one of my first ppts which i made in fybpt

1. INTRODUCTION
TO ANATOMY
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2. Definition
Human anatomy is the science which deals
with the structures of the human body.
OR
It is the study of structures of human body
mainly in relation with each other.
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3. Facts about Anatomy:
 The term anatomy is derived from the Greek word “anatome”
meaning cutting up.
 The term dissection is a Latin equivalent of the Greek word
anatome.
 However, dissection is a mere technique whereas anatomy is a
wide field of study.
 Anatomy is conventionally divided into topographical or gross
anatomy (including surface, endoscopic and radiological
anatomy), histology, embryology and neuroanatomy.
 Anatomical language is one of the fundamental languages of
medicine.
 Anatomy forms firm foundation of the whole art of medicine.
 It introduces student to the greater part of medical terminology.
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4. “Anatomy is to physiology as geography is
to history i.e. it describes the theatre in
which action takes place.”
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5. Henry Gray (1827 - 1861) was an
English anatomist and surgeon most notable for
publishing the book Gray's Anatomy.
In 1858 Gray published the first edition of Anatomy,
which covered 750 pages and contained 363 figures. He had
the good fortune of securing the help of his friend Henry
Vandyke Carter, a skilled draughtsman and formerly a
demonstrator of anatomy at St. George’s Hospital. Carter made
the drawings from which the engravings were executed, and
the success of the book was, in the first instance, undoubtedly
due in no small measure to the excellence of its illustrations.
This edition was dedicated to Sir Benjamin Collins
Brodie, Bart, FRS, DCL. A second edition was prepared by Gray
and published in 1860.
He held successively the posts of demonstrator
of Anatomy, curator of the museum, and Lecturer of Anatomy
at St. George’s Hospital, and was in 1861 a candidate for the
post of assistant surgeon. He was struck by an attack of
confluent smallpox, which he contracted while looking after a
nephew who was suffering from that disease. He died on June
13 at the age of thirty-four.
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6. PARTS OF
HUMAN BODY
HEAD NECK TRUNK
LIMBS
THORAX ABDOMEN
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7. REGIONAL GROUPS:
 HEAD and NECK – includes everything above
the thoracic inlet.
 UPPER LIMB – includes
the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm,
and shoulder.
 THORAX – the region of the chest from
the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
 HUMAN ABDOMEN to the pelvic brim or to the
pelvic inlet.
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8.  The BACK – the spine and its components,
the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx,
and intervertebral disks.
 PELVIS AND PERINEUM – the pelvis consists
of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic
diaphragm. The perineum is the region
between the sex organs and the anus.
 LOWER LIMB – everything below the inguinal
ligament, including the hip, the thigh,
the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.
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9. Internal organs (by region)
Head and neck
 Brain
◦ Amygdala
◦ Basal ganglia
◦ Brain stem
 medulla
 midbrain
 pons
◦ Cerebellum
◦ Cerebral cortex
◦ Hypothalamus
◦ Limbic system
 Eye
 Pituitary
 Thyroid and Parathyroids
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10. Thorax
 Heart
 Lung
 Esophagus
 Thymus
 Pleura
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11. Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)
 Adrenals
 Appendix
 Bladder
 Gallbladder
 Large intestine
 Small intestine
 Kidney
 Liver
 Pancreas
 Spleen
 Stomach
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12. Major organ systems
 Circulatory system: pumping and
hannelling blood to and from the body and lungs
with heart, blood, and blood vessels.
 Digestive System: digestion and processing food
with salivaryglands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbl
adder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
 Endocrine system: communication within the body
using hormones made by endocrine glands such as
the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary
gland, pineal body or pineal
gland, thyroid,parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal
glands.
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13. Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the
transfer of lymph between tissues and the
blood stream, the lymph and
the nodes and vessels that transport it.
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14. Musculoskeletal system : muscles provide
movement and a skeleton provides structural
support and protection
with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and
processing information with brain, spinal
cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves.
Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the
female; ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and in
the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, prostate, and penis.
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15.  Respiratory system: the organs used for
breathing,
the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
and diaphragm.
 Urinarysystem: kidneys, ureters, bladder and uret
hra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance
and excretion of urine.
 Vestibular system: contributes to our balance and
our sense of spatial orientation.
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16. How to study anatomy ?
 Anatomy was studied mainly by dissection.
 The main divisions of anatomy are:
1. Cadaveric anatomy
2. Living anatomy
3. Embryology ( developmental anatomy )
4. Histology ( microscopic anatomy )
5. Surface anatomy ( topographic anatomy )
6. Radiography
7. Comparative anatomy
8. Physical anthropology
9. Experimental anatomy
10. Genetics
11. Applied anatomy ( clinical anatomy )
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17. Cadaveric anatomy:
•It is studied on dead bodies usually
with naked eye.
•This can be done by two methods:
1.Regional anatomy
2.Systemic anatomy
Regional anatomy: The body is studied
in parts like upper limb, upper
abdomen, lower limb, thorax, head,
neck and brain.
