Cross-Cultural Studies on Gender, Emotion and Personality. A Presentation summary based on the book from Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

1. Gender,
Emotion
and
Personality:
Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.
A Culture and Psychology Perspective
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Daisy Zheng, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, February 2011

2. Definition of Sex and Gender
Sex
Biological
and
physiological
differences
between
males
and
females.
Sex Roles
Behaviors
expected
of
males
and
females
in
rela:on
to
their
biological
differences
and
reproduc:on.
Sexual Identity
Degree
of
awareness
and
recogni:on
of
sex
and
sex
roles
an
individual
may
have.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
2

3. Definition of Sex and Gender
Sex
Biological
and
physiological
differences
between
males
and
females.
Sex Roles
CULTURE
Behaviors
expected
of
males
and
females
in
rela:on
to
their
biological
differences
and
reproduc:on.
Sexual Identity
Degree
of
awareness
and
recogni:on
of
sex
and
sex
roles
an
individual
may
have.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
2

4. Definition of Sex and Gender
Sex Gender
Behaviors
or
pa,erns
of
ac0vi0es
that
a
society
or
culture
Biological
and
physiological
deems
appropriate
for
men
and
women.
differences
between
males
and
females. Gender Role
Degree
to
which
a
person
adopts
the
gender-­‐specific
Sex Roles behaviors
ascribed
by
his
or
her
culture.
CULTURE
Behaviors
expected
of
males
Gender Identity Degree
to
which
a
person
has
awareness
or
and
females
in
rela:on
to
recogni0on
that
he
or
she
adopts
a
par0cular
gender
role.
their
biological
differences
and
reproduc:on. Gender Role Ideology
Judgments
about
what
gender
roles
in
a
Sexual Identity par0cular
culture
ought
to
be.
Degree
of
awareness
and
Gender Stereotype
Psychological
or
behavioral
characteris0cs
recogni:on
of
sex
and
sex
typically
associated
with
men
and
women.
roles
an
individual
may
have.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
2

5. Definition of Sex and Gender
Sex Gender
Behaviors
or
pa,erns
of
ac0vi0es
that
a
society
or
culture
Biological
and
physiological
deems
appropriate
for
men
and
women.
differences
between
males
and
females. Gender Role
Degree
to
which
a
person
adopts
the
gender-­‐specific
Sex Roles behaviors
ascribed
by
his
or
her
culture.
CULTURE
Behaviors
expected
of
males
Gender Identity Degree
to
which
a
person
has
awareness
or
and
females
in
rela:on
to
recogni0on
that
he
or
she
adopts
a
par0cular
gender
role.
their
biological
differences
and
reproduc:on. Gender Role Ideology
Judgments
about
what
gender
roles
in
a
Sexual Identity par0cular
culture
ought
to
be.
Degree
of
awareness
and
Gender Stereotype
Psychological
or
behavioral
characteris0cs
recogni:on
of
sex
and
sex
typically
associated
with
men
and
women.
roles
an
individual
may
have.
As
different
socie0es
live
in
different
environments,
survival
requires
that
they
balance
a
number
of
factors.
Thus,
as
different
cultures
must
deal
with
different
external
factors,
it
is
only
natural
that
gender
differences
vary
by
culture.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
2

6. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
3

7. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change
14
years
in
Germany
Professional activities:
• Academic Teaching and Research, as well as Consulting,
Coaching, Training and Assessment in the area of: 7
years
in
China
- Cross-Cultural Awareness and Communication
- Cross-Cultural Issues in HR Management
- Corporate Learning and Development
- Executive Coaching and Assessment
- Global Leadership Development Program
- Facilitation of Strategic Conference Born
and
grew
up
Large Strategic Change Projects in
Indonesia
-
International and National project references:
• BASF, Siemens, Dupont, Commerzbank, Hugo Boss, SAP,
Barco, GTZ, Telkom Indonesia, etc.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
3

8. Culture and Gender Stereotypes
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
4

9. Culture and Gender Stereotypes
Pancultural Universality
in
Psychological
A?ribu:on
to
Gender
(Williams
&
Best,
1982)
Research Method Results

