1. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Tudors and Parliament
• The Stuarts and Parliament
• The English Civil War
• The Monarchy Returns
Monarchy in England

2. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Reading Focus
• How did the Tudors work with Parliament?
• What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament?
• What were the causes and results of the English Civil War?
• What happened when monarchy returned to England?
Main Idea
1. In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France,
the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil
war, Parliament became even more powerful.
Monarchy in England

3. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
• Henry VIII created Protestant
Church in England to divorce
first wife
• Had Parliament pass laws
ending power of pope in
England
• In 1534 Act of Supremacy
named king as head of Church
of England
Henry and Parliament
• Two prominent members of
Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII and
daughter Elizabeth I, ruled
when absolutism common on
European continent
• In England, Parliament placed
curbs on absolute monarchy
• Both father, daughter had to
learn to work with Parliament to
fulfill goals
Henry and Elizabeth
The Tudors and Parliament

4. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Tension
• Tension developed between Parliament, queen
• Parliament pressured her to marry so she would have heir to throne
• Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom
• Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed
Edward, Mary, Elizabeth
• After Henry’s death and short reign of son Edward, Mary I became
queen
• Often called Bloody Mary, briefly made England Catholic again
• 1558, Mary died; Elizabeth crowned queen
• Returned England to Anglican Church with Parliament’s help

5. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Elizabeth in Charge
Major reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with
Parliament, her willingness to let members speak
minds without fear of punishment
• Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into
session 10 times in 45-year reign
• Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping
subjects from questioning her actions
– Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
– Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive
wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?”
– Essex tried, executed as a traitor
– Not the last to question Elizabeth’s authority

6. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Recall
What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work
with Parliament to do?
Answer(s): to pass laws to help the monarch
achieve desired results

7. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
• 2. The Tudors’ success with Parliament not repeated
• Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth
• James I, first of Stuart
dynasty to rule in
England
• View of absolute
monarchy caused
conflict with
Parliament
• Previous wars, own
spending left him low
on funds
James I
• From Scotland,
considered outsider
• James rarely got all
money he wanted
from Parliament
• Puritans wanted
reform of Church of
England
Clashes with
Parliament • Seen as threat to
James’s power;
church leadership
supported him
• Refused to pass
Puritans’ requests for
reform
• Did agree to
publication of King
James Bible
Puritan Reform
The Stuarts and Parliament

8. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
When James I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned king as
Charles I.
• Popular at first, but married
Catholic princess
• Involved England in military
adventures overseas
• 1628, summoned Parliament to
request money
• Parliament refused until Charles
signed Petition of Right
• Petition of Right a direct challenge
to absolute monarchy
Issues of Money
• Placed limits on king’s power
• Could not levy taxes without
Parliamentary approval
• Parliament later refused to give
Charles money again
• He taxed English people on own,
forced bankers to lend him money
• Parliament was furious
• Charles dismissed Parliament
• 1629, decided to rule without
consulting Parliament again
Petition of Right
Charles I Defies Parliament

9. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Find the Main Idea
Why did the Stuarts have trouble with
Parliament?
Answer(s): Both wanted to rule as absolute
monarchs.

10. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Conflict Continued
• Conflict continued between king
who believed in absolute
monarchy, Parliament that saw
itself independent
• Conflict led to war, king’s death
Limited King’s Powers
• Having been ignored 11 years,
Parliament took opportunity to
further limit king’s powers
• Demanded Parliament be called
at least every three years
Parliament Reconvened
• 1640, Charles I finally
reconvened Parliament to ask
for more money
• “Long Parliament” did not
disband for several years
Grudging Acceptance
• Parliament also ruled king could
no longer dismiss Parliament
• Charles accepted new rules;
but awaited right time to
overturn
The English Civil War

11. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Strategy
• Charles’ moment came when radical Puritan group in Parliament moved to
abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church
• King, whose power connected to power of church, was outraged
Civil War Begins
• Some members of Parliament decided to rise up against king
• Charles I called for support of English people
• 1642, English Civil War began
Charles Tries Power Grab
• Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for treason
• Led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped
• Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take back power
War with Parliament

12. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
• Without Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army
• Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
• Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
• Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts
• Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
• Parliament member Oliver
Cromwell led Roundhead forces
• Rose to leadership as army general
• 1644, led victory in which 4,000 of
king’s soldiers died
• Cromwell soon became
commander of Parliament’s army
Roundhead Forces
• Royalist army outmatched by
Cromwell’s troops
• 1646, king surrendered
• Cromwell dismissed members of
Parliament who disagreed with him
• Those left made up what was called
the Rump Parliament
King Surrenders
Royalists and Roundheads

13. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Trial and Execution
Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with
treason, put him on trial
• During trial, Charles defended self with great
eloquence, refused to even recognize Parliament’s
authority to try him
• In the end, Charles sentenced to death for treason
• January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of own
palace
• To some he was martyr; to others tyrant who got what
he deserved

14. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Commonwealth
• England’s government changed completely for the next 11 years
• House of Commons abolished House of Lords, outlawed monarchy
• Became commonwealth, government based on common good of all people
Foreign Issues
• Cromwell also had to deal with foreign issues
• Led military expeditions to Scotland, Ireland
• Economic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on Spain
Lord Protector
• 1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland
• Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience
• Clamped down on social life, closed theaters, limited other entertainment
England under Cromwell

15. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
• In Leviathan, Hobbes described
humans as being naturally
selfish, fearful
• Hobbes argued that people
needed all-powerful monarch to
tell them how to live
• Views sparked controversy
when England trying to find
balance in government
Leviathan
• Cromwell, the king’s death, war
troubled many English people
• One was Thomas Hobbes,
Royalist who fled to France
during Cromwell’s rule
• Hobbes wrote classic work of
political science, Leviathan
Questions of Rule
A Defender of Absolutism

16. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Identify Cause and Effect
What were some effects of the English Civil
War?
Answer(s): temporarily ended monarchy and
House of Lords, restricted English social life in
certain ways

17. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Pepys: “Great joy all yesterday at London, and at night more bonfires that ever,
and ringing of bells…every body seems to be very joyfull in the business…”
3. Hobbes’s ideas reflected the fact that many people were unhappy
under Cromwell, especially when he dismissed Parliament to rule alone
—like a king. Attitudes were changing so much that a return to
monarchy became possible.
• 1658, Cromwell died; son took
place; Richard Cromwell lacked
father’s leadership abilities
• His government collapsed
• Eventually Parliament reconvened,
voted to bring back monarchy—
event known as the Restoration
The Restoration
The Monarchy Returns
• Spring 1660, Parliament invited son
of Charles I to be new king
• Parliament laid out certain
conditions which Charles accepted
• Was crowned as Charles II
• People shouted their good wishes
The New King

18. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Positive and Negative
• Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English drama resulted
• Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a
crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held,
released
• 1665, bubonic plague returned; following year Great Fire of London
• After fire, Charles supported public construction projects
The Reign of Charles II
• Charles had to address many issues—conflict with Dutch continued;
religious tensions remained; role of Parliament still being developed
• Charles supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament
insisted on laws to strengthen the Church of England
• Restoration years, mixture of positive, negative events

19. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him
remained. His brother James was next in line, but he was a Catholic.
• James married to Catholic
princess, whose Catholic son
would outrank James’s Protestant
daughters from first marriage
• 1685, Charles died, James
crowned king
• Many wondered if another
destructive war would follow
• James not popular; believed in
right to rule as absolute monarch
• English did not tolerate that belief
Not Popular
• 1688, group of nobles invited
James’s daughter Mary, husband
William to become king, queen
• William and Mary both
Protestants, lived in Netherlands
• James fled to France
• Parliament gave throne to William
III, Mary II as joint rulers; transfer
became known as the Glorious
Revolution
Glorious Revolution
James II

20. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
• Bill of Rights central to
England’s growth as
Constitutional Monarchy,
term for monarchy limited by
law
• Document’s approval came
after decades of dramatic
changes in English government
• England had rejected concept
of absolute monarch who ruled
by divine right, for monarchy
ruled by law
Constitutional Monarchy
• With Glorious Revolution,
Parliament had essentially
crowned new king, queen
• More important, a document
William and Mary had to sign
before taking throne—the
English Bill of Rights
• Document prevented monarch
from levying taxes without
consent of Parliament, among
other provisions
• U.S. Bill of Rights based on this
document
Bill of Rights
Changes in Government

21. The Monarchs of Europe Section 3
Describe
What happened during the Glorious
Revolution?
Answer(s): William and Mary were given the
English throne by Parliament.