SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo

Ontology and the Lexicon: week.2

•
•
S
shukaihsieh

This document discusses the background of OntoLex research. It covers several topics: 1. The need for shared semantics on the Semantic Web and in ontology-based applications. Precise ontological representations are needed. 2. The role of linguists in ontology, as ambiguity, polysemy and underspecification must be addressed. Meaning has different levels and dimensions that require analysis. 3. The relationship between language, meaning, concepts and reality. Word meanings are examined in relation to concepts stored in the mental lexicon. Exercises explore how meanings relate to concepts.

Formation
1  sur  47
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology and the Lexicon Week 2: An Introduction Shu-Kai Hsieh Lab of Ontologies, Language Processing and e-Humanities GIL, National Taiwan University February 26, 2014 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Semantic Web and Web Semantics .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab The Need and Trend of Shared Semantics .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Your Agent or Enemy needs this .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Applications We need a shared and common understanding (of a domain) that can be communicated across people and machines (applications), and it will play a major role in supporting information exchange and discovery, we well as many applications: • e-Government, e-Health, e-Commerce,.. • open data integration and interoperability. • ontology-backboned search engine .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Languages representing Ontologies .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Languages representing Ontologies Can we use Glossaries, Terminologies, Meta data or other Controlled Vocabulary instead? No: they are just not precise enough to capture linguistic and cognitive complexity. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Ontological Precison (Bechhofer, 2011) .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Why do we need Linguists for Ontology? • ambiguity, polysemy, underspecification,...OH, 沒有語言學的 介入，知識整理工作好無趣也無頭緒。 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab What is Ontology • In Philosophy (dating back to Artistotle), → Ontos (that which exists) + logos (knowledge of). • In Computer Science, → ”an explicit specification of a conceptualization (Gruber (1995))”, ”an engineering artefact that represents the shared conceptualisation of objects in a domain of interest”. explicit specification : Written in logic, as a set of axioms. conceptualization : the set of objects and relations in a domain. <Objects,Relations,Functions> .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab What is Ontological Representation • Not what it is (ontology) but how it is represented (ontological representation). • There are many ways to represent ontologies (recall that it is an engineering artefact) → that at best approximate our real concepts and conceptualisations, even we don’t quite understand what we are approximating. • The evaluation of an engineering artefact turns out to be whether it is fit for purpose or not. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Cognitive-Functional Take Linguistic meaning is ultimately a matter of conceptualizing the things we talk about: when we put things into words, we are not just giving a one-to-one mapping of what the world is like - we make a choice by putting things in the particular way we do. [2]. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Empirical Epistimological Stance • OntoLex (Lexicalized Ontology) is exclusively concerned with the ”conceptual meanings” of lexical units (that can be empirically represented), NOT with the those of actions or phenomena. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Language, Meaning and Reality • [單位-意義] 可以切割出來觀察嗎？ .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Language, Meaning and Reality 跨語言觀察可能更接近 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s) • Meaning has many readings! • 他的意思應該是如果不給他意思一下就很沒有意思 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): levels Linguistic approach to meaning requires us to break down the notion of meaning into different levels at which we interprete linguistic expressions [2]. expression level the meaning of a simple or complex expression taken in isolation. utterance level the meaning of an expression when used in a given context of utterance resulting from fixing reference. communication level the meaning of an utterance as a communicative act in a given social setting. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): levels Example I don’t need your bicyle. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): dimensions [2] provides three dimensions of meaning: • descriptive dimension: propositional meaning; related to reference and truth. • social dimension: related to honorifics. • expressive dimension: conventionally serves the expression of subjective sensations, emotions, affections, evaluations or attitudes. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab A clear boundary in the Study of Meaning? • Lexical Semantics: the investigation of expression meanings stored in the mental lexicon. • Semantics vs. Pragmatics: Semantics ends where contextual knowledge comes in? (i.e., utterance meaning and communicative meaning are beyond semantics?) • Meanings are Concepts? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab 為什麼我們相信詞意 (word meaning; sense) "不是" 詞彙概念 (concept)? e.g.,http://lope.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/cwnvis_beta/index.php/senses?lid=066992 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab For the sake of communication, we perceive the world (entities, events, relations) linguistically via sound and/or orthographic form, which trigger our MENTAL SOMETHING for further processing and production. • A Concept is a general mental description of something that is stored in our mental lexicon. • Word Sense is the instantiation and differentiation of Concept in varied contexts. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab From Meanings to Concepts and Back usage-based exercise 我小時候養了 13 條狗； 狗是人類的好朋友；她看到狗就 怕；狗仔隊毀了這個社會的善良風俗 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab From Semantics to Cognitive Semantics, and Back? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Exercise What can be opened? (Searle, 1983) Example a. John opened the window. b. John opened his mouth. c. John opened his book. d. John opened his briefcase. e. John opened the curtains. f. The carpenter opened the wall. g. The surgeon opened the wound. h. The sapper opened the dam. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise What can be opened? more figurative ... (Evans, 2009) Example a. The discussant opened the conversation. b. John opened a bank account. c. John opened the meeting. d. John opened a dialogue. e. John opened the curtains. f. The Germans opened hostilities against the Allies in 1940. g. The skies opened. h. He opened his mind to a new way of thinking. g. He finally opened up to her. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise What can be opened again, in Chinese? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise My two cents .. Example 車,穴,店,窗,會,視野,燈,口,頭,花,槍,心,源,天,門,箱,戶,工,瓶,國,同學 會,隧道,玩笑... Each relates to distinct sorts of actions, events, and situations. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab In sum, open appears to be a function of (1) (sentential) context which guides the (2) encyclopedic and conceptual knowledge (ontology) to which open relates in a given instance of use. (word meaning) .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab In the Context of Cognitive Science ... Cognitive linguistics practice can be divided approximately into two areas: (Evans, 2009) 1 . Cognitive semantics: the study of semantic representation, the human conceptual system,and meaning construction processes as revealed by language. 2 . Cognitive (approaches) to grammar: the study of the symbolic linguistic units that comprise language, and their principles of organization. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Cognitive Lexical Semantics To develop a cognitive linguistic account of 1 . lexical concept: the linguistic knowledge that word encode. 2 . cognitive model: the conceptual system, i.e., the non-linguistic knowledge that words facilitate access to. → This provides a level of non-linguistic knowledge which is specialized for being accessed via lexical concepts. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [1] A variety of polysemy that gets a fair amount of linguistic attention is regular (or systematic) polysemy. This refers to word senses that are distinct, but which follow a general pattern or rule in the language. • container/contents: I put some sand into a box/bottle/tin/canister. I dumped the whole box/bottle/tin/canister onto the floor. • location/government/inhabitants:city • physical object/information: book • ....... .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [2] Example (組合的概念痕跡) schoolboy (小中学校の)男子生徒 a boy attending school. schoolmate 学校の友達 a person who attends or attended the same school as oneself. schoolhouse 校舍 a building used as a school, especially in a small community or village. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Non-hierarchical Ontologies: Qualia Structure Pustejovsky (1995,p76,85-86): qualia as information about ”four essential aspects of a word’s meaning”, should enter into individual items’ meaning representations. These are: • Formal: the basic category which distinguishes it within a larger domain; • Constitutive: the relation between an object and its constituent parts; • Telic: its purpose and function; • Agentive: factors involved in its origin or ”bringing it about”. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab OntoLex Resources • Wiki Family (today) • Lexical Resources • Ontological Resources .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Wiki: its role • A good review of current state-of-arts can be found in [1]. • Resolving the Knowledge acquisition bottleneck: The creation of very large knowledge bases has been made possible by the availability of collaboratively-curated online resources such as Wikipedia and Wiktionary. • structured, semi-structured, unstructured resources. • what are the advantages and disadvantages, respectively? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Wiki as semi-structured content for Ontologies • Transforming Wikipedia into machine-readable knowledge • Acquiring related terms: thesaurus extraction • Relation extraction • Leitmotif: generating semantics by exploiting the shallow structure found in Wikipedia. • Building and enriching ontologies from Wikipedia: YAGO, WikiNet and BabelNet. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Multilingual case of collaboratively-generated semi-structured resources .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab • WikiTaxonomy (Ponzetto and Strube, 2007; Ponzetto and Strube, 2011)(100k is-a relations) • WikiNet: (Nas- tase et al., 2010; Nastase and Strube, 2013) is a project which heuristically exploits different aspects of Wikipedia to obtain a multilingual concept network by deriving not only is-a relations, but also other types of relations. • MENTA (de Melo and Weikum, 2010), creates one of the largest multilingual lexical knowledge bases by interconnecting more than 13M articles in 271 languages. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Homework • Install Protégé http://protege.stanford.edu/, and • Read the tutorials Next class: Creating your first (Pizza) ontology following http:// protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Protege4Pizzas10Minutes .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Eduard Hovy, Roberto Navigli, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto. Collaboratively built semi-structured content and artificial intelligence: The story so far. Artificial Intelligence, 194:2–27, 2013. Sebastian Löbner. Understanding semantics. Routledge, 2013. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .

Recommandé

2016 05-20-clariah-wp3
2016 05-20-clariah-wp32016 05-20-clariah-wp3
2016 05-20-clariah-wp3CLARIAH
 
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23Sebastian Hellmann
 
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortal
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortalRoadmap for a multilingual BioPortal
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortalINRAE (MISTEA) and University of Montpellier (LIRMM)
 
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4shukaihsieh
 
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5shukaihsieh
 
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasThe Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasAngelo Salatino
 
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasThe Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasAngelo Salatino
 
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)Petr Šimon
 

Recommandé

2016 05-20-clariah-wp3
2016 05-20-clariah-wp32016 05-20-clariah-wp3
2016 05-20-clariah-wp3CLARIAH
 
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23
NIF - Version 1.0 - 2011/10/23Sebastian Hellmann
 
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortal
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortalRoadmap for a multilingual BioPortal
Roadmap for a multilingual BioPortalINRAE (MISTEA) and University of Montpellier (LIRMM)
 
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4
Ontology and the Lexiocn.week4shukaihsieh
 
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5
Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5shukaihsieh
 
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasThe Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasAngelo Salatino
 
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasThe Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas
The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research AreasAngelo Salatino
 
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)Petr Šimon
 
Meghyn slides-hse-2014
Meghyn slides-hse-2014Meghyn slides-hse-2014
Meghyn slides-hse-2014Vitaliy Dolgorukov
 
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdfMy Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdfJoseLuisOssioBejaran
 
Information Audit Project
Information Audit ProjectInformation Audit Project
Information Audit ProjectAkashdeep Ray
 
Scopos theory
Scopos theoryScopos theory
Scopos theoryMohamed Ashiurakis
 
Data Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for DiscoveryData Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for DiscoveryOCLC
 
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro SlidesSciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro SlidesJenny Molloy
 
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge ModellingTaxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge ModellingSemantic Web Company
 
Bme451 Fall07 Final
Bme451 Fall07 FinalBme451 Fall07 Final
Bme451 Fall07 FinalSara R. Tompson, M.S.
 
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyOntology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyDebashisnaskar
 
A System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The WebA System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The WebBrittany Brown
 
The Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage LibraryThe Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage LibraryMartin Kalfatovic
 
Long Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of ScaleLong Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of ScaleJisc
 
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)Stuart Chalk
 
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”INRAE (MISTEA) and University of Montpellier (LIRMM)
 
On the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding OntologyOn the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding OntologyJakob .
 
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open ScienceHow Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Sciencedrnigam
 
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearningAlejandra Viveros
 
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in LinguisticsTowards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in LinguisticsRichard Littauer
 
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature ReviewEarth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Reviewdansich
 
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...Joint ALMA Observatory
 
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemTransaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemChristalin Nelson
 

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Ontology and the Lexicon: week.2

My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdfMy Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdfJoseLuisOssioBejaran
 
Information Audit Project
Information Audit ProjectInformation Audit Project
Information Audit ProjectAkashdeep Ray
 
Data Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for DiscoveryData Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for DiscoveryOCLC
 
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro SlidesSciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro SlidesJenny Molloy
 
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge ModellingTaxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge ModellingSemantic Web Company
 
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyOntology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyDebashisnaskar
 
A System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The WebA System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The WebBrittany Brown
 
The Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage LibraryThe Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage LibraryMartin Kalfatovic
 
Long Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of ScaleLong Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of ScaleJisc
 
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)Stuart Chalk
 
On the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding OntologyOn the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding OntologyJakob .
 