 Adjective Check List (ACL) • Men
are
generally
viewed
as
active, strong, critical, and adultlike,
with
psychological
needs
 ACL
is
a
list
of
300
adjec0ves.
such
as
dominance, autonomy, aggression, exhibition, achievement, and endurance.
While
women
are
generally
viewed
as
passive, weal, nurturing, and adaptive,
with
 Respondents
are
asked
to
decide
whether
each
adjec0ve
is
considered
more
psychological
needs
such
as
abasement, deference, succorance, affiliation, and
descrip0ve
of
a
male
or
of
a
female
in
their
heterosexuality.
culture.
• Men
are
associated
more
with
the
personality
traits
of
conscientiousness, extroversion,
 Whether
the
subjects
agreed
with
the
and openness.
While
women
are
associated
with
higher
scores
on
the
personality
traits
of
assignment
of
an
adjec0ve
to
males
or
agreeableness and neuroticism.
females
is
irrelevant.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
4

10. Culture and Gender Stereotypes
Pancultural Universality
in
Psychological
A?ribu:on
to
Gender
(Williams
&
Best,
1982)
Research Method Results

 Adjective Check List (ACL) • Men
are
generally
viewed
as
active, strong, critical, and adultlike,
with
psychological
needs
 ACL
is
a
list
of
300
adjec0ves.
such
as
dominance, autonomy, aggression, exhibition, achievement, and endurance.
While
women
are
generally
viewed
as
passive, weal, nurturing, and adaptive,
with
 Respondents
are
asked
to
decide
whether
each
adjec0ve
is
considered
more
psychological
needs
such
as
abasement, deference, succorance, affiliation, and
descrip0ve
of
a
male
or
of
a
female
in
their
heterosexuality.
culture.
• Men
are
associated
more
with
the
personality
traits
of
conscientiousness, extroversion,
 Whether
the
subjects
agreed
with
the
and openness.
While
women
are
associated
with
higher
scores
on
the
personality
traits
of
assignment
of
an
adjec0ve
to
males
or
agreeableness and neuroticism.
females
is
irrelevant.
Cross-Cultural Differences
in
Gender
Stereotypes
Research Results
 The
Japanese
have
more
tradi:onal
gender
role
orienta:ons
than
did
the
Germans.
Japanese
mothers
are
seen
as
more
controlling
than
fathers,
but
German
mothers
are
less.
 Perceiving
gender
differences
in
a
stereotype
fashion
is
rather
persistent
because
we
tend
to
be
more
a?uned
to
informa:on
that
reinforce
and
supports
our
gender
stereotypes.
 Gender
role
stereotypes
increase
with
age
(children
are
more
like
to
sex-­‐type
same-­‐sex
figures),
cogni:ve
development
(children’s
understanding
of
gender
and
sex
role
preferences
appear
to
be
related),
and
the
contribu:on
of
socializing
agents,
such
as
media
(the
way
the
media
have
historically
portrayed
women
parallels
the
way
media
have
historically
portrayed
people
of
color).
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
4

11. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

12. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Traditional Egalitarian
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

13. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Traditional Egalitarian
Women Men
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

14. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Traditional Egalitarian
Women Men
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands,
India Germany, Finland
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

15. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Traditional Egalitarian
Women Men
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands,
India Germany, Finland
Tradi:onal
scores
Egalitarian
scores
tend
to
describe
reflect
a
tendency
gender
roles
that
toward
less
were
consistent
with
differen:a:on
the
tradi:onal
or
between
males
and
universal
norms
females
on
the
found
in
the
earlier
various
psychological
research. characteris:cs.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

16. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Hofstede’s Study (1980) about
Traditional Egalitarian Culture and Self-Concept
Women Men “Masculinity”
(MA)
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands,
India Germany, Finland The
degree
to
which
a
culture
will
foster,
Tradi:onal
scores
Egalitarian
scores
encourage,
or
tend
to
describe
reflect
a
tendency
maintain
differences
gender
roles
that
toward
less
were
consistent
with
differen:a:on
between
males
and
the
tradi:onal
or
between
males
and
females.
universal
norms
females
on
the
found
in
the
earlier
various
psychological
research. characteris:cs.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

17. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Hofstede’s Study (1980) about
Traditional Egalitarian Culture and Self-Concept
Women Men “Masculinity” Japan, Austria,
(MA) Venezuela, Italy
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands, Tend
to
endorse
items
and
The
degree
to
which
values
thought
to
be
India Germany, Finland associated
with
masculinity
a
culture
will
foster,
and
male
gender
roles
in
Tradi:onal
scores
Egalitarian
scores
encourage,
or
the
workplace.
tend
to
describe
reflect
a
tendency
maintain
differences
gender
roles
that
toward
less
were
consistent
with
differen:a:on
between
males
and
the
tradi:onal
or
between
males
and
females.
universal
norms
females
on
the
Denmark, Norway,
found
in
the
earlier
various
psychological
Netherland, Sweden
research. characteris:cs. Minimize
differences
between
sexes
and
genders.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

18. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Hofstede’s Study (1980) about
Traditional Egalitarian Culture and Self-Concept
Women Men “Masculinity” Japan, Austria,
(MA) Venezuela, Italy
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands, Tend
to
endorse
items
and
The
degree
to
which
values
thought
to
be
India Germany, Finland associated
with
masculinity
a
culture
will
foster,
and
male
gender
roles
in
Tradi:onal
scores
Egalitarian
scores
encourage,
or
the
workplace.
tend
to
describe
reflect
a
tendency
maintain
differences
gender
roles
that
toward
less
were
consistent
with
differen:a:on
between
males
and
the
tradi:onal
or
between
males
and
females.
universal
norms
females
on
the
Denmark, Norway,
found
in
the
earlier
various
psychological
Netherland, Sweden
research. characteris:cs. Minimize
differences
between
sexes
and
genders.
Society Changes
Genera:on
diversity
Globaliza:on
Exposure
to
western
culture
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

19. Culture, Gender Role Ideology and Self-Concept
Result of Gender Role Ideologies
Research from Williams & Best (1990)
Hofstede’s Study (1980) about
Traditional Egalitarian Culture and Self-Concept
Women Men “Masculinity” Japan, Austria,
(MA) Venezuela, Italy
Nigeria, Pakistan, Netherlands, Tend
to
endorse
items
and
The
degree
to
which
values
thought
to
be
India Germany, Finland associated
with
masculinity
a
culture
will
foster,
and
male
gender
roles
in
Tradi:onal
scores
Egalitarian
scores
encourage,
or
the
workplace.
tend
to
describe
reflect
a
tendency
maintain
differences
gender
roles
that
toward
less
were
consistent
with
differen:a:on
between
males
and
the
tradi:onal
or
between
males
and
females.
universal
norms
females
on
the
Denmark, Norway,
found
in
the
earlier
various
psychological
Netherland, Sweden
research. characteris:cs. Minimize
differences
between
sexes
and
genders.
Society Changes
Genera:on
diversity
Globaliza:on
Exposure
to
western
culture
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
5

20. Psychological Gender Differences across Cultures
Perceptual/Spatial/Cognitive Differences
Males
are
be,er
at
mathema0cal
and
spa0al
reasoning
tasks,
whereas
females
are
be,er
at
verbal
comprehension
tasks.
What
factor
influence
which
type
of
differences,
and
why.
Conformity and Obedience
Females
are
more
conforming
and
obedient
than
males.
Links
between
cultural
variables
such
as
0ghtness
and
psychological
constructs
such
as
conformity,
and
the
degree
to
which
gender
differences
on
such
constructs
are
fostered.
Aggressiveness
Males
are
more
aggressive
than
females.
Exact
mechanisms
accoun0ng
for
these
differences,
taking
into
account
the
complex
interplay
among
biology,
culture,
and
psychology.
Other differences
Career
plans,
self-­‐presenta0ons,
dress,
suicidal
behavior,
dream
content,
personal
rela0onships,
self-­‐
esteem,
conflict
resolu0on,
response
styles,
nonverbal
behaviors,
aRtudes
toward
marriage
and
sexual
behaviors,
religious
involvement,
personal
en0tlements,
etc.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
6

21. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

22. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

23. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

24. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

25. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

26. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Disgust
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

27. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Disgust Happiness
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

28. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Disgust Happiness Surprise
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

29. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Disgust Happiness Surprise
Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

30. Can You Tell Their Feeling from Facial Expression?
Anger Fear Sadness Contempt
Disgust Happiness Surprise
Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion
BUT
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
7

