Synergies Between Urban Transport, Public Health and the Environment
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Synergies Between Urban Transport, Public Health and the Environment
- 1. Synergies between Urban Transport and Public Health Dr Carlos Dora Coordinator Interventions for Healthy Environments Department of Public Health and the Environment PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
- 5. Better air quality improves health The health benefits of a ban of coal sales i n Dublin Clancy et al 2002
- 6. Reduction in fine PM and mortality: extended follow up of Harvard six Cities Study Period 1: 1974-89 (mean PM2.5: 1980-85) Period 2: 1990-98 Laden et al. AJRCCM 2006
- 8. 60% of world population does very little physical activity Most health gains from getting the inactive to move Greater health benefits among least active Dose-response physical activity and health, B Martin et al, 2004 Active transport is PA with a practical purpose No need to go to the Gym
- 11. Traffic Deaths: 1,2 million/year Traffic Injuries over 40 million/year Source: Peden et al (2004) 0-4 5-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60+ Male Female Share by age group
- 15. Hanoi, 1993 Hanoi, 2001 Hanoi, 2002 More vehicles = more road space/construction for vehicles = greater air pollution, noise and physical activity risks
- 16. The vicious cycle: Increased traffic injury risks Parents drive their children to school by car Traffic increases Streets are even more dangerous More children are physically inactive and obese
- 17. Busy road environment puts pedestrians and cyclists at risk Source: Pucher and Dijkstra, Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany, Am J Public Health, 2003: 93:1509-16. Holland Germany US Walking share of urban trips 18% 22% 6% Biking share of urban trips 28% 12% 1% Pedestrian fatality rate (deaths/100M km) 2.5 4.4 14.0 Bicyclist fatality rate (deaths/100M km) 2.0 3.2 7.2
- 21. For instance, investments in transit, cycling and pedestrian infrastructures are not well tracked World Bank lending by mode
- 22. Transport policies with excellent health performance: Walking, Cycling, Public Transport/ Rapid Transit
- 23. Modal split: more active & public transport, less car use, improve health determinants Review of studies on urban travel mode, physical activity and health – WHO/Health in Green Economy (forthcoming)
- 24. Investment in infrastructure for public and active transport, & for limiting car travel, improve health determinants Review of studies on infrastructure investment, physical activity and health – WHO/Health in Green Economy (forthcoming)
- 26. Diffusion of governance – who do we need to engage with? Governance.com: democracy in the information age, E.C. Kamarck & J.S. Nye Jr. (eds) 2002 Local groups Local government Local businesses Subnational level National non-profits State National corporations National level NGOs Intergovernmental organizations Transnational corporations Supranational level Third sector Public sector Private sector
- 38. Healthy transport indicators – capturing key “nodes” of interaction
- 40. Current transport indicators measure how well transport systems move vehicles Kilometres of paved road per square kilometre (a little bit of) public transport ridership Average speed of car/truck traffic flow Car/motorcycle ownership per 1000 (a little) urban air pollution
- 41. Transport indicators that might better link to health are missing from the puzzle Kilometres of separated cycle lanes/traffic calming – injuries Public transport service level/ travel share for NMT – access and equity Average urban PM10 – Cardiovascular/ respiratory disease HEALTH IMPACTS Sidewalk connectivity and safety – physical activity
- 47. Researchers: keep in mind that simple surveys can yield rich data People on heavily- trafficked streets reported fewer neighbourhood friendships - Appleyard, 1981
- 52. HEARTS: Florence case study noise Lnight level differences in receptors (coloured dots) between 2010 and 2003 scenarios A comparison of noise levels in 2010 vs 2003 scenario shows a marked reduction of Lnight levels
- 53. Simulating time-activity patterns: exposure to benzene in a polluted Italian urban area
- 56. 5 . Towards global, harmonized 'healthy transport' indicators
- 60. WHO is ready to travel with you Photo credits: www.stillpictures.com ; www.hardrainproject.com ; www.bigstock.com
Notes de l'éditeur
- The photo below is the famous Bogota "cycle Sunday" events whereby main city streets are closed to pedestrians and cyclists..
- Gaps in knowledge Impacts of community severance for different social groups? Whether the effects of community severance decay over time? Effects of poor mitigation design (Mitigation refers to bridges, subways, pelican crossings etc)
- The majority of deaths worldwide for all ages are due to chronic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke) are responsible for 30% of all deaths. Cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes are also major causes of mortality. The contribution of diabetes is underestimated because although people may live for years with diabetes, their deaths are usually recorded as being caused by heart disease or kidney failure.
- Conventional indicators often mask or conceal this increasing spiral of health impacts..
- Travel mode surveys are typically performed by transport ministries, cities and/or donors and lending institutions, and thus relatively speaking, travel mode may be easier to gather as data. Ensuring that walking/cycling and public transport are measured in a modal split analysis may give a good indicator of improvements in health- through improved physical activity. This may seem obvious but many travel mode surveys only measure types of vehicle travel!
- Utilitarian argument The benefits from transport would be further increased if certain journeys were made by different modes, or in the need to travel long distances to meet basic needs was reduced.
- Car uses much more space per person transported Road space is limited And yet, policies are made for the car user Transport policies should focus on reducing the risks that affect the poor as a way to reduce inequalities in health and as a means of poverty reduction
- The photo is of a design of a holistic medical clinic and research center in India, which makes use of natural ventilation for heating and cooling, rainwater harvesting, and solar power for energy generation.
- S
- Keep in mind that with the exception of North America, average car ownership in even the most developed is around 300-500 cars per/ 1000 people on average. This means that at any one time, half of the population still will not have access to a motor vehicle. In many developed countries, men still may travel far more by car than women, who are more dependent on public transport, and on travel in their neighborhoods. Ease of mobility in the neighborhood is all the more a factor for children, the elderly and the disabled.
- Many cities have very poor transport data; specialized surveys are expensive and time-consuming. How to shortcut/collect the right data? Here are some things to start with.
- With relatively sparse data, e.g. average hourly concentrations of an air pollutant in a city, and a time-activity survey involving a few hundred people, we can model very complex situations, as per this slide showing adult time-activity patterns against benzene exposure in a highly polluted Italian urban area. This allows us to explore policy options and planning scenarios that have effects on exposure and health Double click the cursor on the video to see how those patterns change during the day. The box in the lower right corner tracks, the very low exposures in the early morning at home, to peaks during the workday, while the frame in the center shows where exposures are heaviest in the city.