GIT VUGIB LGIB 4th year.

1. GIT Bleeding: VGIB LGIB Dr. Mohamed Shekhani CABM-FRCP

3. Variceal bleeding: Clinical decompensation (i.e., ascites, encephalopathy,a previous episode of hemorrhage, or jaundice). Gastric fundal varices Or GEV Esophageal varices Portal hypertensive gastropathy Common lethal complication of cirrhosis(50% at diagnosis, 7%/year), particularly with: 1 Types Portal hypertensive Biliopathy

4. Variceal bleeding: Clinical decompensation (i.e., ascites, encephalopathy,a previous episode of hemorrhage, or jaundice). Treatment of the acute bleeding episode: Mortality 15-20% Primary prophylaxis to prevent a first episode of VH. Secondary prophylaxis (prevention of recurrent VH). 60%/year. Common lethal complication of cirrhosis(50% at diagnosis, 7%/year), particularly with: 1 MANAGEMENT

5. Small varices Large varices No varices 7-8%/year 7-8%/year Varices Increase in Diameter Progressively Merli et al. J Hepatol 2003;38:266 VARICES INCREASE IN DIAMETER PROGRESSIVELY

7. Class A: 5-6 Class B: 7-9 Class C: 10-15

8. Portal HT Risk stratification Portal HT Risk stratification Varices or colaterlas detected on imaging studies as Abd U/S,EUS,Dopler Varices on VCE Fibroscan measuring liver stiffness predicts portal HT Plateletes/spleen maximal bipolar diameter<909 Decompensated liver cirrhosis: Child-Pough or MELD class Gastroesophageal varices. 2 HVPG: gold standard&Best predictor of PHT & EV, but invasive &not widely available. >5 mm Hg PHT >10 mm Hg clinically significant

9. Primary prophylaxis of bleeding eso varices: Propranolol FU OGD after Obliteration: 3 MONTHLY For 1 year Then Yearly Indefintely. Or Nadolol EBL Sessions every 4 weeks PP of EV bleed Propranolol 20mgm*2 untill PR 55/min Indefinite Nadolol 40mgm once daily Untill PR 55/min Indefinite Endoscopic band ligation Evey 4 weeks untill total obliteration Follow up: 3 /12 for 1 year, yearly 3

10. Management of acute variceal bleeding: Endoscopic Intervention EBL Sclerotherapy Sigestaken Tube temponade Cyanoacrylate Injection Sclerotherapy For gastric Varices. Antibiotics: Ceftriaxone Ciprofloxacin 5 days Vasoconstrictor Octreotite Somatostatin Telipresin 5 days Esophageal stenting Acute variceal Bleeding. 4

11. Secondary prophylaxis( prevention of recurrent) of bleeding EV: propranolo Nadolol Cyanoacrylate for GV EBL for EV Interventional Radiology for GV Isosorbide Secondary prophylaxis Propranolol Same as for primary prophylaxis. Nadolol Same as for primary prophylaxis. Isosorbide dinitrate 10 mgm*10-20 mgm*2 EBL Same as for primary prophylaxis. Cyanoacrylate injection sclerotherapy or IR for gastric varices not EBL. 5

14. Causes in Our locality: Perianal diseases(piles/Fissure) IBD(UC>CD) Infectious colitis Neoplasms(adenoma or cancer) Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) Meckel’s diverticulum. Ischemic colitis. Angiodysplasia

15. Hemorrhoids/ fissures: Bleeding after/or with defecation Pain & bleeding with defecation Careful perianal exam+ anoscopy assist in the diagnosis Piles Fissure 1 2

16. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Initial evaluation/ resuscitation Triage to OP vs Ward vs ICU Mild scanty bleeding Anorectal pathology susspected Rigid Anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy to confirm diagnosis Outpatient management Anorectal pathology(piles/fissure) is the most common pathology in our locality But this should be diagnosed on solid basis not to miss serious pathologies as IBD or cancer.

17. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Severe bleeding Severe exanguinating bleeding Emergency angiography for bleeding control by gel form or coils Or emergency surgical consult. If emergency angio succeeded just observe for recurrence but if fails refer to surgery SURGERY Severe exanguinating bleeding needs urgent action either emergency surgery or emegency therapeutic interventional radiology.

18. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Moderate severe bleeding Consider NGT aspirate Bloody NGT aspirate Risk for UGIB OGD If +ve treat accordingly Most of the cases of LGIB fall in this category & require 1 st NGT aspiration & if +ve bloody aspirate , urgent upper GIT endoscopy.

19. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Moderate severe bleeding NGT not done or –ve aspirate Polyethelene glycol(PEG) solution laxative for preparation for emergency colonoscopy in few hours. Colonoscopy within 12-24 hours Manage according to colonoscopic findings If the NGT aspirate is not bloody or NGT was not inserted, urgent prep with PEG is needed for urgent colonoscopy within12-24 hours.

20. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Moderate severe bleeding On colonoscopy bleeding site & cause is identified so treat as appropriate. If the colonoscopy identifies the site/cause of bleeding the problem is solved

21. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Moderate severe bleeding If On colonoscopy there is visual impairment because of ongoing bleeding Angiography. If on colonoscopy there was visual impairment due to bloody field urgent angiography is indicated fordiagnosis & therapy.

22. Acute LGIB: Management algorythm Moderate severe bleeding On colonoscopy bleeding site not identified but bleeding had stopped OGD Or Repeat colonoscopy Or SI evaluation /Or Others( RBC scan,angiography) for rebleeding. If on colonoscopy the bleeding had stopped & no lesion was identified, upper GI endoscopy is considered(if had already been done) or RBC scan/angigraphy Is done fordiagnosis/treatment specially if bleeding recurred.

24. Hope i t helps