factsheet - Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/DTN.html S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 36 3
  • 37. Future communication technologies IPNSIG ● IPNSIG (InterPlanetary Networking Interest Group) ● A communication system with networking protocols to handle signal delay and connectivity disruption ● The Space Internetworking Strategy Group has published a document the document “Operations Concept for a Solar System Internetwork (SSI)” in October 2010 ( IOAG.T.RC.001.V1 ) S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 37 3
  • 38. Future communication technologies IPNSIG Image Credit: IPNSIG The red-dotted data flows use DTN protocols.TCP/IP or other low latency protocols are the yellow and blue-dotted data flows. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 38 3
  • 39. Conclusion Since the 1st missions to Mars, the amount of data transmitted to Earth has increased a lot. More bandwidth are needed Data communications are an important part of the mission. Data are used by the scientific communities and also for public outreach. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 39 3
  • 40. Conclusion Usage of CCSDS communication standards. New technologies and standards are currently tested to allow more and more data to be send back to Earth with a minimum of disruption. Communication is a key element for future missions on Mars. S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 40 4
  • 41. Questions S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 41 4
  • 42. Image Credit: NASA / JPL / Caltech S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 42 4
  • 43. References Mars missions – JPL / NASA http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA – Space Communications and Navigation https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/ CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems http://public.ccsds.org IPNSIG InterPlanetary Networking Special Interest Group http://ipnsig.org DTNRG Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group http://www.dtnrg.org DESCANSO Deep Space Communications and Navigation Systems Center of Excellence http://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov S. Gerard - EMC12 Munich - 13 Oct 2012 43 4