The next social challenge to public health: the information environment.pptx
Osha 2254 training_requirements
1. Training Requirements
in OSHA Standards
and Training Guidelines
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 2254
1998 (Revised)
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
2. This informational booklet is intended to
provide a generic, non-exhaustive overview of
a particular standards-related topic. This
publication does not itself alter or determine
compliance responsibilities, which are set forth
in OSHA standards themselves, and the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
Moreover, because interpretations and
enforcement policy may change over time, for
additional guidance on OSHA compliance
requirements, the reader should consult
current administrative interpretations and
decisions by the Occupational Safety and
Health Review Commission and the courts.
Material contained in this publication is in the
public domain and may be reproduced, fully or
partially, without the permission of the Federal
Government. Source credit is requested but
not required.
This information will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 219-8615;
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf
(TDD) message referral phone:
(800) 326-2577.
3. Training Requirements
in OSHA Standards
and Training Guidelines
U.S. Department of Labor
Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Charles N. Jeffress, Assistant Secretary
OSHA 2254
1998 (Revised)
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
4. i Contents
Page
Introduction ............................................................................................ iii
Voluntary Training Guidelines ................................................................ 1
Index of Training Requirements ............................................................. 9
General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910 ................ 9
Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 .... 12
Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926 ..................... 15
Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928 ...................... 18
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements, 29 CFR
Part 1960 .............................................................................................. 19
General Industry Training Requirements ............................................. 20
Maritime Training Requirements ......................................................... 55
Shipyard Employment ...................................................................... 55
Marine Terminals .............................................................................. 65
Longshoring ...................................................................................... 68
Construction Training Requirements.................................................... 69
Agricultural Training Requirements ..................................................... 86
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements .......................... 88
Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training
and Other Resources ............................................................................ 91
States with Approved Plans .................................................................. 92
OSHA Consultation Project Directory ................................................... 94
OSHA Area Offices ................................................................................ 95
OSHA Regional Offices ......................................................................... 96
Contents
5. iii Introduction
Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Admin-
istration (OSHA) explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety
and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer’s
responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are “certified,”
“competent,” or “qualified”—meaning that they have had special previous
training, in or out of the workplace. The term “designated” personnel means
selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as being
qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHA’s belief
that training is an essential part of every employer’s safety and health program
for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude
that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries
than more experienced workers.
If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly
to blame for this higher injury rate, then training will help to provide
a solution.
As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements,
the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard (Title
29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training require-
ments. This standard was promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard requires
the employer to evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training given
to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and
objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an
evaluation would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the
subjects presented or acquired the desired skills or knowledge. If the established
goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected, the
employer than would revise the training program to make it more effective, or
conduct more frequent refresher training or some combination of these. The
requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts
embodied in the OSHA training guidelines contained in this booklet.
The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find
all the references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health profession-
als, training directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA’s training-related
requirements have been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements
for posting information, warning signs, labels, and the like are excluded, as are
most references to the qualifications of people assigned to test workplace condi-
tions or equipment.
It is usually a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety
and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer’s good faith
and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an
answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask:
“Was the injured employee trained to do the job?”
Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent, and
the employer might regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An
effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer
injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance premiums, among other
benefits.
Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should
contact their OSHA Regional or Area office listed at the end of this publication.
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines Introduction
6. v Voluntary Training Guidelines
I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
A. Training Model ..................................................................................................................................... 1
B. Review Commission Implications ....................................................................................................... 1
II. Training Guidelines.................................................................................................................................... 2
A. Determining If Training is Needed....................................................................................................... 2
B. Identifying Training Needs .................................................................................................................. 3
C. Identifying Goals and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3
D. Developing Learning Activities ........................................................................................................... 4
E. Conducting the Training ....................................................................................................................... 5
F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness ....................................................................................................... 5
G. Improving the Program ........................................................................................................................ 6
III. Matching Training to Employees .............................................................................................................. 6
A. Identifying Employees at Risk ............................................................................................................. 6
B. Training Employees at Risk ................................................................................................................. 7
IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Voluntary Training Guidelines
7. 1 Voluntary Training Guidelines
I. Introduction The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
does not address specifically the responsibility of
employers to provide health and safety information
and instruction to employees, although Section 5(a)(2) does require that each
employer “. . . shall comply with occupational safety and health standards pro-
mulgated under this Act.” However, more than 100 of the Act’s current standards
do contain training requirements.
