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THE FEDERAL
BUREACRACY
Examining the “Fourth Branch”
bureaucracy
• literally
means “rule
by desks”
• government
by clerks
bureaucracy
Definition: an administrative
system, especially in a
government, that divides
work into specific
categories carried out by
special departments of
nonelected officials
Characteristics of a
Bureaucracy
• administration of
government through
departments
• consists of unelected often
highly trained
professionals
• task specialization
• hierarchical authority
Public Perceptions
of Bureaucracies
• impersonal
• inclined to follow
rigid or complex
procedures
• may stifle
effectiveness and
innovation
• “red tape”
What is the federal bureaucracy?
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The Federal Bureaucracy

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The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4

million employees; 2.8 million are
civilians or “civil servants”
 President only appoints 3% (patronage or
political appointments)
 15 cabinet level departments
 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+
bureaus, divisions, branches, etc.
 Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal
Service, Veterans Administration
What does the federal bureaucracy do?

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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

The Federal Bureaucracy

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Functions of the Federal
Bureaucracy
1.

2.

3.

Implementation - carry out laws of
Congress, executive orders of the President
Administration - routine administrative
work; provide services (ex: SSA sends
social security checks to beneficiaries)
Regulation - issue rules and regulations
that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air
standards)

Source:

http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
How is the federal bureaucracy
organized?
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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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The Federal Bureaucracy

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are needed to see this picture.
The Federal Bureaucracy
Consists of
1. Cabinet Departments
2. Independent Executive Agencies
3. Independent Regulatory
Commissions
4. Government Corporations
Federal Bureaucracy
President
Executive
Office
of the
President
(Ex: OMB, NSC)

Congress

Cabinet
Departments
(Ex: State, Defense)

Independent
Executive
Agencies
(Ex: CIA, NASA)

Government Corporations
(Ex: Amtrack, Postal Service)

Independent
Regulatory
Commissions
(Ex: FCC, SEC)
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
The Cabinet Departments
• The 15 cabinet departments headed by a
cabinet secretary appointed by the president
and approved by the Senate
• Each department “expert” in specific policy
area
• Each department has its own budget
• Department of Homeland Security, created in
2002, is newest department
Department of Homeland Security
Executive Secretary

Commandant of
Coast Guard (1)

Legislative Affairs

Secretary

Inspector General

----------------------------------

Public Affairs

Deputy Secretary

General Counsel

State and Local Coordination

Special Assistant to the Secretary
(private sector)

Citizenship &
Immigration Service
Ombudsman (1)

National Capital Region
Coordination

Chief of Staff

Director, Bureau of Citizenship
& Immigration Services (1)

Director of the
Secret Service (1)
Small & Disadvantaged
Business

Privacy Officer
International Affairs

Shared Services

Under Secretary
Management

Civil Rights and
Civil Liberties

Counter Narcotics

Under Secretary
Science and Technology

Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

Under Secretary
Information Analysis and
Infrastructure Protection

Under Secretary
Border &
Transportation Security

Under Secretary
Emergency
Preparedness and
Response
Independent Executive Agencies
• Established by Congress with separate
status outside the executive branch
• Given a specific mandate and generally
perform a service function, not a
regulatory one.
• Some examples include: Social Security
Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.
Independent Regulatory Commissions
• IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic
activity or interest such as the Federal
Communications Commission (public air
waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking
system, money supply)
• IRCs operate independently from Congress
and the President
• Once appointed and seated, members
cannot be removed without cause
Government Corporations
• Government owned businesses
created by Congress
• May or may not be profitable, but
serve a public need
• Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak,
Tennessee Valley Authority,
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Who works for the federal
government?
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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Who are the “Bureaucrats?”
•
•
•
•

97% are career government employees
Only 10% live in the D.C. area
30% work for the D.O.D.
Less than 15% work for social
welfare
agencies
• Most are white collar workers:
secretaries, clerks, lawyers,
inspectors
& engineers
• Civil employees more diverse
demographically than Congress
Where do Federal Employees Work?

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?

Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/
Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
Federal bureaucracy
Who supervises the
federal bureaucracy?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The President Supervises
Bureaucracy

the

The President can:
• appoint & remove
agency
heads
• reorganize the
bureaucracy
President Bush speaks about his budget
priorities for FY 2007

• issue executive orders
• reduce an agency's
budget
Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy
Congress can:
• create or abolish agencies
& departments
• cut or reduce funding
• investigate agency activities
• hold committee hearings
• pass legislation that alters
agency's functions

an

Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

• influence or even fail to confirm
presidential appointments
Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy
Federal courts can:
• through judicial review
rule on whether the
bureaucracy has acted
within the law and the
U.S. Constitution
• provide due process for
individuals affected by
a bureaucratic action

Supreme Court of the United States
The Bureaucracy of Pizza
Thinking Critically

1. Why is the federal bureaucracy often referred to as “the
fourth branch?”
2. Some critics believe that the real power in the federal
government lies with the federal bureaucracy. To what
extent do you believe this is true?
Title: The
Damages of the
Bureaucracy
Artist: unknown, La
Presna, Panama
Date: May, 2006
Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com
Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem Class

Artist: Chip Bok
Date: unknown
Source: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif
Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy

Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant
Date: February, 2006
Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com
Title: FEMA’s Follies

Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver Post
Date: April, 2006
Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp

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Federal bureaucracy

  • 2. bureaucracy • literally means “rule by desks” • government by clerks
  • 3. bureaucracy Definition: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials
  • 4. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy • administration of government through departments • consists of unelected often highly trained professionals • task specialization • hierarchical authority
  • 5. Public Perceptions of Bureaucracies • impersonal • inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures • may stifle effectiveness and innovation • “red tape”
  • 6. What is the federal bureaucracy? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Federal Bureaucracy QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 7. The Federal Bureaucracy is: 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants”  President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)  15 cabinet level departments  200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc.  Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration
  • 8. What does the federal bureaucracy do? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Federal Bureaucracy QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 9. Functions of the Federal Bureaucracy 1. 2. 3. Implementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President Administration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries) Regulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards) Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
  • 10. How is the federal bureaucracy organized? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Federal Bureaucracy QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 11. The Federal Bureaucracy Consists of 1. Cabinet Departments 2. Independent Executive Agencies 3. Independent Regulatory Commissions 4. Government Corporations
  • 12. Federal Bureaucracy President Executive Office of the President (Ex: OMB, NSC) Congress Cabinet Departments (Ex: State, Defense) Independent Executive Agencies (Ex: CIA, NASA) Government Corporations (Ex: Amtrack, Postal Service) Independent Regulatory Commissions (Ex: FCC, SEC)
  • 13. Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
  • 14. The Cabinet Departments • The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate • Each department “expert” in specific policy area • Each department has its own budget • Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department
  • 15. Department of Homeland Security Executive Secretary Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Legislative Affairs Secretary Inspector General ---------------------------------- Public Affairs Deputy Secretary General Counsel State and Local Coordination Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) National Capital Region Coordination Chief of Staff Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) Director of the Secret Service (1) Small & Disadvantaged Business Privacy Officer International Affairs Shared Services Under Secretary Management Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Counter Narcotics Under Secretary Science and Technology Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003 Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response
  • 16. Independent Executive Agencies • Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch • Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one. • Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.
  • 17. Independent Regulatory Commissions • IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the Federal Communications Commission (public air waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money supply) • IRCs operate independently from Congress and the President • Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause
  • 18. Government Corporations • Government owned businesses created by Congress • May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need • Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting
  • 19. Who works for the federal government? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 20. Who are the “Bureaucrats?” • • • • 97% are career government employees Only 10% live in the D.C. area 30% work for the D.O.D. Less than 15% work for social welfare agencies • Most are white collar workers: secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers • Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congress
  • 21. Where do Federal Employees Work? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
  • 22. What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
  • 24. Who supervises the federal bureaucracy? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 25. The President Supervises Bureaucracy the The President can: • appoint & remove agency heads • reorganize the bureaucracy President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007 • issue executive orders • reduce an agency's budget
  • 26. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy Congress can: • create or abolish agencies & departments • cut or reduce funding • investigate agency activities • hold committee hearings • pass legislation that alters agency's functions an Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina • influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments
  • 27. Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy Federal courts can: • through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution • provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States
  • 29. Thinking Critically 1. Why is the federal bureaucracy often referred to as “the fourth branch?” 2. Some critics believe that the real power in the federal government lies with the federal bureaucracy. To what extent do you believe this is true?
  • 30. Title: The Damages of the Bureaucracy Artist: unknown, La Presna, Panama Date: May, 2006 Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com
  • 31. Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem Class Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknown Source: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif
  • 32. Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant Date: February, 2006 Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com
  • 33. Title: FEMA’s Follies Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver Post Date: April, 2006 Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp