SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  20
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Environmental
Problems in China
Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: Chapter 9: The
Environment
“Can China clean up Fast Enough?” The
Economist, Aug, 10, 2013
“Briefing: China and the Environment: the East is Grey” The
Silvana Moussa
Outline
 Political Economy after 1949
The implication of Mao Zedong’s policies on the
environment
The Reform Era
 The availability of natural resources
 The debate about the Three Gorges Dam
China’s Current Environmental
Situation
 Given the vastness of China and its
population, China faces many environmental
concerns, affecting the biosphere and consequently
health.
Lieberthal makes the statement;
How the PRC manages the tensions between
maximising growth and protecting the
environment will have major consequences both
for the citizens of China and the global community.
Facts and Figures
‘The figure of $230 billion, or
1.54 trillion Renminbi, is
based on costs arising from
pollution and damage to the
ecosystem, the price that
China is paying for its rapid
industrialization.‟
-The New York Times March,
„The average Chinese person
produces the same amount of CO2 as
the average European.‟
-The Economist
Chinese authorities claim that they are not responsible
for the build-up of green house gases.‟ In their opinion
The west is. The contention remains that although there
are environmental problems – China, as the article „The
East is grey‟ suggests is simply following a pattern
that was set by Britain, America and Japan ‘Grow
first, clean up later.’
Environmental Problems Originating
before 1978
The PRC currently suffers from major environmental
problems along two axes:-
 The effects of the political economy created after 1949
 The availability and distribution of natural resources
Maoism and the Environment
 The Maoist system contributed in several dimensions to
the damage the Chinese environment suffered.
 Under Mao, the traditional Chinese ideal of ‘harmony
between heaven and humans’ was abrogated in favor
of Mao’s insistence that ‘Man must conquer nature.’
 Maoist China placed primary stress on development of
heavy industry as a means to achieve great-power
status.
The Impact of Ideology on the Environment
Self Reliance
-Each ministry looked
out for its own interests
and paid little attention
to the externalities
-each ministry develop
an appropriate array of
small industries
Political Campaigns
- Great Leap Forward 1957-
58
 Water Conservancy
Campaign during the
Winter of 1957-58
Mobilised peasants to dig
new wells
- Cultural Revolution
 Produced the
conversion of many
grasslands to cultivated
fields
The combination of both of Mao’s prominent
ideologies lead to the substantial damage to
the environment.
- Since the Water Campaign the water
table on the north plain of China has been
dropping
Maoism and the Environment
 The Maoist system of administered prices consistently
undervalued basic natural-resource inputs such as coal and
water.
 This encouraged factory managers and consumers to be
profligate in their use of natural resources.
 Lieberthal’s claim that
‘Few leaders in any country are willing to depress current
standards of living to benefit their successors. He continues stating
that this is ‘true when popular attitudes do not give highest priority
to environmental issues.’
And given that this book was published in 2003 although may
retain elements of truth, it can only be used as an indicative
reference.
 ‘Officials will be held responsible for environmental problems
in an area even after they have been promoted out of it.
’The Economist – The East is Grey
The Conclusion as Lieberthal puts it;
‘The Maoist system sowed the seeds of tremendous
environmental injury through it emphasis on
- Heavy industry
- Adoption of wasteful technologies for
production
- Conscious focus on maximizing industrial output
without regard for environmental impact
Post 1978 Reforms and the
environment
China’s environmental problems have worsened significantly
since the start of reforms.
- From 1982 to 1989, the country lost one third of its mature
forests.
As Deng had said to a Communist Youth League gathering;
In the past, we’ve had too many political movements…When it
comes to ways of optimizing the relations of production, I think
we should take this attitude. Adopt whatever pattern will
restore and develop agricultural output in each locality quickly