Therefore, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed
voluntary training guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and
health information and instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal
risk to themselves, to fellow employees, and to the public.
The guidelines are designed to help employers to: (1) determine whether a
worksite problem can be solved by training; (2) determine what training, if any, is
needed; (3) identify goals and objectives for the training; (4) design learning
activities; (5) conduct training; (6) determine the effectiveness of the training; and
(7) revise the training program based on feedback from employees, supervisors,
and others.
The development of the guidelines is part of an agency-wide objective to
encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the
business community, and workers. These voluntary programs include training and
education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance.
A. Training Model The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting,
evaluating, and revising training programs. The training model can be used to
develop training programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards
identified at the workplace. Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to
meet the training requirements in current or future occupational safety and health
standards.
A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to
supplement and enhance the employer’s other education and training activities.
The guidelines afford employers significant flexibility in the selection of content
and training and program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to
the informational and instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby
enabling employers to provide the training that is most needed and applicable to
local working conditions.
Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training
is available through such organizations as OSHA full-service Area Offices, State
agencies which have their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health
programs, OSHA-funded State onsite consultation programs for employers, local
safety councils, the OSHA Office of Training and Education, and OSHA-funded
New Directions grantees.
B. Review Comission OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not
Implications be used by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education
matters which can result in enforcement proceedings before the Occupational
Safety and Health Review Commission. However, employee training programs
are always an issue in Review Commission cases which involve alleged viola-
tions of training requirements contained in OSHA standards.
Voluntary Training Guidelines
8. 2
The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested
cases where the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is
raised. Under case law well-established in the Commission and the courts, an
employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid citation by demon-
strating that all feasible steps were taken to avoid the occurrence of the hazard,
and that actions of the employee involved in the violation were a departure from
a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the employee had either
actual or constructive knowledge.
In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in
connection with a specific hazard is a factual matter which can be decided only
by considering all the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation.
The general guidelines in this publication are not intended, and cannot be used,
as evidence of the appropriate level of training in litigation involving either the
training requirements of OSHA standards or affirmative defenses based upon
employer training programs.
II. Training Guidelines OSHA’s training guidelines follow a model that consists of:
A. Determining if Training is Needed
B. Identifying Training Needs
C. Identifying Goals and Objectives
D. Developing Learning Activities
E. Conducting the Training
F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness
G. Improving the Program
The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very
few employees can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase
expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can
develop and administer safety and health training programs that address prob-
lems specific to their own business, fulfill the learning needs of their own em-
ployees, and strengthen the overall safety and health program of the workplace.
A. Determining if The first step in the training process is a basic one: to determine whether a
Training is Needed problem can be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing
their jobs properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to stan-
dard. However, it is possible that other actions (such as hazard abatement or the
implementation of engineering controls) would enable employees to perform
their jobs properly.
Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or
accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules
and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near miss incident
occurred.
Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise
from lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment, or
incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective (but still can be used) for
problems arising from an employee’s lack of motivation or lack of attention to
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
9. 3
the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in
relation to the goals of the employer’s total safety and health program.
B. Identifying Training If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training then
Needs the next step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to
identify what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the
employee’s performance is deficient. This information can be obtained by
conducting a job analysis which pinpoints what an employee needs to know in
order to perform a job.
When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an em-
ployee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by
examining engineering data on new equipment or the safety data sheets on
unfamiliar substances. The content of the specific Federal or State OSHA stan-
dards applicable to a business can also provide direction in developing training
content. Another option is to conduct a Job Hazard Analysis (see OSHA 3071,
same title, 1981). This is a procedure for studying and recording each step of a
job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to
perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information obtained
from a Job Hazard Analysis can be used as the content for the training activity.