Systemic anatomy: The body is
studied in systems like skeletal
system, muscular system, articulatory
system, vascular system, nervous
system, endocrine system, etc.
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18.  Living anatomy:
 Living anatomy is the skill of being able to identify specific
landmarks on the body of a patient by touch (e.g. bony
prominences, muscle bellies and pulses), and using those
landmarks to identify the position of other structures such as
organs within the body.
 It is studied under (by) inspection, palpation, percussion,
auscultation, endoscopy, radiography, electromyography, etc.
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19.  Embryology:
 Embryology is the study of the prenatal developmental
changes in an individual.
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20. Histology:
 Histology is the study of the
microscopic
anatomy of cells and tissues of
plants and animals. It is
performed by examining a thin
slice (section) of tissue under
a light microscope or electron
microscope. The ability to
visualize or differentially identify
microscopic structures is
frequently enhanced through the
use of histological stains.
Histology is an essential tool
of biology and medicine.
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21.  Surface anatomy :
• Surface or superficial anatomy
is a descriptive science dealing with
anatomical features that can be
studied by sight,
without dissecting an organism.
• In particular, in the case of human
superficial anatomy, these are the
form and proportions of the human
body and the surface landmarks
which correspond to deeper
structures hidden from view, both
in static pose and in motion. It is
also called "visual anatomy".
• Basically, it is the study of deeper
parts of the body in relation to skin
surface.
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22. Radiology:
• Radiology is a medical
specialty that employs the use
of imaging to both diagnose and
treat disease visualized within
the human body.
• Radiologists use an array of
imaging technologies (such
as x-ray radiography,
ultrasound,
computed tomography (CT),
nuclear medicine,
positron emission
tomography (PET)
and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)) to diagnose or
CT SCAN treat diseases.
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23. X-RAY
ULTRASOUND SCOP YEAR-2011 23

24.  Comparative anatomy: Comparative anatomy is the study of
similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is
closely related to evolutionary
biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). It is the study
of anatomy of other animals to explain changes in form, structure
and function of different parts of the human body.
 Physical anthropology: It deals with external features and
measurements of different races and groups of people, and with
the study of prehistoric remains.
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25.  Experimental anatomy: It is the study of factors which influence
and determine the form, structure and function of different
parts of the body.
 Genetics: Genetics is a discipline of biology,
the science of genes, heredity, and variation in
living organisms.
 Applied anatomy: It deals with the application of anatomical
knowledge to the medical and surgical practice.
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26. Language of anatomy:
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POSITIONS
ANATOMICAL SUPINE PRONE LITHOTOMY
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27. Anatomical position:
A person is ERECT, standing
STRAIGHT with eyes looking
FORWORD, both arms BY
SIDE of the body, palms
facing FORWARD, both feet
TOGETHER.
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28. Supine position:
A person is lying on their
BACK, arms BY SIDE,
palms facing UPWARD,
feet TOGETHER.
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29. Prone position:
A person is lying on
his/her FACE, CHEST
and ABDOMEN is said to
be downwards.
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30. Lithotomy position:
A person is lying on her BACK
with legs UP and feet supported
in STRAPS. This position is
assumed during delivery of a
baby.
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31. 31
TYPES OF PLANES
PLANES
MEDIAN
MID-SAGITTAL
CORONAL HORIZONTAL
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33.  MEDIAN PLANE:
 Also known as “ sagittal plane “
 A plane passing through the CENTER OF THE BODY
dividing it into two equal right and left halves.
 Name is derived from suture between two parietal
bones.
 MID-SAGITTAL PLANE:
 Also known as “ paramedian plane “
 Plane parallel to median plane.
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34.  CORONAL PLANE:
 Plane perpendicular to median plane.
 Name is derived from the suture between parietal
and frontal bones.
 HORIZONTAL PLANE:
 Also known as “ transverse plane “
 A plane perpendicular to both median and coronal
plane. OR Right angle to both the planes.
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35.  Uses of planes:
 To explain anatomical terminologies.
 To study different structures of any organs in
different planes.
 To explain movements of different joints.
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42. TERMINOLOGIES:
 PLANES:
MEDIAN: Centrally located.
ANTERIOR: Ventral-front.
When the structures are present in front of median plane, it is
called anterior.
POSTERIOR: Dorsal-back.
When the structures are present at the back of median plane, it is
called posterior.
E.g. Sternum and heart
Sternum is anterior to heart and heart is posterior to sternum.
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43. MEDIAL: Structures nearer to median plane.
LATERAL: Structures away from the median plane.
E.g. Heart and lungs.
Heart is medial to lungs and lungs are lateral to heart.
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45. HEART AND STERNUM
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46. HEART AND LUNGS
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47.  Trunk:
PROXIMAL: Near root of the limb.
DISTAL: Lower part of the limb.
SUPERIOR: Structures near the head.
INFERIOR : Structures near the foot.
