2. • Introduction
• What makes it a Hybrid?
• Evolution of Hybrid cars
• Why Hybrid cars?
• Components, model and how it works?
• Variants
• Hybrid performance, efficiency and maintenance
• Advanced technologies
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References
3. • In an era where energy conservation is a developing
“trend” not only among the learned but also among the
ordinary responsible citizens.
• Fuel efficiency along with minimum pollution has become
the benchmark for any new automobile.
• In the same context “Hybrid Cars” come as the latest
addition.
4. • Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more
sources of power.
• A Simple Example:
A mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid
because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with
the pedal power of its rider.
• A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) combines the power of a
conventional internal combustion engine with an electric
motor.
5. • 1839: First electric vehicle
• 1898: Ferdin and Porsche built a hybrid
• 1905: Gas-Electric car
• 1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan
• 1999: Honda Insight released in US(70 mpg)
• 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid launched
• 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; Ford Escape
Hybrid introduced
• 2007: Toyota Highlander Hybrid
• 2009: Mercedes-Benz S400 Blue Hybrid (First
lithium-ion battery hybrid and first
Mercedes hybrid)
• 2010: Mazda Tribute Crossover
6. • As there is a constant rise in the fuel prices,
it is a must for us to look for alternatives such as
hybrids.
• Hybrids have the optimum mileage in its class.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• They produce much less emissions and
use about 50% less fuel than the average new
vehicle in the same class(Partial-Zero
emissions).
7. • Regenerative braking actually makes city
driving more economical than on the highway.
• Plug-in Hybrid vehicles eventually can be
charged at parking locations using renewable
energy. They will use at least half as much fuel
as the Hybrids .
8. • Hybrids are less-emission vehicles.
• Will cut down emissions of global-warming
pollutants from one third to a half.
• Later models may cut down these emissions
even more.
9. • IC Engine
• Electric Motor
• Batteries
• Transmission
10.
11. • Hybrid Cars integrate the power of the
conventional gasoline engine with that
of an electric motor.
• A high powered battery pack provides energy to the motor
which itself gets recharged when the car is decelerating.
• The gas engine can also assist the battery in recharging, which
kills the need to plug the car to an external source of energy.
12. • Mild Hybrids are incapable of independently
operating the vehicle.
• The electric motor acts as a side-kick to the
gas engine, assisting it whenever surplus
power is needed.
• The Internal-Combustion Engines (both
gasoline and diesel) installed in Hybrid cars are
often smaller than those in normal cars for a
simple reason that Hybrids have the electric
motor for assistance.
15. • The key factor for the hybrid car is its ability to
use a smaller engine.
• The hybrid engine is sized for running at the
average power not the peak.
• When it does reach that point that it needs help
up a hill or to pass someone, it draws extra power
from the batteries to run the electric motor to
get the job done.
16. • Shuts the engine off at low speeds.
• Recovers energy and stores it into the battery.
• Displacement of cylinders is small so less fuel
consumption.
• They use electric power at starts and stops.
• They use the gasoline engine at cruising speeds.
• Smaller engines are more efficient.
17. • Warranties:
The average warranty for a hybrid now is around either 8
yr/ 100,000 miles or even 10 year/ 150,000 miles.
• Brake pads:
No maintenance.
• Batteries:
$6800 for new Toyota and Honda hybrid
But batteries tested to go for 180,000 miles and more.
19. Revolution in Battery Technology:
• Today’s automotive starter batteries: Lead-acid.
• RAV4 EV(Toyota Prius hybrid battery):
Nickel Metal-Hydride.
• New batteries based on Lithium I-ion or Li-
polymer:5x lighter for same energy!
• These advancements make it possible for larger
battery storage in vehicles.
20. BMW’s BRIGHT IDEA:
• BMW has moved onto the hybrid gas-
electric vehicle, with X3 SUV that
features super capacitors instead of
batteries to store energy.
• The “ super caps ” are safely designed so that in the
case of an accident they get discharged immediately,
so as to avoid further possible damage.
21. • Excellent gas mileage
• Fewer tailpipe emissions
• Lighter batteries than electric vehicles
• Regenerative braking system that
stores electrical energy in batteries
• Uses less fuel to recharge batteries
• 20% -25% better mileage than ICE
• 30% reduction in emissions
• Less maintenance compared to
conventional cars
• Increased engine life
22. • Reduced, but not emission-free.
• HECs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs)–they
produce zero emissions only when engine is not running.
• Slightly expensive than conventional vehicles.
• Has a payback period in average use.
• Batteries are expensive and are toxic waste.
23. • Present day automobiles, not only stress on power,
performance & luxury, but also focuses on emissions,
efficiency & reliability.
• The demand for fossil fuels will be at a critical stage in the
coming future, resulting in high prices of fuels.
• The present emission rates from the vehicles are so high
that they add to the global warming .
• There is a need for clean & less emission vehicles.
• Hence, Hybrids are the vehicles of the future.
24. • www.howstuffworks.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.hybridcars.com
• www.greencar.com
• www.alternativefuels.about.com
• www.fueleconomy.gov
• Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History by Judy Anderson
• All About Electric and Hybrid Cars by Stephanie Bearce