If an employer’s learning needs can be met by revising an existing training
program rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some
knowledge of the process or system to be used, appropriate training content can
be developed through such means as:
1. Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur
and what can be done to prevent them from recurring.
2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, de-
scriptions of their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools,
materials and equipment used.
3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about
the work, and recording their answers.
4. Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the
same industry, or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National
Safety Council (which can provide information on Job Hazard Analysis), the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, OSHA approved State programs, OSHA full service
Area Offices, OSHA-funded State consultation programs, or the OSHA Office of
Training and Education.
The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training
they need. Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees’
responses to such questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them,
if they have had any near-miss incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if
they believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or substances.
C. Identifying Goals and Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally
Objectives important to determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should
be made aware of all the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training
should focus on those steps on which improved performance is needed. This
avoids unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the needs of the
employees.
Voluntary Training Guidelines
10. 4
Once the employees’ training needs have been identified, employers can then
prepare objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will
tell employers what they want their employees to do, to do better, or to stop
doing.
Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the
training to be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should
be thought out before the training begins. For an objective to be effective it
should identify as precisely as possible what the individuals will do to
demonstrate that they have learned, or that the objective has been reached. They
should also describe the important conditions under which the individual will
demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable performance.
Using specific, action-oriented language, the instructional objectives should
describe the preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example,
rather than using the statement: “The employee will understand how to use a
respirator” as an instructional objective, it would be better to say: “The em-
ployee will be able to describe how a respirator works and when it should be
used.” Objectives are most effective when worded in sufficient detail that other
qualified persons can recognize when the desired behavior is exhibited.
D. Developing Learning Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training
Activities program are, then learning activities can be identified and described. Learning
activities enable employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired
skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge
from the learning activity to the job, the learning situation should simulate the
actual job as closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the
objectives and activities in a sequence which corresponds to the order in which
the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specific process is to be learned. For
instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes of using a machine,
the sequence might be: (1) to check that the power source is connected; (2) to
ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; (3) to know when
and how to throw the switch; and so on.
A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incor-
porated into the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the
employer. Can a group training program that uses an outside trainer and film be
organized, or should the employer personally train the employees on a one-to-
one basis? Another factor is the kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the
learning oriented toward physical skills (such as the use of special tools) or
toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors will influence the type of
learning activity designed by employers. The training activity can be group-
oriented, with lectures, role play, and demonstrations; or designed for the
individual as with self-paced instruction.
The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as
varied as the employer’s imagination and available resources will allow. The
employer may want to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs
(overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and
chalk, or any combination of these and other instructional aids. Whatever the
method of instruction, the learning activities should be developed in such a way
that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have acquired the desired
skills or knowledge.
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
11. 5
E. Conducting the With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to
Training begin conducting the training. To the extent possible, the training should be
presented so that its organization and meaning are clear to the employees. To do
so, employers or supervisors should: (1) provide overviews of the material to be
learned; (2) relate, wherever possible, the new information or skills to the
employee’s goals, interests, or experience; and (3) reinforce what the employees
learned by summarizing the program’s objectives and the key points of informa-
tion covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the training in a
clear, unambiguous manner.
In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the struc-
ture and format of the training. The content developed for the program, the
nature of the workplace or other training site, and the resources available for
training will help employers determine for themselves the frequency of training
activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional techniques, and the
individual(s) best qualified to present the information.
In order to be motivated to pay attention and learn the material that the em-
ployer or supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the impor-
tance and relevance of the material. Among the ways of developing motivation
are: (1) explaining the goals and objectives of instruction; (2) relating the train-
ing to the interests, skills, and experiences of the employees; (3) outlining the
main points to be presented during the training session(s); and (4) pointing out
the benefits of training (e.g., the employee will be better informed, more skilled,
and thus more valuable both on the job and on the labor market; or the employee
will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at
reduced risk).
An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training
process and to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that
they are learning the required knowledge or skills and permit correction if
necessary. Employees can become involved in the training process by participat-
ing in discussions, asking questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise,
learning through hands-on experiences, and through role-playing exercises.