and easily.
Orville Schell, Mandate of Heaven: The Legacy of Tiananmen Square
and the Next Generation of China’s Leaders (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1995), p. 351.
Impact of Reforms on Environment
Reform Era Efforts to limit Environmental
Degradation
- Exponential economic
development
Development of property rights
Personal desire for growth Increase of incentives at the
enterprise level to adopt
resourceful technologies
Break –up of peoples
communes
Intercourse in the international
arena – increase in
accountability
Significant increase in
Urbanization
Increase in infrastructure
construction – depleting the
pool of arable land
 There is not an adjective that soars high enough or
detonates with enough force to describe China’s
economic explosion or the promise of its future. One fifth
of humanity, for decades locked in the dungeon of Mao
Zedong’s proletarian revolution, where for decades they
were whipped and exhausted by meaningless mass
movements, are now fully unleashed in an epic pursuit of
material wealth.2
New York Times, January 2, 1994. Cited in Richard Smith, "Creative
Destruction: Capitalist Development and China’s Environment," New Left
Review, No. 222 (March-April, 1997), p. 5.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are an important component of natural
conditions. They include mainly land, water, and mineral
resources. China is usefully divided into three major
topographical regions.
 The northwest – which is arid and suffers from wind erosion
 The south west – which is cold and contains high plateaus
and
 The east – with extensive rivers.
The results of this population pressure are evident in major areas
of the country. Where an increase in population is proportional
to the acceleration of erosion, deforestation, and pollution.
Natural Resources
Renewable Energy
China’s Renewable Energy Law, established in 2005, significantly improved
the policy environment for renewable development, setting the industry on
a path of continuous rapid growth.
Renewables now provide more than a quarter of China’s electricity
generating capacity.
Hydro power is the most widely used
form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16% of global
electricity generation – and is
expected to increase about 3.1%
each year for the next 25 years
China’s capacity even
exceeds that of Brazil, the
USA and Canada
combined.
China’s love affair with this
renewable energy source
looks set to continue over
the next decade as
investment in hydropower
becomes one of China’s
key areas of focus.
Engelsiepen, Jane. "Hydro Power in China." Ecology Global Network.
N.p., Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
Hydropower In China
Presentation1
Opinions on the Three Gorges Dam
"By severing the mighty
river and slowing the flow
of its water, the dam will
cause pollution from
industrial and residential
sources to concentrate in
the river’’ Chinese journalist Jin Hui in
"The River Dragon Has
Come!"
"One of the tragedies of this
[project], if just from a regional
standpoint, is that the land that
is going to be flooded is some
of the most fertile in China.’
Dr. John Byrne, director of the University
of Delaware's Center for Energy and
Environmental Policy.
"The project's conception was monumental," says Byrne. "This was
seen in the early years [of the project] as a way to show the
advanced nature of Chinese society under socialism, to solve a
problem that has existed in China for thousands of years... But when
you're doing something on this scale, you should really make solving
the problems your first priority. Unfortunately, China has decided to
launch the project -- then solve the problems along the way."
Three Gorges Dam
 Hydropower in any case requires dam construction that may
severely damage the environment as debates over the huge
three gorges dam on the Yangtze.
Advantages Disadvantages
Cost effectiveness compared with other
renewable energy sources
The controversial displacement of 1million
people
Journalist Dai Qing ‘the most environmentally
and socially destructive project in the world.’
(jailed for 10 years)
Hydropower benefits from flexibility- adjust
output quickly
Estimate nearly 1300 historical sites
disappearing under water
Long economic lives for the dam Threatening protected species
Operating labor cost is usually low. Systems
are mainly automated
Ecosystem disruption – fishing, soil siltation
Deforestation, Water Pollution, Landslides (91
already reported)
”