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open ScienceHow Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Sciencedrnigam
 
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearningAlejandra Viveros
 
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in LinguisticsTowards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in LinguisticsRichard Littauer
 
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature ReviewEarth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Reviewdansich
 
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...Joint ALMA Observatory
 

Similaire à Ontology and the Lexicon: week.2 (20)

Meghyn slides-hse-2014
Meghyn slides-hse-2014Meghyn slides-hse-2014
Meghyn slides-hse-2014
 
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdfMy Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
My Journey into Data Science and ML - Library of Concepts and useful stuff.pdf
 
Information Audit Project
Information Audit ProjectInformation Audit Project
Information Audit Project
 
Scopos theory
Scopos theoryScopos theory
Scopos theory
 
Data Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for DiscoveryData Designed for Discovery
Data Designed for Discovery
 
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro SlidesSciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
SciDataCon 2014 TDM Workshop Intro Slides
 
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge ModellingTaxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
Taxonomies and Ontologies – The Yin and Yang of Knowledge Modelling
 
Bme451 Fall07 Final
Bme451 Fall07 FinalBme451 Fall07 Final
Bme451 Fall07 Final
 
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyOntology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical Study
 
A System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The WebA System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
A System For Citations Retrieval On The Web
 
The Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage LibraryThe Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage Library
 
Long Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of ScaleLong Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
Long Tails of Efficiencies of Scale
 
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
247th ACS Meeting: Experiment Markup Language (ExptML)
 
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”
Tutorial: “How to use ontology repositories and ontology–based services”
 
On the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding OntologyOn the Way to a Holding Ontology
On the Way to a Holding Ontology
 
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open ScienceHow Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
How Bio Ontologies Enable Open Science
 
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
2018 book introduction_todeeplearning
 
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in LinguisticsTowards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
Towards Open Methods: Using Scientific Workflows in Linguistics
 
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature ReviewEarth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
Earth Sciences 4490: Getting Started on your Literature Review
 
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
Wf4Ever: Scientific Workflows and Research Objects as tools for scientific in...
 

Dernier

HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemTransaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemChristalin Nelson
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designMIPLM
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemChristalin Nelson
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfTechSoup
 
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsFood processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsManeerUddin
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4JOYLYNSAMANIEGO
 
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...JhezDiaz1
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
 
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxKarra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxAshokKarra1
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4MiaBumagat1
 
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...Postal Advocate Inc.
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptxmary850239
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptxmary850239
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parentsnavabharathschool99
 

Dernier (20)

HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
 
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management SystemTransaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
 
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
 
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsFood processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
 
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
 
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxKarra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
 
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
 
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxFINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
 