F. Evaluating Program To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evalua-
Effectiveness tion of the training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical
components, a method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for
evaluating the training session(s), either written or thought-out by the employer,
should be developed when the course objectives and content are developed. It
should not be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation will help
employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning achieved and
whether an employee’s performance has improved on the job. Among the
methods of evaluating training are: (1) Student opinion. Questionnaires or
informal discussions with employees can help employers determine the rel-
evance and appropriateness of the training program; (2) Supervisors’ observa-
tions. Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee’s performance
both before and after the training and note improvements or changes; and (3)
Workplace improvements. The ultimate success of a training program may be
changes throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates.
Voluntary Training Guidelines
12. 6
However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the
information necessary to decide whether or not the employees achieved the
desired results, and whether the training session should be offered again at some
future date.
G. Improving the If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the
Program level of knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to
revise the training program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking
questions of employees and of those who conducted the training may be of some
help. Among the questions that could be asked are: (1) Were parts of the content
already known and, therefore, unnecessary? (2) What material was confusing or
distracting? (3) Was anything missing from the program? (4) What did the
employees learn, and what did they fail to learn?
It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to
the first steps and retrace one’s way through the training process. As the program
is evaluated, the employer should ask: (1) If a job analysis was conducted, was it
accurate? (2) Was any critical feature of the job overlooked? (3) Were the impor-
tant gaps in knowledge and skill included? (4) Was material already known by
the employees intentionally omitted? (5) Were the instructional objectives
presented clearly and concretely? (6) Did the objectives state the level of accept-
able performance that was expected of employees? (7) Did the learning activity
simulate the actual job? (8) Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of
knowledge and skills required on the job? (9) When the training was presented,
was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? (10) Were the
employees motivated to learn? (11) Were the employees allowed to participate
actively in the training process? (12) Was the employer’s evaluation of the
program thorough?
A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers
determine where course revision is necessary.
III. Matching Training to While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety
Employees and health hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to
provide all relevant information and instruction to all employees, the resources
for such an effort frequently are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus,
employers are often faced with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest
need of information and instruction.
One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for
training and those who do not is to identify employee populations which are at
higher levels of risk. The nature of the work will provide an indication that such
groups should receive priority for information on occupational safety and health
risks.
A. Identifying One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupa-
Employees at Risk tional risk (and thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint
hazardous occupations. Even within industries which are hazardous in general,
there are some employees who operate at greater risk than others. In other cases
the hazardousness of an occupation is influenced by the conditions under which
it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health hazards in the
surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be trained not only on
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
13. 7
how to perform their job safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous
environment.
A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to
examine the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within
the industry. If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher
accident and injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce
that rate. In addition, thorough accident investigation can identify not only specific
employees who could benefit from training but also identify company-wide training
needs.
Research has identified the following variables as being related to a disproportion-
ate share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees:
1. The age of the employee (younger employees have higher incidence rates).
2. The length of time on the job (new employees have higher incidence rates).
3. The size of the firm (in general terms, medium-size firms have higher incidence
rates than smaller or larger firms).
4. The type of work performed (incidence and severity rates vary significantly by
SIC Code).
5. The use of hazardous substances (by SIC Code).
These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for
training in occupational safety and health.
In summary, information is readily available to help employers identify which
employees should receive safety and health information, education and training, and
who should receive it before others. Employers can request assistance in obtaining
information by contacting such organizations as OSHA Area Offices, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, OSHA approved State programs, State onsite consultation
programs, the OSHA Office of Training and Education, or local safety councils.
