1. Solar EnergySolar Energy
 Shubhajit Basak(Roll no.11)
 Saumik Bhattyacharya(Roll no.17)
 Debraj Biswas( Roll no.20)
E.C.E, 2nd
YEAR , Sec-A
B.P.P.I.M.T

2. What is Solar Energy?
• The most precise Solar Energy definition : Energy
from the sun.
• But what is solar energy really?
There are two types of solar energy: Thermal
Energy & Electric Energy
• Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere. It’s
lights up our days. It heats the earth, our bodies and
our homes. It dries our clothes . All for free!
• Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of
the sun to produce electricity through solar cells,
otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).

3. • Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth)
• Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93 million miles) ± 1.7%
• Center: Density 100 x density of water and T>1E6 K≅
• Powered by hydrogen fusion
• Composed of layers. The outer layer is the photosphere
• Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K
The Sun
Cont’d

4. Cont’d
• World Energy Conservation
predicted estimation about the rate
of utilization of energy resources
shows that the coal depositscoal deposits will
deplete within the next 200200 to 300300
years and petroleum depositspetroleum deposits will
deplete in next few decadesnext few decades
• The most advantage using SolarSolar
EnergyEnergy is that this is distributed
over a wide geographical area,
ensuring that developing regions
such as IndiaIndia have access to
electricity generation at a stable
cost for the long-term future
• The huge consumption of fossil
fuels has caused visible damage to
the environment in various forms
Why Solar EnergyWhy Solar EnergyWhy Solar EnergyWhy Solar Energy

5. The following table shows the amount of carbon
and sulphur deposited in the atmosphere
Cont’d
S. No Activity
Amount deposited in the
atmosphere
1. Human Vehicle, Waste product etc 8 billion tones
2. Fossil fuels 6.5 million tones
3. Deforestation and forest firing 1.5 million tones
At present so many alternative fuels have been developed, still they are able to
meet only a small proportion of our actual demand - The right fuel mixThe right fuel mix
At present so many alternative fuels have been developed, still they are able to
meet only a small proportion of our actual demand - The right fuel mixThe right fuel mix
Importance of Solar EnergyImportance of Solar EnergyImportance of Solar EnergyImportance of Solar Energy

6. Cont’d

7. Cont’d
Solar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar Radiation
Solar Radiation
Components
•Ultra-Violet (200nm to 400nm)
8.7%
• Visible (400nm to 700nm)
36.2%
•Infra-red (700nm to 2500nm)
53.1%
Solar Radiation
Components
•Ultra-Violet (200nm to 400nm)
8.7%
• Visible (400nm to 700nm)
36.2%
•Infra-red (700nm to 2500nm)
53.1%
Solar Radiation Level
•Average radiation outer space
136.7mw/sq.cm
•Radiation on Earth surface
107mw/sq.cm
Solar Radiation Level
•Average radiation outer space
136.7mw/sq.cm
•Radiation on Earth surface
107mw/sq.cmRef: Thekaekara 1977
•Near infra-red (700nm to 1100nm)
28.1%
•Infrared/far-infrared (above 1100nm)
25.4%
•Near infra-red (700nm to 1100nm)
28.1%
•Infrared/far-infrared (above 1100nm)
25.4%
Voltaic Form of radiation:
Diffused or Beamed
Voltaic Form of radiation:
Diffused or Beamed
Silicon PV efficient UsesSilicon PV efficient Uses
Regions Only heating or Thermo
Photo Voltaic
Regions Only heating or Thermo
Photo Voltaic