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48. CRANIAL or ROSTRAL: Is close to upper
end or head end.
CAUDAL: Is close to lower end or near
to foot.
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49. SUPERFICIAL: Outer side/towards the surface of the
body/close to skin.
DEEP: Inner side/away from surface of the body/away from
skin.
internal
external
EXTERNAL: Outer part of an organ.
INTERNAL: Inner part of an organ.
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50. INVAGINATION: Is projection inside.
EVAGINATION: Is projection outside.
VENTRAL or ANTERIOR: Is the front aspect.
DORSAL or POSTERIOR: Is the back aspect.
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51. PALMAR OF HAND: Front side of the palm.
DORSAL OF HAND: Back side of the palm.
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52. DORSAL
PLANTAR
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DORSAL OF FOOT: Is the front side of foot.
PLANTAR OF FOOT: Is the back side of foot.
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53. RADIAL: Near the median plane.
ULNAR: Away from the median plane.
TIBIAL: Tibia of foot.
FIBULAR: Fibula of foot.
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54. COMBINATION:
1. Anterolateral:
Anterior and lateral.
Front-side and away from the mid-line.
2. Posteromedial:
Posterior and median.
Back-side and towards the mid-line.
3. Ipsilateral:
Located on or affecting the same side of the body.
e.g. right hand and right foot or Left hand and left foot.
4. Contralateral:
Located on or affecting the opposite side of the body.
e.g. right hand and left foot or Left hand and right foot.
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55. Terminology for Movement and Locomotion:
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LOCOMOTOR
APPARATUS
BONE
OSTEOLOGY
MUSCLES
MYOLOGY
JOINTS
ARTHOPOLOGY
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56.  Joints: (articulations)
When one bone is connected with another bone, it is
called Joint. or
When one born articulates with the other, it is called
Joint.
Uses of Joint:
 Provide movement.
 All movements takes place at joints and may occur in
any plane but are usually described in sagittal and
coronal planes.
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57. MOVEMENTS OF THE TRUNK
57
TRUNK
SAGITTAL
PLANE
FLEXION EXTENSION
CORONAL
PLANE
LATERAL
FLEXION
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58. Lateral Flexion: Sideward movement
Flexion: Forward bending OR Bending Anteriorly.
Extension: Backward bending OR Bending Posteriorly.
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59. MOVEMENTS OF UPPER LIMB
1.Shoulder joint:
2. Elbow joint:
3.Wrist joint:
4.Metacarpophalangeal joint:
5. Interphalangeal joint:
6.Thumb:
7.Movements of forearm:
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60. Shoulder Joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
Sagittal plane
3. Adduction.
4. Abduction.
Coronary plane
5. Medial rotation.
6. Lateral rotation.
Rotation
7. Circumduction.
A.k.a. Glenohumeral
joint
 Shoulder joint is more mobile but it is less secure.
It can easily be dislocated.
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62. Elbow joint 1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
Sagittal plane
A.k.a. Humeroulnar
Joint
Humeroradial Joint
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63. Wrist joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
Sagittal plane.
3. Abduction. ( radial deviation)
4. Adduction. ( ulnar deviation )
Coronal
plane.
A.k.a
Radiocarpal
Joint.
 At the wrist, where abduction (radial deviation) refers to movement
of the hand towards the radial (thumb) side.
 Also at the wrist, where adduction (ulnar deviation) refers to
movement of the hand towards the ulnar (little finger) side.
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65. Metacarpophalageal Joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
3. Adduction.
4. Abduction.
Sagittal
plane.
Coronal
plane.
MCP
Total 40 joints are formed between
metacarpals and phalanges which are
known as Metacarpophalangeal joint.
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66. Abduction Adduction
This movement is either away from or towards the middle finger.
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67. Interphlangeal Joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
Sagittal plane.
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68. Thumb
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
3. Abduction.
4. Adduction.
5. Opposition.
Sagittal
plane.
Coronal
plane.
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69. 69
Movements of Forearm
Radio-ulnar joints.
Supination
Pronation
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70. MOVEMENTS OF LOWER LIMB:
1. Hip joint:
2. Knee joint:
3. Ankle joint:
4. Joints of foot:
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71. Hip joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
3. Adduction.
4. Abduction.
5. Medial rotation.
6. Lateral rotation.
7. Circumduction.
 Hip joint is more compact, more stable and more secure
joint but it is less mobile.
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72. Flexion and extension of hip
Abduction and adduction of hip
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74. Lateral rotation of hip Medial rotation of hip
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75. Knee joint
1. Flexion.
2. Extension.
3. Medial rotation.
4. Lateral rotation.
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77. Ankle joint 1. Dorsiflexion.
A.k.a. 2. Plantar flexion.
Talocrural
joint
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78. Joints of foot
1. Inversion
2. Eversion
3. Supination
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79. THANK YOU..!!!
79
PREPARED BY:
SHARMIN CHISTY SUSIWALA
FY BPT
SCOP
SCOP YEAR-2011