B. Training Employees Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of
at Risk risk is similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis
is placed on the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool
for determining training content from job requirements is the Job Hazard Analysis
described earlier. This procedure examines each step of a job, identifies existing or
potential hazards, and determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce
or eliminate the hazards. Its key elements are: (1) job description; (2) job location;
(3) key steps (preferably in the order in which they are performed); (4) tools, ma-
chines and materials used; (5) actual and potential safety and health hazards associ-
ated with these key job steps; and (6) safe and healthful practices, apparel, and
equipment required for each job step.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) can also provide information for training
employees in the safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical
manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction
materials and describe the ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment
to be used, safe handling procedures, and emergency first-aid responses. The infor-
mation contained in these sheets can help employers identify employees in need of
training (i.e., workers handling substances described in the sheets) and train employ-
ees in safe use of the substances. Material Safety Data Sheets are generally available
from suppliers, manufacturers of the substance, large employers who use the sub-
stance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by employers or trade
Voluntary Training Guidelines
14. 8
associations. MSDS are particularly useful for those employers who are developing
training on chemical use as required by OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard.
IV. Conclusion In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety
training activities, OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form
of a model. This model is designed to help employers develop instructional
programs as part of their total education and training effort. The model addresses
the questions of who should be trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It
also helps employers determine how effective the program has been and enables
them to identify employees who are in greatest need of education and training.
The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupational safety and
health training, and allows employers to determine for themselves the content
and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many
ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training
and enhance the safety and health of their employees.
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
15. 9 Index of Training Requirements
General Industry Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1910
Page
Subpart E Means of Egress .............................................................................................. 20
Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans ................................... 20
Subpart F Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms ...... 20
Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance—Operations-Training ............. 20
Care and use Appendix C, Section 1 ................................................................ 21
Subpart G Occupational Health and Environmental Control ...................................... 21
DipTanks—Personal Protection ....................................................................... 21
Inspection, Maintenance, and Installation ........................................................ 21
Hearing Protection ............................................................................................ 21
Training Program .............................................................................................. 21
Subpart H Hazardous Materials ...................................................................................... 22
Flammable and Combustible Liquids ............................................................... 22
Explosives and Blasting Agents ....................................................................... 22
Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles ................................................................. 22
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 22
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals ........................ 22
Contract Employer Responsibilities ................................................................. 23
Mechanical Integrity ......................................................................................... 23
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response .................................. 23
Hazardous Waste Cleanup Workers .................................................................. 25
New Technology Programs............................................................................... 26
Hazardous Waste—Emergency Responders ..................................................... 26
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment ..................................................................... 30
Personal Protective Equipment ......................................................................... 30
Respiratory Protection ...................................................................................... 30
Respiratory Protection for M Tuberculosis ...................................................... 31
Subpart J General Environmental Controls .................................................................. 32
Temporary Labor Camps .................................................................................. 32
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags ................................... 32
Permit Required Confined Spaces .................................................................... 32
The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) ....................................... 33
Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed .............................................................. 34
Outside Personnel ............................................................................................. 34
Subpart K Medical Services and First Aid ..................................................................... 34
Medical Services and First Aid ........................................................................ 34
Index of Training Requirements
16. 10
Page
Subpart L Fire Protection ............................................................................................... 34
Fire Protection ................................................................................................. 34
Fire Brigades.................................................................................................... 34
Training and Education.................................................................................... 35
Portable Fire Extinguishers ............................................................................. 35
Fixed Extinguishing Systems .......................................................................... 35
Fire Detection Systems .................................................................................... 36
Employee Alarm Systems ................................................................................ 36
Subpart N Materials Handling and Storage .................................................................. 36
Servicing of Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels ................................. 36
Powered Industrial Trucks ............................................................................... 38
Moving the Load ............................................................................................. 38
Crawler Locomotives and Truck Cranes ......................................................... 38
Subpart O Machinery and Machine Guarding ............................................................. 38
Mechanical Power Presses............................................................................... 38
Mechanical Power Presses—Instructions to Operators ................................... 38
Training of Maintenance Personnel ................................................................. 38
Operator Training ............................................................................................ 39
Forging Machines ............................................................................................ 39
Subpart Q Welding, Cutting, and Brazing ..................................................................... 39
General Requirements ..................................................................................... 39