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...
Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...
Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...Shane Mitchell
 
effects of economic growth on environment
effects of economic growth on environmenteffects of economic growth on environment
effects of economic growth on environmentKamaljit Singh
 
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014zedtweetz
 
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?Anupam Saraph
 
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENTKalingoAurobindo
 
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient BuildingsDecarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient BuildingsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
 
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...vijay kumar sarabu
 
Sustainable Community Design Project
Sustainable Community Design ProjectSustainable Community Design Project
Sustainable Community Design ProjectCleantechPoland
 
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Cities
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of CitiesBill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Cities
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of CitiesJoss Winn
 
Development In Our Neighborhood And Sustainability
Development In Our Neighborhood And SustainabilityDevelopment In Our Neighborhood And Sustainability
Development In Our Neighborhood And SustainabilitySustainableQueenAnne
 
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_Irena
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_IrenaSustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_Irena
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_IrenaIrena Itova
 
Environmentalism in Popular Culture
Environmentalism in Popular CultureEnvironmentalism in Popular Culture
Environmentalism in Popular Cultureijtsrd
 
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable development
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable developmentIntegrating natural and built environment for sustainable development
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable developmentSandeep Kumar
 
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromising
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromisingSustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromising
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromisingTapas Ghatak
 

Tendances (19)

Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...
Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...
Christine Loh, Civic Exchange Hong Kong - Growing and Greening the Economy: S...
 
Chertow Lecture #2
Chertow Lecture #2Chertow Lecture #2
Chertow Lecture #2
 
effects of economic growth on environment
effects of economic growth on environmenteffects of economic growth on environment
effects of economic growth on environment
 
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014
Geog 305 intro plus sept 5 and 10 2014
 
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?
What purpose do the economy, energy, or environment serve?
 
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
 
Limits to growth
Limits to growthLimits to growth
Limits to growth
 
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient BuildingsDecarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
Decarbonising Cities Through Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
 
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...
 
India tropical cyclone phalin 12 october 2013
India tropical cyclone phalin  12 october 2013India tropical cyclone phalin  12 october 2013
India tropical cyclone phalin 12 october 2013
 
Sustainable Community Design Project
Sustainable Community Design ProjectSustainable Community Design Project
Sustainable Community Design Project
 
Ekomenzoge, CARErural
Ekomenzoge, CAREruralEkomenzoge, CARErural
Ekomenzoge, CARErural
 
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Cities
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of CitiesBill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Cities
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of Cities
 
Development In Our Neighborhood And Sustainability
Development In Our Neighborhood And SustainabilityDevelopment In Our Neighborhood And Sustainability
Development In Our Neighborhood And Sustainability
 
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_Irena
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_IrenaSustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_Irena
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_Irena
 
Environmentalism in Popular Culture
Environmentalism in Popular CultureEnvironmentalism in Popular Culture
Environmentalism in Popular Culture
 
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable development
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable developmentIntegrating natural and built environment for sustainable development
Integrating natural and built environment for sustainable development
 
DRC Manuscript.pptx
DRC Manuscript.pptxDRC Manuscript.pptx
DRC Manuscript.pptx
 
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromising
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromisingSustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromising
Sustainability and wise use of natural resources.. Are we compromising
 

En vedette

UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3
UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3
UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3luciaya1974
 
Power point britain
Power point britainPower point britain
Power point britainluciaya1974
 
Historieta
HistorietaHistorieta
Historietashanned
 
M1-Film Distribution Pitch
M1-Film Distribution PitchM1-Film Distribution Pitch
M1-Film Distribution PitchConor Woods
 
презентація модуль 1
презентація модуль 1презентація модуль 1
презентація модуль 1Kate Demiraky
 
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014André Aschieri
 
презентація на модуль 1
презентація на модуль 1 презентація на модуль 1
презентація на модуль 1 Kate Demiraky
 
Visual perception
Visual perceptionVisual perception
Visual perceptionluciaya1974
 
презентація на модуль2
презентація на модуль2презентація на модуль2
презентація на модуль2Kate Demiraky
 
Neo psikoanalisis horney
Neo psikoanalisis horneyNeo psikoanalisis horney
Neo psikoanalisis horneyRyan Advan
 
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on Tez
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on TezA Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on Tez
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on TezGw Liu
 
Teori gestalt ppt
Teori gestalt pptTeori gestalt ppt
Teori gestalt pptRyan Advan
 

En vedette (20)

UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3
UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3
UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS. EXERCISE 3
 
CRPTOGRAFY
CRPTOGRAFYCRPTOGRAFY
CRPTOGRAFY
 
Power point britain
Power point britainPower point britain
Power point britain
 
test
testtest
test
 
Historieta
HistorietaHistorieta
Historieta
 
question 1
question 1question 1
question 1
 
M1-Film Distribution Pitch
M1-Film Distribution PitchM1-Film Distribution Pitch
M1-Film Distribution Pitch
 
