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Alcohol
 Primarily  in the form of ethyl alcohol
  (ethanol), has occupied an important
  place in the history of humankind for
  at least 8000 years.
 They provided important calories and
  nutrients and served as a main source
  of daily liquid intake
 Alcohol in low to moderate amounts
  relieves anxiety and fosters a feeling
  of well-being or even euphoria
 Alcohol slows down the mind and body
  leaving the person unable to think or
  react, and make decisions he normally
  would.
 Absorbed into the blood stream very
  quickly (within 5-10 minutes)
 Passes from stomach directly into blood
  stream.
 Affects every organ including the brain.
Alcohol
 Disease  in which a person has physical or
  psychological dependence on drinks that contain
  alcohol.


 Characterized  as an impaired ability to study,
  work, or socialize normally.
 Alcohol is a central nervous system
  depressant.
 When ingested, alcohol passes from the
  stomach into the small intestine, where it
  is rapidly absorbed into the blood and
  distributed throughout the body and it
  can affect the central nervous system
  even in small concentrations.
 As blood alcohol concentration
  increases, a person's response to stimuli
  decreases markedly, speech becomes
  slurred, and he or she becomes
  unsteady and has trouble walking.
 With very high concentrations - greater
  than 0.35 grams/100 milliliters of blood a
  person can become comatose and die.
Stages of alcohol intoxication
BAC                   Stage         Clinical symptoms
(g/100 ml of blood)


0.01 - 0.05           Subclinical   Behavior nearly normal by ordinary observation

                                    Mild euphoria, sociability, talkitiveness
0.03 - 0.12           Euphoria      Increased self-confidence; decreased inhibitions


                                    Emotional instability; loss of critical
0.09 - 0.25           Excitement    judgment impairment of perception,
                                    memory and comprehension

                                    Disorientation, mental confusion; dizziness
                                    Exaggerated emotional states
0.18 - 0.30           Confusion     Disturbances of vision and of perception
                                    of color, form

                                    Markedly decreased response to stimuli;
0.25 - 0.40           Stupor        inability to stand or walk Vomiting;
                                    incontinence
Complete
                      unconsciousness
                      Depressed or
                      abolished reflexes
                      Subnormal body
                      temperature
0.35 - 0.50   Coma    Incontinence
                      Impairment of
                      circulation and
                      respiration
                      Possible death




                      Death from
0.45 +        Death
                      respiratory arrest
Alcohol
  The primary pathway for alcohol
  metabolism involves alcohol
  dehydrogenase (ADH), a cytosolic enzyme
  that catalyzes the conversion of alcohol to
  acetaldehyde. It uses NADH as a cofactor
  in metabolism of ethanol.
 Acetaldehyde, formed in the liver, is
  catalyzed by mitochondrial NAD-
  dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. The
  product is acetate.
 Oxidation   of acetaldehyde is inhibited
  by disulfiram, a drug that has been used
  to deter drinking by alcohol-dependent
  patients undergoing treatment
 When ethanol is consumed in the
  presence of disulfiram, acetaldehyde
  accumulates and causes an unpleasant
  reaction of facial flushing, nausea,
  vomiting, dizziness, and headache.
 Alcohol  has a high affinity for water and
 is therefore found in body tissues and
 fluids inasmuch as they contain water.
 Absorbed alcohol is rapidly carried
 throughout the body in the blood and
 once absorption of alcohol is complete
 an equilibrium occurs such that blood at
 all points in the system contains
 approximately the same concentration
 of alcohol.
 The liver is responsible for the
  elimination - through metabolism -
  of 95% of ingested alcohol from
  the body.
 The remainder of the alcohol is
  eliminated through excretion of
  alcohol in breath, urine, sweat,
  feces, milk and saliva.
Alcohol

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Alcohol

  • 2.  Primarily in the form of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), has occupied an important place in the history of humankind for at least 8000 years.  They provided important calories and nutrients and served as a main source of daily liquid intake  Alcohol in low to moderate amounts relieves anxiety and fosters a feeling of well-being or even euphoria
  • 3.  Alcohol slows down the mind and body leaving the person unable to think or react, and make decisions he normally would.  Absorbed into the blood stream very quickly (within 5-10 minutes)  Passes from stomach directly into blood stream.  Affects every organ including the brain.
  • 5.  Disease in which a person has physical or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol.  Characterized as an impaired ability to study, work, or socialize normally.
  • 6.  Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant.  When ingested, alcohol passes from the stomach into the small intestine, where it is rapidly absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout the body and it can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations.
  • 7.  As blood alcohol concentration increases, a person's response to stimuli decreases markedly, speech becomes slurred, and he or she becomes unsteady and has trouble walking.  With very high concentrations - greater than 0.35 grams/100 milliliters of blood a person can become comatose and die.
  • 8. Stages of alcohol intoxication BAC Stage Clinical symptoms (g/100 ml of blood) 0.01 - 0.05 Subclinical Behavior nearly normal by ordinary observation Mild euphoria, sociability, talkitiveness 0.03 - 0.12 Euphoria Increased self-confidence; decreased inhibitions Emotional instability; loss of critical 0.09 - 0.25 Excitement judgment impairment of perception, memory and comprehension Disorientation, mental confusion; dizziness Exaggerated emotional states 0.18 - 0.30 Confusion Disturbances of vision and of perception of color, form Markedly decreased response to stimuli; 0.25 - 0.40 Stupor inability to stand or walk Vomiting; incontinence
  • 9. Complete unconsciousness Depressed or abolished reflexes Subnormal body temperature 0.35 - 0.50 Coma Incontinence Impairment of circulation and respiration Possible death Death from 0.45 + Death respiratory arrest
  • 11.  The primary pathway for alcohol metabolism involves alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. It uses NADH as a cofactor in metabolism of ethanol.  Acetaldehyde, formed in the liver, is catalyzed by mitochondrial NAD- dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. The product is acetate.
  • 12.  Oxidation of acetaldehyde is inhibited by disulfiram, a drug that has been used to deter drinking by alcohol-dependent patients undergoing treatment  When ethanol is consumed in the presence of disulfiram, acetaldehyde accumulates and causes an unpleasant reaction of facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.
  • 13.  Alcohol has a high affinity for water and is therefore found in body tissues and fluids inasmuch as they contain water.  Absorbed alcohol is rapidly carried throughout the body in the blood and once absorption of alcohol is complete an equilibrium occurs such that blood at all points in the system contains approximately the same concentration of alcohol.
  • 14.  The liver is responsible for the elimination - through metabolism - of 95% of ingested alcohol from the body.  The remainder of the alcohol is eliminated through excretion of alcohol in breath, urine, sweat, feces, milk and saliva.