Oxygen—Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting ........................................................ 39
Arc Welding and Cutting ................................................................................. 39
Resistance Welding .......................................................................................... 39
Subpart R Special Industries ........................................................................................... 39
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills .................................................................. 39
Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules ....................................................... 40
Sawmills .......................................................................................................... 40
Logging ............................................................................................................ 40
Telecommunications ........................................................................................ 41
Derrick Trucks ................................................................................................. 41
Cable Fault Locating ....................................................................................... 41
Guarding Manholes ......................................................................................... 41
Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes .............................................. 42
Tree Trimming—Electrical Hazards................................................................ 42
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution ........................... 42
Grain Handling Facilities................................................................................. 43
Entry Into Bins, Silos, and Tanks .................................................................... 43
Contractors ...................................................................................................... 43
Subpart S Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices ................................................... 44
Content of Training .......................................................................................... 44
Subpart T Commercial Diving Operations .................................................................... 44
Qualifications of Dive Team ............................................................................ 44
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
18. 12 Maritime Training Requirements
Page
Part 1915 Shipyard
Employment 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918
Subpart A General Provisions ......................................................................................... 55
Commercial Diving Operations ....................................................................... 55
Competent Person ............................................................................................ 55
Subpart B Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres ............................................ 56
Confined and Enclosed Spaces ........................................................................ 56
Precautions Before Entering ............................................................................ 57
Cleaning and Other Cold Work ....................................................................... 58
Certification Before Hot Work Is Begun ......................................................... 58
Maintaining Gas Free Conditions, Ship Repairing .......................................... 58
Subpart C Surface Preparation and Preservation ........................................................ 58
Painting ............................................................................................................ 58
Flammable Liquids .......................................................................................... 59
Subpart D Welding, Cutting, and Heating ..................................................................... 59
Fire Prevention ................................................................................................ 59
Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings .................... 59
Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers
and Structures Not Covered by 1915.12 .......................................................... 60
Gas Welding and Cutting ................................................................................. 60
Arc Welding and Cutting ................................................................................. 60
Uses of Fissionable Material ........................................................................... 61
Subpart E Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces ....................................... 61
Scaffolds or Staging ......................................................................................... 61
Subpart F General Working Conditions ........................................................................ 61
Work On Or In The Vicinity of Radar and Radio ............................................ 61
First-Aid .......................................................................................................... 61
Subpart G Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling ....................... 61
Ropes, Chains, and Slings ............................................................................... 61
Use of Gear ...................................................................................................... 61
Qualifications of Operators ............................................................................. 61
Subpart H Tools and Related Equipment....................................................................... 61
Powder Actuated Fastening Tools ................................................................... 61
Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ships’ Equipment......................... 62
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................... 62
General Requirements ..................................................................................... 62
Respiratory Protection ..................................................................................... 63
Personal Fall Arrest Systems ........................................................................... 63
Positioning Device Systems ............................................................................ 63
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
19. 13
Page
Subpart K Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers,
Other than Ships’ Equipment ....................................................................... 63
Portable Air Receivers and Other Unfired Pressure Vessels ........................... 63
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances ................................................................. 63
Asbestos ........................................................................................................... 63
13 Carcinogens ................................................................................................ 64
Vinyl Chloride ................................................................................................ 64
Inorganic Arsenic ............................................................................................. 64
Lead ................................................................................................................. 64
Cadmium ......................................................................................................... 64
Benzene ........................................................................................................... 64
Bloodborne Pathogens ..................................................................................... 64
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane ........................................................................ 65
Acrylonitrile..................................................................................................... 65
Ethylene Oxide ................................................................................................ 65
Formaldehyde .................................................................................................. 65
Methylenedianiline .......................................................................................... 65
Ionizing Radiation ........................................................................................... 65
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 65
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories .................. 65
Part 1917 Marine
Terminals
Subpart A Scope and Definitions .................................................................................... 65
