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5.2 - Internal Resistance, Electrical Power,
        Resistors in Series & Parallel




                                          1
Internal Resistance


All cells are made of materials that have
resistance, this is called Internal
Resistance (r)

If the cell is connected to an External
Resistor (R) then some of the energy is
converted from electrical energy to heat
energy inside the cell.

The PD available for the circuit is                  EMF (E)
therefore less than the EMF of the
cell.

This picture shows that some of
the EMF is lost before the charges
even leave the battery.                     PD (V)             2
Internal Resistance (cont)
                                      I
Using Ohms Law:

            E= Ir + IR
                                               I




                             For the main Resistance
                             in the circuit:

                                      V=IR
                             Missing volts:

                                          Ir
                                                       3
More Internal Resistance
If you connected a wire directly from one end of the   I
battery to the other then the Resistance (R) would
be very small.

The Current (I) that flows would be enormous.
                                                           I
This would cause loads of heat to be wasted by the
current as it moves through the Internal Resistance
of the battery.

The battery would get very hot and run out of
energy very fast. This is called a short circuit.

Try it with the PhET Circuit Construction Kit:

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-
construction-kit-dc or click on the picture

OR connect some steel wool across a battery.                   4
Electrical Power (P)

Power means the energy per second (Watts or Js-1)

Remember some definitions:




By substitution:


                                                    5
More Electrical Power Equations (P)
  Using:                    and Ohms
                                 Law:




   We can find the Power DISSIPATED (converted to heat) by
   a resistor.
  By substituting from Ohms Law:   V=RI OR      I=V/R




                                                             6
Combining Resistors
1. Series Circuits




 Putting two resistors together is like putting two separate flights of
 stairs one after the other. The stairs are harder to climb




                                                                     7
Combining Resistors
2. Parallel Circuits




Because there are more ways of getting round the circuit this is like
making the stairs wider. The Resistance is less.



                                                                  8
See how combinations of Resistors work:




  http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/combrlc.htm or click on the picture

 Add Resistors and then highlight areas of the circuit to see the
 total resistance. Impedance is another word that can be used for Resistance
                                                                               9

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Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 

5.2 - Internal Resistance, Power & Combining Resistors

  • 1. 5.2 - Internal Resistance, Electrical Power, Resistors in Series & Parallel 1
  • 2. Internal Resistance All cells are made of materials that have resistance, this is called Internal Resistance (r) If the cell is connected to an External Resistor (R) then some of the energy is converted from electrical energy to heat energy inside the cell. The PD available for the circuit is EMF (E) therefore less than the EMF of the cell. This picture shows that some of the EMF is lost before the charges even leave the battery. PD (V) 2
  • 3. Internal Resistance (cont) I Using Ohms Law: E= Ir + IR I For the main Resistance in the circuit: V=IR Missing volts: Ir 3
  • 4. More Internal Resistance If you connected a wire directly from one end of the I battery to the other then the Resistance (R) would be very small. The Current (I) that flows would be enormous. I This would cause loads of heat to be wasted by the current as it moves through the Internal Resistance of the battery. The battery would get very hot and run out of energy very fast. This is called a short circuit. Try it with the PhET Circuit Construction Kit: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit- construction-kit-dc or click on the picture OR connect some steel wool across a battery. 4
  • 5. Electrical Power (P) Power means the energy per second (Watts or Js-1) Remember some definitions: By substitution: 5
  • 6. More Electrical Power Equations (P) Using: and Ohms Law: We can find the Power DISSIPATED (converted to heat) by a resistor. By substituting from Ohms Law: V=RI OR I=V/R 6
  • 7. Combining Resistors 1. Series Circuits Putting two resistors together is like putting two separate flights of stairs one after the other. The stairs are harder to climb 7
  • 8. Combining Resistors 2. Parallel Circuits Because there are more ways of getting round the circuit this is like making the stairs wider. The Resistance is less. 8
  • 9. See how combinations of Resistors work: http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/combrlc.htm or click on the picture Add Resistors and then highlight areas of the circuit to see the total resistance. Impedance is another word that can be used for Resistance 9