Ontology and the Lexicon: week.2

  • 1. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology and the Lexicon Week 2: An Introduction Shu-Kai Hsieh Lab of Ontologies, Language Processing and e-Humanities GIL, National Taiwan University February 26, 2014 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 2. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 3. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 4. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Semantic Web and Web Semantics .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 5. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab The Need and Trend of Shared Semantics .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 6. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Your Agent or Enemy needs this .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 7. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Applications We need a shared and common understanding (of a domain) that can be communicated across people and machines (applications), and it will play a major role in supporting information exchange and discovery, we well as many applications: • e-Government, e-Health, e-Commerce,.. • open data integration and interoperability. • ontology-backboned search engine .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 8. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Languages representing Ontologies .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 9. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Languages representing Ontologies Can we use Glossaries, Terminologies, Meta data or other Controlled Vocabulary instead? No: they are just not precise enough to capture linguistic and cognitive complexity. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 10. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Ontological Precison (Bechhofer, 2011) .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 11. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Semantic Web OntoLex Resources Lab Why do we need Linguists for Ontology? • ambiguity, polysemy, underspecification,...OH, 沒有語言學的 介入，知識整理工作好無趣也無頭緒。 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 12. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 13. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab What is Ontology • In Philosophy (dating back to Artistotle), → Ontos (that which exists) + logos (knowledge of). • In Computer Science, → ”an explicit specification of a conceptualization (Gruber (1995))”, ”an engineering artefact that represents the shared conceptualisation of objects in a domain of interest”. explicit specification : Written in logic, as a set of axioms. conceptualization : the set of objects and relations in a domain. <Objects,Relations,Functions> .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 14. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... What is Ontology OntoLex Resources Lab What is Ontological Representation • Not what it is (ontology) but how it is represented (ontological representation). • There are many ways to represent ontologies (recall that it is an engineering artefact) → that at best approximate our real concepts and conceptualisations, even we don’t quite understand what we are approximating. • The evaluation of an engineering artefact turns out to be whether it is fit for purpose or not. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 15. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 16. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Cognitive-Functional Take Linguistic meaning is ultimately a matter of conceptualizing the things we talk about: when we put things into words, we are not just giving a one-to-one mapping of what the world is like - we make a choice by putting things in the particular way we do. [2]. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 17. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Empirical Epistimological Stance • OntoLex (Lexicalized Ontology) is exclusively concerned with the ”conceptual meanings” of lexical units (that can be empirically represented), NOT with the those of actions or phenomena. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 18. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Language, Meaning and Reality • [單位-意義] 可以切割出來觀察嗎？ .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 19. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Language, Meaning and Reality 跨語言觀察可能更接近 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 20. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s) • Meaning has many readings! • 他的意思應該是如果不給他意思一下就很沒有意思 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 21. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): levels Linguistic approach to meaning requires us to break down the notion of meaning into different levels at which we interprete linguistic expressions [2]. expression level the meaning of a simple or complex expression taken in isolation. utterance level the meaning of an expression when used in a given context of utterance resulting from fixing reference. communication level the meaning of an utterance as a communicative act in a given social setting. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 22. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): levels Example I don’t need your bicyle. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 23. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Meaning(s): dimensions [2] provides three dimensions of meaning: • descriptive dimension: propositional meaning; related to reference and truth. • social dimension: related to honorifics. • expressive dimension: conventionally serves the expression of subjective sensations, emotions, affections, evaluations or attitudes. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 24. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab A clear boundary in the Study of Meaning? • Lexical Semantics: the investigation of expression meanings stored in the mental lexicon. • Semantics vs. Pragmatics: Semantics ends where contextual knowledge comes in? (i.e., utterance meaning and communicative meaning are beyond semantics?) • Meanings are Concepts? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 25. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab 為什麼我們相信詞意 (word meaning; sense) "不是" 詞彙概念 (concept)? e.g.,http://lope.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/cwnvis_beta/index.php/senses?lid=066992 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 26. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab For the sake of communication, we perceive the world (entities, events, relations) linguistically via sound and/or orthographic form, which trigger our MENTAL SOMETHING for further processing and production. • A Concept is a general mental description of something that is stored in our mental lexicon. • Word Sense is the instantiation and differentiation of Concept in varied contexts. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 27. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab From Meanings to Concepts and Back usage-based exercise 我小時候養了 13 條狗； 狗是人類的好朋友；她看到狗就 怕；狗仔隊毀了這個社會的善良風俗 .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 28. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab From Semantics to Cognitive Semantics, and Back? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 29. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Exercise What can be opened? (Searle, 1983) Example a. John opened the window. b. John opened his mouth. c. John opened his book. d. John opened his briefcase. e. John opened the curtains. f. The carpenter opened the wall. g. The surgeon opened the wound. h. The sapper opened the dam. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 30. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise What can be opened? more figurative ... (Evans, 2009) Example a. The discussant opened the conversation. b. John opened a bank account. c. John opened the meeting. d. John opened a dialogue. e. John opened the curtains. f. The Germans opened hostilities against the Allies in 1940. g. The skies opened. h. He opened his mind to a new way of thinking. g. He finally opened up to her. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 31. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise What can be opened again, in Chinese? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 32. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Underspecified Meanings: Exercise My two cents .. Example 車,穴,店,窗,會,視野,燈,口,頭,花,槍,心,源,天,門,箱,戶,工,瓶,國,同學 會,隧道,玩笑... Each relates to distinct sorts of actions, events, and situations. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 33. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab In sum, open appears to be a function of (1) (sentential) context which guides the (2) encyclopedic and conceptual knowledge (ontology) to which open relates in a given instance of use. (word meaning) .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 34. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab In the Context of Cognitive Science ... Cognitive linguistics practice can be divided approximately into two areas: (Evans, 2009) 1 . Cognitive semantics: the study of semantic representation, the human conceptual system,and meaning construction processes as revealed by language. 2 . Cognitive (approaches) to grammar: the study of the symbolic linguistic units that comprise language, and their principles of organization. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 35. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Cognitive Lexical Semantics To develop a cognitive linguistic account of 1 . lexical concept: the linguistic knowledge that word encode. 2 . cognitive model: the conceptual system, i.e., the non-linguistic knowledge that words facilitate access to. → This provides a level of non-linguistic knowledge which is specialized for being accessed via lexical concepts. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 36. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [1] A variety of polysemy that gets a fair amount of linguistic attention is regular (or systematic) polysemy. This refers to word senses that are distinct, but which follow a general pattern or rule in the language. • container/contents: I put some sand into a box/bottle/tin/canister. I dumped the whole box/bottle/tin/canister onto the floor. • location/government/inhabitants:city • physical object/information: book • ....... .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 37. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [2] Example (組合的概念痕跡) schoolboy (小中学校の)男子生徒 a boy attending school. schoolmate 学校の友達 a person who attends or attended the same school as oneself. schoolhouse 校舍 a building used as a school, especially in a small community or village. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 38. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... Ontology for Linguistics OntoLex Resources Lab Non-hierarchical Ontologies: Qualia Structure Pustejovsky (1995,p76,85-86): qualia as information about ”four essential aspects of a word’s meaning”, should enter into individual items’ meaning representations. These are: • Formal: the basic category which distinguishes it within a larger domain; • Constitutive: the relation between an object and its constituent parts; • Telic: its purpose and function; • Agentive: factors involved in its origin or ”bringing it about”. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 39. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 40. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab OntoLex Resources • Wiki Family (today) • Lexical Resources • Ontological Resources .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 41. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Wiki: its role • A good review of current state-of-arts can be found in [1]. • Resolving the Knowledge acquisition bottleneck: The creation of very large knowledge bases has been made possible by the availability of collaboratively-curated online resources such as Wikipedia and Wiktionary. • structured, semi-structured, unstructured resources. • what are the advantages and disadvantages, respectively? .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 42. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Wiki as semi-structured content for Ontologies • Transforming Wikipedia into machine-readable knowledge • Acquiring related terms: thesaurus extraction • Relation extraction • Leitmotif: generating semantics by exploiting the shallow structure found in Wikipedia. • Building and enriching ontologies from Wikipedia: YAGO, WikiNet and BabelNet. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 43. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Multilingual case of collaboratively-generated semi-structured resources .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 44. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab • WikiTaxonomy (Ponzetto and Strube, 2007; Ponzetto and Strube, 2011)(100k is-a relations) • WikiNet: (Nas- tase et al., 2010; Nastase and Strube, 2013) is a project which heuristically exploits different aspects of Wikipedia to obtain a multilingual concept network by deriving not only is-a relations, but also other types of relations. • MENTA (de Melo and Weikum, 2010), creates one of the largest multilingual lexical knowledge bases by interconnecting more than 13M articles in 271 languages. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 45. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab 1 Background of the OntoLex Research . Semantic Web What is Ontology Ontology for Linguistics 2 OntoLex Resources . 3 Lab . Ontology and the Lexicon .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 46. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Homework • Install Protégé http://protege.stanford.edu/, and • Read the tutorials Next class: Creating your first (Pizza) ontology following http:// protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Protege4Pizzas10Minutes .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .
  • 47. Background of the OntoLex Research ........ .. ....................... OntoLex Resources Lab Eduard Hovy, Roberto Navigli, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto. Collaboratively built semi-structured content and artificial intelligence: The story so far. Artificial Intelligence, 194:2–27, 2013. Sebastian Löbner. Understanding semantics. Routledge, 2013. .. Ontology and the Lexicon . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. Shu-Kai Hsieh .