презентація модуль 1
презентація модуль 1презентація модуль 1
презентація модуль 1
 
Ptk s
Ptk sPtk s
Ptk s
 
Méthode osicam
Méthode osicamMéthode osicam
Méthode osicam
 
Frases famosas
Frases famosasFrases famosas
Frases famosas
 
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014
Programme Andre Aschieri - Municipales Mouans-Sartoux 2014
 
презентація на модуль 1
презентація на модуль 1 презентація на модуль 1
презентація на модуль 1
 
PTK
PTKPTK
PTK
 
Visual perception
Visual perceptionVisual perception
Visual perception
 
презентація на модуль2
презентація на модуль2презентація на модуль2
презентація на модуль2
 
Neo psikoanalisis horney
Neo psikoanalisis horneyNeo psikoanalisis horney
Neo psikoanalisis horney
 
Kisah nabi nuh
Kisah nabi nuhKisah nabi nuh
Kisah nabi nuh
 
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on Tez
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on TezA Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on Tez
A Benchmark Test on Presto, Spark Sql and Hive on Tez
 
Teori gestalt ppt
Teori gestalt pptTeori gestalt ppt
Teori gestalt ppt
 

Similaire à Presentation1

China’s Development Model Consequences for the Environme
China’s Development Model Consequences for the EnvironmeChina’s Development Model Consequences for the Environme
China’s Development Model Consequences for the EnvironmeJinElias52
 
Environmental Issues Of Climate Change
Environmental Issues Of Climate ChangeEnvironmental Issues Of Climate Change
Environmental Issues Of Climate ChangeSusan Cox
 
Environmental Issues Of The Planet
Environmental Issues Of The PlanetEnvironmental Issues Of The Planet
Environmental Issues Of The PlanetJennifer Brown
 
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
Taking A Look At The Aswan Dam
Taking A Look At The Aswan DamTaking A Look At The Aswan Dam
Taking A Look At The Aswan DamMelissa Daehn
 
Rapid Economic Growth In China Essay
Rapid Economic Growth In China EssayRapid Economic Growth In China Essay
Rapid Economic Growth In China EssayRenee Jones
 
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Ecocene
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, EcoceneNaming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Ecocene
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, EcoceneEcoLabs
 
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...Maria Parks
 
China & the environment
China & the environmentChina & the environment
China & the environmentTrent_Ledford
 
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon Society
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon SocietyEco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon Society
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon SocietyMD. SAIDUR RAHMAN
 
Natural Capitalism - Path to Sustainability
Natural Capitalism - Path to SustainabilityNatural Capitalism - Path to Sustainability
Natural Capitalism - Path to SustainabilityZ3P
 

Similaire à Presentation1 (20)

China’s Development Model Consequences for the Environme
China’s Development Model Consequences for the EnvironmeChina’s Development Model Consequences for the Environme
China’s Development Model Consequences for the Environme
 
Environmental Issues Of Climate Change
Environmental Issues Of Climate ChangeEnvironmental Issues Of Climate Change
Environmental Issues Of Climate Change
 
Environmental Issues Of The Planet
Environmental Issues Of The PlanetEnvironmental Issues Of The Planet
Environmental Issues Of The Planet
 
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014
Thinking the Impossible Panel Session, Davos 25th August 2014
 
Ymt china-ppt
Ymt china-pptYmt china-ppt
Ymt china-ppt
 
Taking A Look At The Aswan Dam
Taking A Look At The Aswan DamTaking A Look At The Aswan Dam
Taking A Look At The Aswan Dam
 
Environmental Sociology Essay
Environmental Sociology EssayEnvironmental Sociology Essay
Environmental Sociology Essay
 
Rapid Economic Growth In China Essay
Rapid Economic Growth In China EssayRapid Economic Growth In China Essay
Rapid Economic Growth In China Essay
 
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Ecocene
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, EcoceneNaming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Ecocene
Naming the Epoch: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Ecocene
 