Commercial Diving Operations ....................................................................... 65
Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices ........................................................ 65
Grain Handling Facilities................................................................................. 65
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 65
Ionizing Radiation ........................................................................................... 65
Hearing Protection ........................................................................................... 65
Respiratory Protection ..................................................................................... 65
Servicing Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels ..................................... 65
Toxic and Hazardous Substances .................................................................... 66
Subpart B Marine Terminal Operations ........................................................................ 66
Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances ......................................................... 66
Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives ................. 66
Personnel ......................................................................................................... 66
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 66
Emergency Action Plans .................................................................................. 67
Subpart C Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment ........................................................ 67
General Rules Applicable to Vehicles ............................................................. 67
Subpart D Specialized Terminals .................................................................................... 67
Terminal facilities—Handling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish .......... 67
Maritime Training Requirements
20. 14
Page
Related Terminal Operations and Equipment ............................................ 67
Welding, Cutting, and Heating (Hot Work) ..................................................... 67
Part 1918 Longshoring
Subpart A Scope and Definitions .................................................................................... 68
Commercial Diving Operations ...................................................................... 68
Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices ........................................................ 68
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 68
Ionizing Radiation .......................................................................................... 68
Hearing Protection ........................................................................................... 68
Respiratory Protection ..................................................................................... 68
Toxic and Hazardous Substances .................................................................... 68
Subpart H Handling Cargo ............................................................................................. 68
Containerized Cargo Operations—Fall Protection systems ............................ 68
Subpart I General Working Conditions ....................................................................... 68
Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances ......................................................... 68
Ventilation and Atmospheric Conditions and Fumigants ............................... 68
First-Aid and Life Saving Facilities ................................................................ 68
Qualifications of Machinery Operators ........................................................... 68
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
21. 15 Construction Training Requirements
Page
29 CFR Part 1926
Subpart C General Safety and Health Provisions ......................................................... 69
General Safety and Health Provisions ............................................................. 69
Safety Training and Education ........................................................................ 69
Employee Emergency Action Plans ................................................................ 70
Subpart D Occupational Health and Environmental Controls .................................... 70
Medical Services and First-Aid ....................................................................... 70
Ionizing Radiation ........................................................................................... 70
Nonionizing Radiation ..................................................................................... 70
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists ......................................................... 70
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 70
Methylenedianiline .......................................................................................... 71
Lead in Construction ....................................................................................... 71
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals ....................... 72
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response ................................. 72
Subpart E Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment ........................................ 72
Hearing Protection ........................................................................................... 72
Respiratory Protection ..................................................................................... 72
Subpart F Fire Protection and Prevention .................................................................... 72
Fire Protection ................................................................................................. 72
Subpart G Signs, Signals, and Barricades ...................................................................... 72
Signaling .......................................................................................................... 72
Subpart I Tools—Hand and Power ............................................................................... 72
Powder-Operated Hand Tools .......................................................................... 72
Woodworking Tools ......................................................................................... 73
Subpart J Welding and Cutting ..................................................................................... 73
Gas Welding and Cutting ................................................................................. 73
Arc Welding and Cutting ................................................................................. 74
Fire Prevention ................................................................................................ 75
Welding, Cutting, and Heating In Way of Preservative Coatings ................... 75
Subpart K Electrical ......................................................................................................... 75
Ground Fault Protection .................................................................................. 75
Subpart L Scaffolding ...................................................................................................... 75
Scaffolding—Training Requirements .............................................................. 75
Subpart M Fall Protection ................................................................................................ 76
Fall Protection—Training Requirements ......................................................... 76
Construction Training Requirements
22. 16
Page
Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors.................................. 76
Cranes and Derricks......................................................................................... 76
Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators............................................ 77
Subpart O Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations ........... 77
Material Handling Equipment ......................................................................... 77
Site Clearing .................................................................................................... 77
Subpart P Excavations .................................................................................................... 77
General Protection Requirements .................................................................... 77
Subpart Q Concrete and Masonry Construction .......................................................... 78
Concrete and Masonry Construction ............................................................... 78
Subpart R Steel Erection ................................................................................................. 78
Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-up, and Plumbing-up .............................................. 78
Subpart S Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and
Compressed Air .............................................................................................. 78
Underground Construction .............................................................................. 78
Compressed Air ............................................................................................... 80
Subpart T Demolition ...................................................................................................... 80
Preparatory Operations .................................................................................... 80
Chutes .............................................................................................................. 81
Mechanical Demolition ................................................................................... 81
Subpart U Blasting and Use of Explosives ..................................................................... 81
General Provisions ........................................................................................... 81
Blaster Qualifications ...................................................................................... 81
Surface Transportation of Explosives .............................................................. 81
Firing the Blast ................................................................................................ 82
Subpart V Power Transmission and Distribution ......................................................... 82
General Requirements ..................................................................................... 82
Overhead Lines ................................................................................................ 83
Underground Lines .......................................................................................... 83
Construction in Energized Substations ............................................................ 83
Subpart X Stairways and Ladders .................................................................................. 83
Ladders ............................................................................................................ 83
Training Requirements .................................................................................... 83
Subpart Y Diving .............................................................................................................. 84
Commercial Diving Operations ....................................................................... 84
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances ................................................................. 84
Asbestos ........................................................................................................... 84
13 Carcinogens ................................................................................................ 84
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
24. 18 Agricultural Training Requirements
Page
29 CFR Part 1928
Subpart B Applicability of Standards ............................................................................ 86
Temporary Labor Camps ................................................................................. 86
Logging ............................................................................................................ 86
Hazard Communication ................................................................................... 86
Cadmium ......................................................................................................... 86
Subpart C Roll-Over Protective Structures ................................................................... 86
Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in
agricultural operations ................................................................................... 86
Subpart D Safety for Agricultural Equipment .............................................................. 86
Guarding of farm field equipment, farmstead equipment, and cotton gins ..... 86
Subpart M Occupational Health ...................................................................................... 87
Cadmium ......................................................................................................... 87
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
25. 19 Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements
Page
29 CFR Part 1960
Subpart B Financial Management .................................................................................. 88
Subpart D Inspection and Abatement ............................................................................ 88
Qualifications of Safety and Health Inspectors and Agency Inspections ........ 88
Subpart E General Services Administration and Other Federal Agencies ................. 88
Safety and Health Services .............................................................................. 88
Subpart F Occupational Safety and Health Committees ............................................. 88
Agency Responsibilities .................................................................................. 88
Subpart H Training of:
Top Management ............................................................................................. 88
Supervisors ...................................................................................................... 88
Safety and Health Specialists .......................................................................... 89
Safety and Health Inspectors ........................................................................... 89
Collateral Duty Safety and Health Personnel and Committee Members ........ 89
Employees and Employee Representatives ..................................................... 89
Training Assistance .......................................................................................... 90
Subpart K Federal Safety and Health Councils............................................................. 90
Role of the Secretary ....................................................................................... 90
Objectives of Field Councils ........................................................................... 90
Federal Employee Programs Training Requirements
26. 20 General Industry Training Requirements
The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29,
Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training
requirements may appear in certain other standards (ANSI, NFPA, etc.)
adopted by reference in Part 1910 and therefore mandatory.
Subject and Standard Training Requirement
Number
Employee Emergency (i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall desig-
Plans and Fire nate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly
Prevention Plans emergency evacuation of employees.
1910.38(a)(5)(i), (ii)(a) (ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the
through (c) and (iii) plan at the following times:
(a) Initially when the plan is developed,
(b) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under the
plan change, and
(c) Whenever the plan is changed.
(iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment
those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee
in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace
and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer
employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the
employer need not maintain a written plan.
1910.38(b)(4)(i) and (ii) (i) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials
and processes to which they are exposed.
(ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment
those parts of the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect
the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept in the
workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with
10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and
the employer need not maintain a written plan.
Powered Platforms (i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are proficient in
for Building the operation, safe use and inspection of the particular working platform to be
Maintenance— operated.
Operations Training
(ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the
1910.66(i), (ii) and
following:
(ii)(A) through (E), and
(iii) through (v) (A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards
associated with their individual work tasks.
(B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the
use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the
particular working platform to be operated.
(C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph (e)(9) of this
section.
(D) Work procedures required in paragraph (i)(1)(iv) of this section.
(E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance.
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines
