Web 2.0 Basics Lecture on Main Concepts and Examples

2 December 2005
Web Information Systems
Web 2.0 Basics
Prof. Beat Signer
Department of Computer Science
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
http://www.beatsigner.com

November 7, 2014 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2
Web 2.0
 The term Web 2.0 was
introduced by Tim O'Reilly
at the Web 2.0 conference
in 2004 to describe a new
generation of web apps
 user-generated content
 data as a driving force
- infoware rather than simply software
 collective intelligence via social resource and knowledge sharing
 the Web as a platform for software applications
 Not a new technology but a change in how developers
and users build applications on the Web
 user-generated content already existed earlier (e.g. Amazon)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Web_2.0_Map.svg]

Main Web 2.0 Ingredients
 Social Web
 end user as a participant and content creator
 democracy
 Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)
 bring the desktop to the browser
 highly interactive applications (e.g. with drag and drop)
 based on AJAX, Flash, etc.
 Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs)
 enable the sharing of information and services between different
Web 2.0 applications
 Web Services, RSS, mashups, etc.

Web 2.0 Interaction
Service-oriented
Architecture (SOA)
information access
content creation
user-to-user
interaction
Web
collective intelligence

Web 1.0 vs. Web 2.0
Web 1.0 Web 2.0
publishing participation
reading reading and writing (participatory Web)
content management systems wikis
personal homepages blogs
simple request/response interaction Rich Internet Application (RIA)
screen scraping (extract data from HTML) service-oriented architectures
taxonomies (classification) folksonomies (tagging)
companies communities
single user social networks
bookmarking collaborative tagging / social bookmarking
... ...

Web 2.0 and the Long Tail
 The term long tail has
been introduced by Chris
Anderson in 2004
 article about Amazon etc.
- 'Touching the Void' and
'Into Thin Air' example
 Main observations
 the tail is longer than expected and now economically within reach
 the niches form a significant market when aggregated
 new economic model: combine infinite shelf space with shared
real-time public opinions and buying trends
 Major part of Internet content made up by small sites
 provide tools to address the long tail and not just the head
Joe Simpson, 1988 Jon Krakauer, 1997

Video: The Machine is Us/ing Us

Web 2.0 Examples
 Wikis
 Blogs
 Media sharing sites
 Folksonomies
 Social networking sites
 Web-based communities
 Mashups
 Web applications
 ...

Wikis
 The first wiki was the
WikiWikiWeb in 1995
 Ward Cunningham
 inspired by HyperCard
 Any user can create new
wiki pages or edit existing
pages
 no special software required on the client side (only a browser)
 Democracy-based control of the content
 revision history, discussion, ...
 Various wiki software
 MediaWiki, DokuWiki, ...

Wikipedia
 Open authoring model
 registered and anonymous
users may contribute
 some users (editors)
have special rights
 Each article has
 a history page showing
all of its changes
 a discussion page
 Issues
 reliability not guaranteed since no central authority
 vandalism
 ...

Blogs
 A blog (weblog) is a
chronologically ordered
list of information
 personal diary
 specific subjects
- e.g. celebrities
 Tool for delivering news
and getting in touch with a large community of users
 nowadays often used as a powerful channel in politics
 much harder to control than print or broadcasting media
 Popular blogs often generate revenue by advertising
 access to content is often free

Technorati
 Blog search engine
 indexes over 100 million
blogs
 Use tags to classify blogs
 Ranking based on a
blog's authority
 number of inlinks from other
blogs
 similar to search algorithms descibed later

Flickr
 Image hosting and sharing
website
 Image repository that is
often used by bloggers
 Managing images
 collaborative tagging
- user-generated taxonomy (folksonomy)
- one of the first websites that implemented tag clouds
 grouping in sets, collections and higher order collections
- note that an image may be added to multiple sets
 Offers a powerful Web Service API
 can easily be integrated with third-party applications

Folksonomies
 Folksonomy = 'folk' +
'taxonomy'
 user-generated taxonomy
 Social tagging
 collaboratively creating and
managing tags
 bottom up approach
- no fixed terminology
 Applications
 Annotea: shared Web annotations and bookmarks
 Delicious: social bookmarking web service
 Tag cloud visualisation