8. Current solar energy consumptionCurrent solar energy consumption
Cont’d

9. • 1838 - Edmund Becquerel observed
materials which turn light into energy
• 1876 - 78 - William Adams, wrote the
first book about Solar Energy called: AA
Substitute for Fuel in TropicalSubstitute for Fuel in Tropical
CountriesCountries and was able to power a 2.5
horsepower steam engine
• 1860- Auguste Mouchout, used
direct conversion of solar radiation
into mechanical power.
• 1895 - Aubrey Eneas formed the first
Solar Energy company
• 1904 - Henry Willsie built 2 huge
plants in California to store generated
power. He was the first to successfully
use power at night after generating it
during the day
• 1838 - Edmund Becquerel observed
materials which turn light into energy
• 1876 - 78 - William Adams, wrote the
first book about Solar Energy called: AA
Substitute for Fuel in TropicalSubstitute for Fuel in Tropical
CountriesCountries and was able to power a 2.5
horsepower steam engine
• 1860- Auguste Mouchout, used
direct conversion of solar radiation
into mechanical power.
• 1895 - Aubrey Eneas formed the first
Solar Energy company
• 1904 - Henry Willsie built 2 huge
plants in California to store generated
power. He was the first to successfully
use power at night after generating it
during the day
HISTORICAL MILESTONESHISTORICAL MILESTONES
Mouchout‘s Solar collectorMouchout‘s Solar collector
Cont’d

10. HISTORICAL MILESTONESHISTORICAL MILESTONES
• 1954 -Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson
and Daryl Chaplin of Bell
Laboratories discovered the use of
silicon as a semi-conductor, which
led to the construction of a solar
panel with an efficiency rate of 6%.
• 1956 -The first commercial solar cell
was made available to the public at a
very expensive $300 per watt$300 per watt
• 1958- Vanguard I the first satellite
was launched that used solar energy
to generate electricity.
• 1970- The Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oilThe Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oil
embargo)embargo) Solar energy history was
made as the price of solar cells
dropped dramatically to about $20$20
per watt.per watt.
• 1954 -Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson
and Daryl Chaplin of Bell
Laboratories discovered the use of
silicon as a semi-conductor, which
led to the construction of a solar
panel with an efficiency rate of 6%.
• 1956 -The first commercial solar cell
was made available to the public at a
very expensive $300 per watt$300 per watt
• 1958- Vanguard I the first satellite
was launched that used solar energy
to generate electricity.
• 1970- The Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oilThe Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oil
embargo)embargo) Solar energy history was
made as the price of solar cells
dropped dramatically to about $20$20
per watt.per watt.
Cont’d

11. Discover Solar Panels
HOW IT WORKS
Discover Solar Panels
HOW IT WORKS
1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/
PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting
materials such as silicone.
2) Electrons are knocked loose from their
atoms, which allow them to flow through the
material to produce electricity. This process
is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
3) An array of solar panels converts solar
energy into DC (direct current) electricity.
4) The DC electricity enters an inverter.
5) The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt
AC (alternating current)
6) The AC power enters the utility panel in the
house.
7) The electricity (load) is then distributed to
appliances or lights in the house.
1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/
PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting
materials such as silicone.
2) Electrons are knocked loose from their
atoms, which allow them to flow through the
material to produce electricity. This process
is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
3) An array of solar panels converts solar
energy into DC (direct current) electricity.
4) The DC electricity enters an inverter.
5) The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt
AC (alternating current)
6) The AC power enters the utility panel in the
house.
7) The electricity (load) is then distributed to
appliances or lights in the house.
Cont’d

12. Discover Solar Panels
HOW IT WORKS
Discover Solar Panels
HOW IT WORKS
8) When more solar energy is generated it can be
stored in a battery as DC electricity and will
continue to supply your home with electricity in
the event of a power blackout or at nighttime.
9) When the battery is full the excess electricity can
be exported back into the utility grid, if your
system is connected to it.
10) Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form
the grid when not enough solar energy is
produced
11) The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid
is measured by a utility meter, which spins
backwards (when you are producing more energy
that you need) and forward (when you require
additional electricity from the utility company).
The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for
the additional energy you use from the utility
company. This system is referred to as "net-
metering".
8) When more solar energy is generated it can be
stored in a battery as DC electricity and will
continue to supply your home with electricity in
the event of a power blackout or at nighttime.
9) When the battery is full the excess electricity can
be exported back into the utility grid, if your
system is connected to it.
10) Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form
the grid when not enough solar energy is
produced
11) The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid
is measured by a utility meter, which spins
backwards (when you are producing more energy
that you need) and forward (when you require
additional electricity from the utility company).
The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for
the additional energy you use from the utility
company. This system is referred to as "net-
metering".
Cont’d

13. • Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s
solar photovoltics programme of the
Government of India is one of the
largest in the World
• Reliefs offered by government on
SPV manufacturers and users of SPV
based products :
* 100% depreciation in the first year of
installation of the systems
* No excise duty for manufacturers
* Low import tariff for several raw
materials and components
* Soft loans to users, intermediaries
and manufacturers.
• Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s
solar photovoltics programme of the
Government of India is one of the
largest in the World
• Reliefs offered by government on
SPV manufacturers and users of SPV
based products :
* 100% depreciation in the first year of
installation of the systems
* No excise duty for manufacturers
* Low import tariff for several raw
materials and components
* Soft loans to users, intermediaries
and manufacturers.
Postage Stamp published By
India Government
Postage Stamp published By
India Government
Solar Photovolatics in IndiaSolar Photovolatics in India
Cont’d

14. Promoting use of PV technology to Provide Lighting in
Villages in the form of :
Promoting use of PV technology to Provide Lighting in
Villages in the form of :
Solar Photovolatics in India (cont’d)Solar Photovolatics in India (cont’d)
Cont’d
Systems Capacity Uses
Community lighting systems 1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting system
Portable solar lanterns 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL lamp for 3
hours a day
Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH battery to
run a 11W CFL lamp for dusk to
dawn operation
Fixed home lighting systems 35-50Wp SPV module powering two CFLs -- 9 or 11W ,
work 4-5 hours /day,
run a small TV set or a fan
Water Pumping 1KW DC motor shallow pumping

15. Solar powered “Auto Rickshaw”Solar powered “Auto Rickshaw”
NASA designed Solar powered
vehicle- “HELIOS”
NASA designed Solar powered
vehicle- “HELIOS”
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGYPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
Cont’d

16. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGYPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
Semi autonomous War
machine- ”Odysseus”
Semi autonomous War
machine- ”Odysseus”
Solar car- “ Quant”Solar car- “ Quant”
Cont’d

17. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGYPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar street lightSolar street light
Solar cooker used in
Rural India
Solar cooker used in
Rural India
Cont’d

18. Solar Energy Advantages
• Saves you money
• After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is
practically FREE.
• Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your
cost.
• Environment friendly
• It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not
subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline.
• Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal), sustainable and
helping to protect our environment.
• As we see previously ,it does no pollute air.
• Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or
smog. It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas
emissions. By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost
and problems of the recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of
radioactive waste.
Cont’d

19. Solar Energy Advantages (cont’d)
• Low/ no maintenance
• Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for
decades.
• Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They operate silently, have no
moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not require you to
add any fuel. More solar panels can easily be added in the future when
your family's needs grow.
Cont’d

20. Solar Energy- Main Drawbacks
• The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy
system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting
materials used in building one.
• The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable
utility-supplied electricity.
• Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a
good level of efficiency.
• The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun,
although this problem can be overcome with the installation of
certain components. The production of solar energy is influenced
by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar
energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery
backup system and/or net metering will solve this problem.
• As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not
appeal to everyone caught up in today's rat race.
Cont’d

21. FINAL VERDICT
• Penalizing extractive and polluting
fossil-fuel energy
• Create Incentives
– Feed-in tariffs
– Net metering
– Rebates
– Consumer tax deductions
– Production Tax credits
• Invest in R&D
• Penalizing extractive and polluting
fossil-fuel energy
• Create Incentives
– Feed-in tariffs
– Net metering
– Rebates
– Consumer tax deductions
– Production Tax credits
• Invest in R&D
A 1-kilowatt home solar system will prevent approximately 170
lbs. of coal from being burned, 300 lbs of CO2 from being
released into the atmosphere and 105 gallons of water from
being consumed each month!
A 1-kilowatt home solar system will prevent approximately 170
lbs. of coal from being burned, 300 lbs of CO2 from being
released into the atmosphere and 105 gallons of water from
being consumed each month!
Tools For Adoption & Acceleration Solar Energy CollectorSolar Energy Collector
Solar DishSolar Dish
Cont’d

22. No!
But it can do much more
than it does now.
“Old guysOld guys” don’t know
about
solar design.
It is up to the “NewNew
GraduatesGraduates”
to promote solar.
Cont’d
Can solar do it all?Can solar do it all?

23. Thank YouThank You