This ppt let us know about applications of Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering.

2.  We are very familiar with the concept of getting raw materials,
bringing them together in an organized way and then putting them
together into a recognizable form.
 This is our role in society and we have performed it well for hundreds
or thousands of years. So we can say construction is definitely not a
new science or technology and yet it has undergone great changes
over its history.
 In the same vein, nanotechnology is not a new science and it is not a
new technology either. It is rather an extension of the sciences and
technologies that have already been in development for many years.

3. What is Nanotechnology ?
 Nanotechnology is the use of very small pieces of material by
themselves or their manipulation to create new large scale
materials.
At the Nano-scale material properties are altered from that of larger
scales.
 The Nano-scale is the size range from approximately 1nm to
100nm.
 Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to
develop materials with improved or totally new properties.

4. Nanotechnology in Construction…
 The Construction Business will inevitably be a Beneficiary of
this Nanotechnology.
 In fact it already is in the field of Concrete, Steel & Glass, and
many more…
Concrete is more stronger, more durable & more easily placed;
 Steel is made Tougher;
 Glass is Self –Cleaning.
 Paints are made more Insulating and Water Repelling.

5. Introduction to Nano Material
♦ Nano Particle:
1
• Nano Particle
It is defined as a particle with atleast
one Dimension less than 200 nm. It is
quantum Dots if they are small enough 2
• Nano Composite
(typically 10 nm) such that jump in energy
level occur. 3 • Carbon Nano Tube(CNT)
♦ Nano Composite: 4 • Titanium Dioxide(TiO2)
It is produced by adding Nano Particle to a
Bulk material in order to improve the Bulk
material’s Property.

6. Carbon Nano Tube
(CNT)
♦ They are cylindrical with
Nano-diameter.
♦ They can be several
milimeter in Length.
♦ They have 5 times the
Young’s Modulus & 8 times
the strength of steel.
♦ Thermal conduction is also
very high along the Tube
Axis.

7. Titanium Dioxide
♦ Titanium Dioxide is widely used white
Pigment.
♦ It can oxidised Oxygen and Organic
material, and so added to paints,
cement, windows, Tiles, or other
product for sterilizing, Deodorizing and
Anti-Fouling Properties.
♦ When incoporated into outdoor
building material can substantially
reduce concentration of airborne
pollutants.
♦ Additionally, as TiO2 is exposed to UV Light, it becomes increasingly
hydrophilic, thus it can be used for Anti-fogging coating & Self –cleaning
Windows.

9. CONCRETE
♦ Concrete is a mixture of
cement,sand,coarse aggregate and
water.
♦ As concrete is a most usable
material in construction industry
it’s been require to improve its
quality.
♦ The Mechanical behaviour of
concrete materials depends on
phenomena that occurs on a Micro
and Nano scale.

10. Nanotechnology in Concrete
♦ Nanotechnology can: Bulk Properties
Modify the molecular structure of
concrete material to improve the
Mechanical Performance
Material’s Properties as shown in the
Chart.
Volume Stability
♦ Nano Concrete is defined as
“ A Concrete made with Portland Durability
Cement that are less than 500 Nano-
meters as cementing Agent.”
Sustainability of Concrete

11. ♦ Concrete is, after all, a micro-material influenced by its nano-properties.
♦ NANO-SILICA: particle packing in concrete can be improved by using nano-
silica which leads to a densifying of the macro and the nanostructure resulting in
improved mechanical properties.
♦ Nano-silica addition to cement based materials can also control the
degradation of the fundamental C-S-H (calcium-silicate hydrate) reaction of
concrete caused by calcium leaching in water as well as block water penetration
and therefore lead to improvements in durability.
♦ Related to improve particle packing, high energy milling of ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) clinker and standard sand, produces a greater particle size
diminution with respect to conventional OPC and, as a result, the
compressive strength of the refined material is also 3 to 6 times higher .

12. ♦ If these Nano Cement Partical are processed with Nano Tubes and Nano
Sillica Particles, conductive, strong, tough ceramics can be developed both
for Electronic & Coatings Purpose.
♦ Average size of Portland Cement Particles is about 50 microns.
♦ In the thinner final product and faster setting time,micro Cement with
maximum particle size of about 5 micron is being used.
♦ Therefore, It is used to obtain Nano-Portland Cement.
♦ Hydration Test indicated that the Nano Cement had more rapid
Hydration rate
Than Portland Cement.

13. TiO2 in Concrete
♦ TiO2 is a white pigment and can be used as excellent reflective
coating.
♦ It is Hydrophilic and therefore it gives self cleaning properties to the
surface to which it is applied.
♦ The process by which it occur is that Rain water is attracted to the
surface and forms which collect the pollutant and dirt particles
previously broken down and wahses the out.
♦ The resulting Concrete, already used in the project around the
world, has a white color which retains its whiteness very effectively
unlike the stained buildings of the materials pioneering past.

14. CNTs in Concrete
♦ The addition of small amount (1%)of CNT’s can improve
the Mechnical Property of the samples containing the
main Portland Cement phase and water.
♦ Oxidised multi –walled Nano Tubes shows the best
improvements in both compressive strength and flextural
strength as compared to the sanples without
reinforcement.
♦ A number of investigations have been carried out for
developing smart concrete using Carbon Fibres.

15. NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN STEEL

16. Need For Nanotechnology In Steel?
♦ Fatigue is a significant issue that can lead to structural failure of steel
subject to cyclic loading , such as in Bridges and Towers.
♦ This can happen at stresses significantly lower than the yeild stress of the
material lead to significant shortening of useful life of structure.
♦ Stress risers are responsible for initating cracks from which fatigue failure
results and research has shown that the addition of copper Nanoparticle
reduces the surface unevenness of steel which then limits the number of
stress risers and hence fatigue cracking.
♦ Advancement in this techonology would lead to increased safety, less need
for monitoring and more efficient material use in constructions prone to
fatigue issues.

17. Temperature Restrictions
♦ Above, 75000 F regular steel starts to loose its structural Integrity , and at
11000 F ,steel loose 50% of its strength.
♦ A new formula infuses steel with Nano scale copper particles, this formula can
maintain structureal integrity at temperature upto 10000 F.
♦ The new steel allows Ulra-High strength to be combined with good
formability, corrosion resistance and a good surface finish.

18. High Strength Cables
♦ Current researches into Refinement of
the cementite phase of a steel to a nano
size has produced longer cables.
♦ A stronger cable material would reduce
the cost and period of constructions,
especially in suspension Bridges.
♦ Sustainability is also enhanced by the
use of higher cable strength as this leads
to more efficient use of the material.
♦ High rise structure needs high strength
joints and this in turns leads to the needs
for high strength Bolts.

19. High Strength Bolts
♦ The capacity of high strength bolt can be
relised generally quenching & tempering
and microstructures of such products consist
of tempered Martensite.
♦ When the Tensile strength of tempered
steel exceeds 1200 MPa even a very small
amount hydrogen embrittle the grain
boundaries and the steel material may fail
during use.
♦ Vanadium And Molybdenum Nano particle
has shown that they improve the delayed
fractures problems associated with high
strength Bolts, improving the steel Micro-
structure.

20. Two Product in International Markets
Sandvik Nanoflex
♦ Produced by Sandvik
Materials Technology
(Sweden).
♦ Desirable qualities of a high
Young’s Modulus & High
strength.
♦ Resistance to corrosion due
to the presence of very hard
Nano-meter sized particles.
♦ The use of stainless steel
reinforcement in concrete
structures is limited as it is
cost prohibitive.

21. MMFX2 Steel
♦ Produced by MMFX steel Corp
LTD. (America)
♦ Has a Mechanical properties of
convectional steel.
♦ Has a modified Nano structure
that make it corrosion resistance.
♦ It is an alternative to convectional
stainless steel,but at lower cost.

23. Vital role of Glass in Buildings
♦ The current state of art in clading is an active system which
tracks sun,
Wind and Rain inorder to control the building environment
and contribute to sustainability .
♦ Consequently, there is a lot of research being carried out on
the application of Nanotechnology to Glass.
♦ Most of Glass in construction is, on exterior surface of the
building and the control of Heat and Light entering through
glazing is a major issue.
♦ Research into Nano technological solutions to this centers
around four different strategies to block Heat & Light coming
through windows.

24. Self Cleaning Glass using TiO2
♦ Titanium Dioxide is used in the form of Nano particle to
coat glazing since it has Sterilizing and Anti Fouling
properties.
♦ The particles catalyze powerful reaction which
breakdown organic pollutant, volatile organic compound
and Bacterial membranes.
♦ TiO2 is hydrophilic and this attractions to form water
sheets out of rain drops which then wash off the dirt
particles broken down into previous process.
♦ Glass incorporating this “Self Cleaning Technology” is
available in the Market Today.

25. Mechanism of
Self Cleaning Glass

26. Fire And Heat Protection
♦ Fire Protective Glass: It is an another example of
Nanotechnology.
♦ This is achieved by by using a clear intumescent layer
sandwiched between glass panels formed by fumed
Silica(SiO2) Nano particle which turns into rigid an opaque
fire shield when Heated.
♦ For Heat Protection thin film coating is being developed
which are spectrally sensitive surface applications for
window glass and filter out unwanted infrared frequencies
of light and and reduce the heat gain in buildings, however,
these are effectively Passive solution.
♦ As an Active solution, Thermo chromic Technologies are
being studied which react to temperature and provide
insulations to give protection from heating while
maintaining adequate Lighting.

27. Nanotechnology in other
Disciplines

28. Nanotechnology in Wood
♦ Wood is also composed of nanotubes or
“Nanofibrils” , lignocelluloses are twice as strong
as steel.
♦ Nanofibrils would lead to a new paradigm in
sustainable constructions.
♦ Currently, research in these areas appers to be
limited.But,
♦ Researchers have developed a highly water
repellent coating based on the actions of the
lotus leaf as a result of the incorporation of sillica
and alumina Nanoparticle and hydrophobic
polymers.

29. Nanotechnology & Coatings
♦ Nanotechnology is being applied to Paints &
insulatings properties,produced by nano sized cells,
pores and particles, giving verylimited paths for
Thermal Conductivity.
♦ This type of Paints is used,for corrosion resistance
under insulation since it is hydrophobic and repels
water from the metal pipe can also protect metals
from salt water attack.

30. CONCLUSION
♦ In conclusion, Nanotechnology offers the possibility of
great advances whereas convectional approaches, at
best, offers only incremental improvements.
♦ “ At this moment the main limitation is the high costs
of Nanotehnology.Also concerns with the
environmental effects ”
♦ The wave of change being propagated by progress at the
nanoscale will therefore be felt far & wide & nowhere more
so than in construction due its large economic and social
presence.

32. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Journals.iop.org
 Nanoarchitecture.net
 Nanoforum.org
 Wikipedia.org