YouTube
 Video hosting and sharing
website
 Social impact
 YouTube Internet celebrities
 Copyright issues
 material from TV shows etc.
 many broadcasting companies
use YouTube as new channel
 Content can easily be embedded in external websites
 blogs, social networking sites, ...
 Acquired by Google in 2006

Last.fm
 Internet streaming radio
 User profile based on
music listened to on
Last.fm and other devices
 Audioscrobbler music
recommender system
 based on collaborative filterling algorithm
 find songs in the "neighbourhood" based
on other users with similar tastes

Facebook
 Social networking site
 Connect to friends and
share information
 info about current status
 post messages on a user's
public wall
 send individual messages
 share photos
 Easy to add individual applications
 Copyright issues
 what happens with content that has been uploaded to Facebook?
 Privacy issues

Twitter
 Micro-blogging and social
networking service
 Small messages (tweets)
can be posted to a user
profile
 often added via SMS
 reach millions of users from
any place around the world
within seconds
- used in protests and politics, emergencies, ...
 Can we get too connected?

Second Life
 Virtual 3-dimensional
world by Linden Lab
 special client software
 User represented by
an avatar
 Linden dollar (L$) as a
currency
 buy land
 buy and sell goods and services to other users
 Applications
 education, business meetings, arts, ...

Academia.edu
 Social networking website
for researchers
 Sharing and rating of
resources
 research papers, conference
presentations, CVs, etc.
 Find researchers with similar research interests
 Other professional social networking websites
 LinkedIn, Xing, ...
 How to deal with profile information on different sites?
 open standards for social networking

SlideShare
 Social networking website
to share presentations
 High quality educational
material
 Various APIs for inte-gration
with other social
networking websites
 Content may spread virally through social networks
and blogs

myExperiment
 Collaborative environment
for scientists
 Safely publish workflow
plans and share them with
other scientists
 Reuse and repurpose
workflows
 avoid to reinvent the wheel
 get credits for workflows
 ...

Delicious
 Social bookmarking
service
 store bookmarks and access
them from different browsers
 share and discover book-marks
 Non-hierarchical classi-fication
based on tags
 Offers various APIs to access the bookmarks

Mashups
 A mashup composes
information and services
from external sources and
offers them as part of a
new service
 Various mashup tools
 Yahoo Pipes, ...
 Mashup example
 composition of Google Maps and realtime information about the
position of airplanes
- http://www.flightradar24.com

Google Docs
 Free web-based office
tools
 word processor, spreadsheet
application, ...
 Mobile access via mobile
phone
 Software as a service (SaaS)
 Data safety and privacy issues

Google AdSense
 Highly customised delivery
of advertisements
 shows advertisements delive-red
via Google AdWords
 New models for payment
 pay-per-click in addition to
pay-per-impression
 Any website owner can enroll
 sometimes very complementary information
- e.g. blog with reviews about specific products together with Google
advertisements for these products

Video: The Kindness of Strangers

Social Implications of Web 2.0
 Data ownership and copyright issues
 Collective intelligence (wisdom of crowds)
 Shift of power from controlled media to
collaborative communities
 New models for crediting an individual's
content that is accessed by other users or
composed in mashup applications
 Everybody has a (big) voice
 e.g. reach millions of users within seconds via Twitter

Common Web 2.0 Patterns
 The presented Web 2.0 applications have some common
underlying patterns which are going to be discussed in
the next lecture
 service oriented architectures (SOAs)
 software as a service
 asynchronous partial updates
- Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)
 mashups
 self-organising communities
 collaborative tagging
 viral marketing
 ...

Exercise 6
 Web Services

References
 James Governor et al., Web 2.0 Architectures,
O'Reilly Media, May 2009
 Chris Anderson, The Long Tail, Wired 12(10), 2004
 http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/tail.html
 Michael Wesch, The Machine is Us/ing Us
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLlGopyXT_g
 Jonathan Zittrain, The Kindness of Strangers,
TEDGlobal 2009, Oxford, UK, July 2009
 http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jonathan_zittrain_t
he_web_is_a_random_act_of_kindness.html
 Live Flight Tracker
 http://www.flightradar24.com

References
 James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds,
Anchor, August 2005

2 December 2005
Next Lecture
Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies

Web 2.0 Basics Lecture on Main Concepts and Examples

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