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Disordered athletes
1. Disordered Athletes
WHICH ONE IS IT?
Deviance in Athletic Sport Ethic
Sharon Chirban, Ph.D.
Clinical Psychologist/Sport Psychology Consultant
Children’s Hospital Boston
Division of Sports Medicine
2. Sport Ethic
is a set of norms that many athletes in power
and performance sports have accepted as the
dominant criteria for defining what it means
to be an athlete and to successfully claim an
identity as an athlete.
3. Elements of Sport Ethic
Athlete must make sacrifices for the
“game” or “the sport.”
This norm stresses that athletes must love
“the game” above all else and prove it by
giving the game priority over other
interests.
4. Elements of Sport Ethic
An athlete strives for distinction. “citius,
altius, fortius” (swifter, higher and
stronger) captures the meaning of this
norm.
Being an athlete means constantly
seeking to improve and to achieve
perfection.
6. An athlete accepts risks and plays
through pain. According to this norm,
an athlete does not give in to pressure,
pain or fear.
An athlete accepts no limits in the
pursuit of possibilities. This norm
stresses the “dream” and the obligation
to pursue it without question.
7. These four norms of the sport ethic are
deeply rooted in the culture of today’s
power and performance sports.
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8. By themselves, these norms call for
actions and orientations valued by
people in society as a whole: making
commitments and sacrifices, striving
for improvement, pushing yourself
even when things are difficult or
painful, and pursuing dreams.
9. LOST TO ANOREXIA
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For a runner, Alex DeVinny wasn’t all that skinny on the day
that she won a state track title in 2003. At 17, she was 5-
foot-8 and weighed 125 pounds. Last March, Ms. DeVinny
died from cardiac arrest related to her starvation. She was
20 and weighed roughly 70 pounds.
10. When Varsity Fit
Masks Anorexia
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11. 43 % of the 91 college coaches for women’s
athletics surveyed could name the elements
of the Female Athlete Triad.
12. The survey also found that 24 % mistakenly
thought that nonexistent or irregular periods
were natural consequences of vigorous
exercise rather than the telltale signs of
nutritional deficiency.
13. In 2003, the NCAA surveyed over 2800
coaches about disordered eating, and found
that only 19% of men and 26% of women were
aware of the seriousness of amenorrhea,
defined as menstrual dysfunction for three or
more months.
14. "Kerri listen to me.
“You can do it,"
said USA coach
Bela Karolyi as Kerri
Strug readied for her
second and final
vault during the
team competition at
the 1996 Atlanta
Games.
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15. Heading into their final event, the vault, the
U.S. had a lead over Russia and it looked liked
the U.S. had its first gold in the team combined
exercises all sewn up. That is until teammate
Dominique Moceanu fell down on both her
vaults and Strug's first attempt also ended in a
fall. Serious doubt crept into the thoughts of
32,000 spectators and Karolyi let her know
that she needed to land her second and final
vault in order to seal it. The only problem,
aside from the avalanche of pressure on the
18-year-old, was that Strug had felt a pop in
her ankle on her first vault and could barely
walk, let alone sprint down the runway and
fling herself up and over the horse to land with
great purpose onto only one good leg.
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17. Somehow Strug gritted her teeth,
thinking that the team's gold medals
all depended on this final vault (in
actuality they didn't, but no one knew
that at the time), and got the job done
with a solid landing before collapsing
in pain onto her hands and knees. QuickTime™ and a
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18. The bear-like Karolyi scooped her up in his arms and
carried her to the award ceremony to collect her gold medal
and the rousing ovation from the packed house.
Strug, with two torn ligaments in her ankle from her
courageous effort, was left unable to compete in any
individual events.
19. Deviance and the Sport Ethic
Deviance occurs when the norms of the
sport ethic are accepted uncritically,
without question and qualification, and
then followed without limits, without
setting or acknowledging boundaries.
21. Why Overconform?
Most athletes don’t see overconformity as
deviance, they see it as reaffirming their
identities as athletes and their membership in
select sport groups.
22. Who Over-conforms?
Low self-esteem
High need for acceptance
Age of the athlete
Breadth of the athletic identity
23. Why Overconform?
Athletes who see achievement in sports as
their only way to get ahead, make themselves
a name, and become important in the world.
25. Symptoms of Exercise
Dependence
withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety
and depressions when they are unable
to work out
limit social relationships to exercise
professional or school begins to suffer
continue to exercise despite injuries
26. Obligatory or Excessive Exercisers
Pathogenic exercise or exercise addiction
have been used to describe individuals
who are consumed by the need for
physical activity to the exclusion of
everything else and to the point of
damage and danger to their lives.
27. Signs and Symptoms of Activity Disorder
Obsessive concerns about being fat,
body dissatisfaction, binge eating
Person maintains a high level of activity
and is uncomfortable with states of rest
or relaxation
28. Signs and Symptoms of Activity Disorder
there is an intense, driven quality to the
activity that becomes self-perpetuating and
resistant to change, compelling the person to
continue while feeling the lack of ability to
control or stop the behavior
only the overuse of the body can produce the
physiological effects of deprivation (secondary
to exposure to the elements, extreme exertion,
and rigid dietary restriction) that are an
important component perpetuating the
disorder
29. Signs and Symptoms of Activity Disorder
Activity disordered persons will use
rationalization and other defense
mechanisms to protect their
involvement in the activity.
30. Signs and Symptoms of Activity Disorder
Although there is no particular personality profile or
disorder, the activity disordered person’s achievement
orientation, independence, self-control, perfectionism,
persistence and well-developed mental strategies can
foster significant academic and vocational
accomplishments in such a way that they appear as
healthy, high-functioning individuals.
Notes de l'éditeur
Kathleen Pantano, an assistant professor of physical therapy at Cleveland State University found that only
If a 14 year-old gymnast is late for practice, a coach immediately identifies this type of deviance and acts on the spot to eliminate it. However, when the same gymnast engages in unhealthy eating behaviors to lose weight as she strives for distinction and pursues her dream, many coaches, parents and gym owners don’t see this as deviance or they don’t want to interfere with the mindset of a “champion” and the culture of the gym –
until of course, stress fractures interfere with competition and weight loss puts their athlete and daughter in the hospital.