31. Cross-Cultural Differences in Display Rules
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
8

32. Cross-Cultural Differences in Display Rules
e.g.
Expression
of
Personal
Emo0ons
in
Self-­‐Ingroup
and
Self-­‐
Outgroup
Rela0onships
in
Individualis0c
and
Collec0vis0c
Cultures
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
8

33. Cross-Cultural Differences in Display Rules
e.g.
Expression
of
Personal
Emo0ons
in
Self-­‐Ingroup
and
Self-­‐
Outgroup
Rela0onships
in
Individualis0c
and
Collec0vis0c
Cultures
Seven response alternatives:
•Express the feeling with no modification
•Deamplify or reduce the expression
•Amplify or exaggerate the expression
•Mask or control your feelings bu showing something else
•Qualify your expression with a smile
•Neutralize your expression
•Something else
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
8

34. Universal, Pancultural and Culturally Specific Aspects of
Perception of Emotion
Cross-­‐Cultural
Similari.es
• Facial
expressions
recogni:on
• Rela:ve
intensity
ra:ngs Cross-­‐Cultural
Differences
• Associa:on
between
perceived
• Emo:on
recogni:on
rates
expression
intensity
and
influences
• Sociocultural
dimensions
account
for
about
subjec:ve
experience
differences
in
the
percep:on
of
• Second
mode
of
response
in
emo:on
emo:on
recogni:on
• A?ribu:ons
of
expression
intensity
• Influences
about
emo:onal
experiences
underlying
facial
experiences
of
emo:on
• A?ribu:ons
of
personality
based
on
smiles
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
9

35. Cultural Similarities and Differences in Emotion
Experiences, Appraisal and Concept
Emotion Experiences Emotion Appraisal Emotion Concept
People
share
the
same

Happiness Most
cultures
have
a
basic
emo0on
experiences. concept
for
emo0on.
 Fear
Cultural
influence
is
not
as
All
cultures
categorize
their
Similarity
Anger world
of
emo0on.
large
as
the
seemingly
innate
differences
among
Sadness Every
culture
has
the
the
emo0ons
themselves. loca0on
of
emo0on.
Disgust
Emo0on
has
a
role
or
 Shame and guilt meaning
in
people’s
life.
“Culture
Construc0on
of
Culture
differ
in
appraisal
Different
defini0on.
Emo0on”
Model:
Different
dimensions
that
require
reali:es
and
ideals
of
different

Different
categoriza0on
or
judgments
rela0ve
to
Difference
cultures
produce
different
labeling.
cultural
of
social
norms
psychological
needs
and
goals,
such
as
fairness,
morality
Different
loca0ons.
which
produce
differences
in
habitual
emo:onal
and
other
more
“complex”
Different
meaning
of
tendencies. appraisal
dimensions.
emo0ons
to
people
and
to
behavior.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
10

36. An Example of Culture Influences on Self-Perception
Independent construal of self Interdependent construal of self
Individuals
focus
on
personal, Individuals focus
on
their
Achievement
Mo:va:on interdependent status with
internal attributes
–
individual
Self-­‐Enhancement other people
and
strive
to
meet
or
ability,
intelligence,
personality
traits,
goals,
or
preferences
–
Social
Explana:on
even
create
du0es,
obliga0ons,
and
expressing
them
in
public
and
social
responsibili0es.
The
most
Happiness salient
aspect
of
conscious
verifying
and
confirming
them
in
private
social
comparison. Indigenous
Emo:on experience
is intersubjective,
Social
Connota:on
of
rooted
in
finely
tuned
Emo:on interpersonal relationships.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
11

37. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

38. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Psychological Anthropology Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Dominated
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century. • Dominated
in
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century.
• Interested
in
human
psychology
within
the
anthropological
• Two
or
more
cultures
are
treated
as
independent
variables,
discipline. and
are
compared
on
some
personality
traits
or
dimensions.
• Most
important
contribu:on:
View
of
personality
as
• Most
important
contribu:on:
See
culture
and
personality
as
a
mutually
cons:tuted
system
in
which
each
creates
and
culturally
specific,
formed
by
the
unique
forces
each
culture
maintains
the
other.
deals
with
in
its
milieu.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

39. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Psychological Anthropology Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Dominated
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century. • Dominated
in
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century.
• Interested
in
human
psychology
within
the
anthropological
• Two
or
more
cultures
are
treated
as
independent
variables,
discipline. and
are
compared
on
some
personality
traits
or
dimensions.
• Most
important
contribu:on:
View
of
personality
as
• Most
important
contribu:on:
See
culture
and
personality
as
a
mutually
cons:tuted
system
in
which
each
creates
and
culturally
specific,
formed
by
the
unique
forces
each
culture
maintains
the
other.
deals
with
in
its
milieu.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

40. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Psychological Anthropology Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Dominated
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century. • Dominated
in
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century.
• Interested
in
human
psychology
within
the
anthropological
• Two
or
more
cultures
are
treated
as
independent
variables,
discipline. and
are
compared
on
some
personality
traits
or
dimensions.
• Most
important
contribu:on:
View
of
personality
as
• Most
important
contribu:on:
See
culture
and
personality
as
a
mutually
cons:tuted
system
in
which
each
creates
and
culturally
specific,
formed
by
the
unique
forces
each
culture
maintains
the
other.
deals
with
in
its
milieu.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

41. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Psychological Anthropology Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Dominated
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century. • Dominated
in
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century.
• Interested
in
human
psychology
within
the
anthropological
• Two
or
more
cultures
are
treated
as
independent
variables,
discipline. and
are
compared
on
some
personality
traits
or
dimensions.
• Most
important
contribu:on:
View
of
personality
as
• Most
important
contribu:on:
See
culture
and
personality
as
a
mutually
cons:tuted
system
in
which
each
creates
and
culturally
specific,
formed
by
the
unique
forces
each
culture
maintains
the
other.
deals
with
in
its
milieu.
Locus of Control
How
much
control
people
believe
they
have
over
their
behavior
and
their
rela:onship
with
their
environment
and
with
others.
Americans Non-Americans
Higher
Internal
Locus
of
Control Higher
External
Locus
of
Control
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

42. Cross-Cultural Approaches and Results of Study of
Personality
Psychological Anthropology Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Dominated
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century. • Dominated
in
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century.
• Interested
in
human
psychology
within
the
anthropological
• Two
or
more
cultures
are
treated
as
independent
variables,
discipline. and
are
compared
on
some
personality
traits
or
dimensions.
• Most
important
contribu:on:
View
of
personality
as
• Most
important
contribu:on:
See
culture
and
personality
as
a
mutually
cons:tuted
system
in
which
each
creates
and
culturally
specific,
formed
by
the
unique
forces
each
culture
maintains
the
other.
deals
with
in
its
milieu.
Locus of Control
How
much
control
people
believe
they
have
over
their
behavior
and
their
rela:onship
with
their
environment
and
with
others.
Americans Non-Americans
Higher
Internal
Locus
of
Control Higher
External
Locus
of
Control
European Americans Asians (Chinese & particularly Japanese)
Higher
Self-­‐Enhancing
Level Lower
Self-­‐Enhancing
Level
Self-Esteem
Construct
of
self-­‐esteem
and
the
related
construct
of
self-­‐worth.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
12

43. Culture and Five Factor Model of Personality
✦ Cultures
may
differ
in
mean
levels
of
personality,
however,
more
recent
research
suggest
that
the
Five
Factor
Model
–
a
constella:on
of
personality
traits
comprising
Neuro:cism,
Extroversion,
Openness,
Conscien:ousness,
and
Agreeableness
-­‐-­‐
may
be
universal
to
all
humans.
✦ Research
on
indigenous
approaches
to
personality,
however,
have
demonstrated
culturally
specific
aspects
of
personality
that
cannot
be
accounted
for
by
the
FFM.
We
have
suggested
that
these
two
seemingly
opposing
viewpoints
need
not
be
seen
as
mutually
exclusive;
rather,
it
may
be
more
beneficial
to
view
them
as
different, coexisting aspects of personality.
The
challenge
for
future research
is
to
capture
this
coexistence,
examining
the
rela:ve
degree
of
contribu:on
of
biological
and
cultural
factors
in
the
development
and
organiza:on
of
personality.
Gender,
Emo+on
and
Personality
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec+ve
13

44. Thank
You
Contact us via …
Mail: hora_t@mac.com
Follow: twitter@htjitra
Website: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)