Ad04605205216
Ad04605205216Ad04605205216
Ad04605205216
 
Chertow Lecture #1
Chertow Lecture #1Chertow Lecture #1
Chertow Lecture #1
 
Global Environmental Issues Of The World
Global Environmental Issues Of The WorldGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World
Global Environmental Issues Of The World
 
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
 
Unit 4 d) Environment and Development
Unit 4 d) Environment and DevelopmentUnit 4 d) Environment and Development
Unit 4 d) Environment and Development
 
China & the environment
China & the environmentChina & the environment
China & the environment
 
Environmental Degradation Essay
Environmental Degradation EssayEnvironmental Degradation Essay
Environmental Degradation Essay
 
The National Environmental Policy Act Essay
The National Environmental Policy Act EssayThe National Environmental Policy Act Essay
The National Environmental Policy Act Essay
 
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon Society
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon SocietyEco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon Society
Eco City Development towards Developing Low Carbon Society
 
Natural Capitalism - Path to Sustainability
Natural Capitalism - Path to SustainabilityNatural Capitalism - Path to Sustainability
Natural Capitalism - Path to Sustainability
 
GII presentation
GII presentationGII presentation
GII presentation
 

Dernier

Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Dernier (20)

Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 

Presentation1

  • 1. Environmental Problems in China Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: Chapter 9: The Environment “Can China clean up Fast Enough?” The Economist, Aug, 10, 2013 “Briefing: China and the Environment: the East is Grey” The Silvana Moussa
  • 2. Outline  Political Economy after 1949 The implication of Mao Zedong’s policies on the environment The Reform Era  The availability of natural resources  The debate about the Three Gorges Dam
  • 3. China’s Current Environmental Situation  Given the vastness of China and its population, China faces many environmental concerns, affecting the biosphere and consequently health. Lieberthal makes the statement; How the PRC manages the tensions between maximising growth and protecting the environment will have major consequences both for the citizens of China and the global community.
  • 4. Facts and Figures ‘The figure of $230 billion, or 1.54 trillion Renminbi, is based on costs arising from pollution and damage to the ecosystem, the price that China is paying for its rapid industrialization.‟ -The New York Times March, „The average Chinese person produces the same amount of CO2 as the average European.‟ -The Economist Chinese authorities claim that they are not responsible for the build-up of green house gases.‟ In their opinion The west is. The contention remains that although there are environmental problems – China, as the article „The East is grey‟ suggests is simply following a pattern that was set by Britain, America and Japan ‘Grow first, clean up later.’
  • 5. Environmental Problems Originating before 1978 The PRC currently suffers from major environmental problems along two axes:-  The effects of the political economy created after 1949  The availability and distribution of natural resources
  • 6. Maoism and the Environment  The Maoist system contributed in several dimensions to the damage the Chinese environment suffered.  Under Mao, the traditional Chinese ideal of ‘harmony between heaven and humans’ was abrogated in favor of Mao’s insistence that ‘Man must conquer nature.’  Maoist China placed primary stress on development of heavy industry as a means to achieve great-power status.
  • 7. The Impact of Ideology on the Environment Self Reliance -Each ministry looked out for its own interests and paid little attention to the externalities -each ministry develop an appropriate array of small industries Political Campaigns - Great Leap Forward 1957- 58  Water Conservancy Campaign during the Winter of 1957-58 Mobilised peasants to dig new wells - Cultural Revolution  Produced the conversion of many grasslands to cultivated fields The combination of both of Mao’s prominent ideologies lead to the substantial damage to the environment. - Since the Water Campaign the water table on the north plain of China has been dropping
  • 8. Maoism and the Environment  The Maoist system of administered prices consistently undervalued basic natural-resource inputs such as coal and water.  This encouraged factory managers and consumers to be profligate in their use of natural resources.  Lieberthal’s claim that ‘Few leaders in any country are willing to depress current standards of living to benefit their successors. He continues stating that this is ‘true when popular attitudes do not give highest priority to environmental issues.’ And given that this book was published in 2003 although may retain elements of truth, it can only be used as an indicative reference.
  • 9.  ‘Officials will be held responsible for environmental problems in an area even after they have been promoted out of it. ’The Economist – The East is Grey The Conclusion as Lieberthal puts it; ‘The Maoist system sowed the seeds of tremendous environmental injury through it emphasis on - Heavy industry - Adoption of wasteful technologies for production - Conscious focus on maximizing industrial output without regard for environmental impact
  • 10. Post 1978 Reforms and the environment China’s environmental problems have worsened significantly since the start of reforms. - From 1982 to 1989, the country lost one third of its mature forests. As Deng had said to a Communist Youth League gathering; In the past, we’ve had too many political movements…When it comes to ways of optimizing the relations of production, I think we should take this attitude. Adopt whatever pattern will restore and develop agricultural output in each locality quickly and easily. Orville Schell, Mandate of Heaven: The Legacy of Tiananmen Square and the Next Generation of China’s Leaders (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 351.
  • 11. Impact of Reforms on Environment Reform Era Efforts to limit Environmental Degradation - Exponential economic development Development of property rights Personal desire for growth Increase of incentives at the enterprise level to adopt resourceful technologies Break –up of peoples communes Intercourse in the international arena – increase in accountability Significant increase in Urbanization Increase in infrastructure construction – depleting the pool of arable land
  • 12.  There is not an adjective that soars high enough or detonates with enough force to describe China’s economic explosion or the promise of its future. One fifth of humanity, for decades locked in the dungeon of Mao Zedong’s proletarian revolution, where for decades they were whipped and exhausted by meaningless mass movements, are now fully unleashed in an epic pursuit of material wealth.2 New York Times, January 2, 1994. Cited in Richard Smith, "Creative Destruction: Capitalist Development and China’s Environment," New Left Review, No. 222 (March-April, 1997), p. 5.
  • 13. Natural Resources Natural resources are an important component of natural conditions. They include mainly land, water, and mineral resources. China is usefully divided into three major topographical regions.  The northwest – which is arid and suffers from wind erosion  The south west – which is cold and contains high plateaus and  The east – with extensive rivers. The results of this population pressure are evident in major areas of the country. Where an increase in population is proportional to the acceleration of erosion, deforestation, and pollution.
  • 15. Renewable Energy China’s Renewable Energy Law, established in 2005, significantly improved the policy environment for renewable development, setting the industry on a path of continuous rapid growth. Renewables now provide more than a quarter of China’s electricity generating capacity.
  • 16. Hydro power is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16% of global electricity generation – and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years China’s capacity even exceeds that of Brazil, the USA and Canada combined. China’s love affair with this renewable energy source looks set to continue over the next decade as investment in hydropower becomes one of China’s key areas of focus. Engelsiepen, Jane. "Hydro Power in China." Ecology Global Network. N.p., Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. Hydropower In China
  • 18. Opinions on the Three Gorges Dam "By severing the mighty river and slowing the flow of its water, the dam will cause pollution from industrial and residential sources to concentrate in the river’’ Chinese journalist Jin Hui in "The River Dragon Has Come!" "One of the tragedies of this [project], if just from a regional standpoint, is that the land that is going to be flooded is some of the most fertile in China.’ Dr. John Byrne, director of the University of Delaware's Center for Energy and Environmental Policy. "The project's conception was monumental," says Byrne. "This was seen in the early years [of the project] as a way to show the advanced nature of Chinese society under socialism, to solve a problem that has existed in China for thousands of years... But when you're doing something on this scale, you should really make solving the problems your first priority. Unfortunately, China has decided to launch the project -- then solve the problems along the way."
  • 19. Three Gorges Dam  Hydropower in any case requires dam construction that may severely damage the environment as debates over the huge three gorges dam on the Yangtze. Advantages Disadvantages Cost effectiveness compared with other renewable energy sources The controversial displacement of 1million people Journalist Dai Qing ‘the most environmentally and socially destructive project in the world.’ (jailed for 10 years) Hydropower benefits from flexibility- adjust output quickly Estimate nearly 1300 historical sites disappearing under water Long economic lives for the dam Threatening protected species Operating labor cost is usually low. Systems are mainly automated Ecosystem disruption – fishing, soil siltation Deforestation, Water Pollution, Landslides (91 already reported)
  • 20.