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- 1. Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History Early Renaissance in Northern Europe 15th century
- 2. Europe in the 15th century Burgundian Netherlands = Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Northern France
- 3. Flanders in the 15th century The most powerful rulers north of the Alps during the first three-quarter of the 15th century were the dukes of Burgundy. They controlled Flanders, which derived its wealth from wool and banking, and were great art patrons.
- 4. Flanders in the 15th century • Active and prosperous capitalist society • Emergence of a new social class • Importance of art and patronage to show the new wealth
- 5. Oil Revolution • In Italy: tempera – egg • Oil paint produces exceptionally rich colors • imitate natural hues and tones • Enamel-like surfaces • Sharp details • Good conservation in wet climates • Slow drying – more possibilities for “pentimenti”
- 6. Oil painting Flemish painters popularized the use of oil paints on wood panels. By superimposing translucent glazes, they created richer colors than possible using tempera or fresco.
- 7. International Gothic until 1450 • Courtly, elegant • Natural details • Splendid costumes • Abundance of gold • Architecture carefully rendered • Opening up walls
- 8. Northern painting • Opened the walls • High horizon • Lot of symbolism • Interest for the details and everyday reality • Not interested by geometrical perspective like Italian
- 10. Painters you have to know for the exam • Limbourg Brothers • Robert Campin • Jan Van Eyck • Rogier Van Weyden • Hans Memling • Hugo van der Goes
- 11. Limbourg Brothers, Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry, 1413-1416 Book of hours – illuminated manuscript, prayer book organized according to the liturgical calendra International gothic Patron: Jean de Berry Manuscript illumination
- 12. January Astrological sign associated to each month Jean’s coat of arms Jean de Berry is giving out New year’s gifts
- 13. May
- 14. October Louvre
- 15. Robert Campin Master of Flémalle
- 16. Robert Campin (Master of Flémalle), The Mérode Altarpiece, 1425-1428 Triptych
- 17. Robert Campin, The Mérode Altarpiece, 1425-1428 Donors Annunciation S. Joseph
- 21. Robert Campin, The Mérode Altarpiece, 1425-1428 • Triptych • Presence of the patrons • Meticulous handling of paint • Three dimensional figures modeled with light and shade • Intricate details • Symbolism • Annunciation set in a middle-class Flemish home
- 22. Altarpieces A major art form in churches and private homes alike was the altarpiece with folding wings. In Robert Campin’s Mérode altarpiece, the Annunciation takes place in a Flemish house. The work’s donors, depicted on the left wing are anachronistically present as witnesses to the sacred event. Typical of “Northern Renaissance” painting, the everyday objects depicted often have symbolic significance.
- 23. Jan Van Eyck c.1390-1441
- 24. Jan van Eyck,The Ghent Altarpiece (1432) (on the altar of S. Bavon,Ghent) Polyptych Oil painting
- 25. God The Ghent Altar (1432) Virgin Mary S. John Adam Eve Choir of Angels Judges and Knights Adoration of the lamb by All Saints Hermits and pilgrims
- 26. Holy Spirit Fountain of life Apostles and martyrs Priests Old Testament and Pagan figures who merited Salvation Virgins
- 27. S. Bavon Cathedral Great details Extreme realism Lamb of God
- 30. Adam and Eve
- 31. S. John Evangelist with a chalice = grisaille and Donor’s wife Annunciation S. John the Baptist with a lamb = grisaille and donor Prophets and sibyls
- 32. Jan van Eyck,The Ghent Altarpiece (1432) • Polyptych for the altar of S. Bavon, Ghent • Great detail • Extreme realism • The work inspired many other artists to achieve perfect realism
- 33. Jan Van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait, (or Arnolfini Wedding) 1434.
- 34. One candle burning = presence of Christ S. Margaret = patron of women in childbirth Fruits = abundance Shoes off – holy ground Dog = fidelity
- 36. Jan Van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait, (or ArnolfiniWedding) 1434 • Many hidden symbols • Great attention to details • Bright colors (oil painting)
- 37. Rogier van der Weyden Brussels c.1399-1463
- 38. Rogier Van der Weyden, The Descent of the Cross, c.1435-1438
- 44. Rogier Van der Weyden, The Descent of the Cross, c.1435-1438 • Commissioned for the chapel of the Confraternity of the Archers of Leuven • Shallow stage for figures into a confining space • Figures almost life-sized • Great attention to details • Strong emotional impact • Figures in mirrored composition
- 45. Rogier Van der Weyden, St. Luke depicting the Virgin, c.1435-1440
- 50. Portraits Memling is famous for his portraits. Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and others established portraiture as an important art form in 15th century Flanders. Their subject were successful businessmen, both Flemish and foreign.
- 51. Hans Memling, Portraits of Tommaso and Maria Portinari, 1470
- 52. Hans Memling, Portrait of a man holding a coin, 1474
- 53. Hugo van der Goes
- 54. Hugo van der Goes, Portinari Altarpiece, c.1476 Triptych Donor: Tommaso Portinari for the family chapel of Sant’Egidio in Florence
- 58. Hugo van der Goes, Portinari Altarpiece, c.1476 • Deep and rich colors • Figures at different scales • Abundance of symbols
- 59. Characteristics of “early Netherlandish” • Extensive details • Luminous colors • Desire to capture everyday life through landscapes, genres, still lives and portraits • Desire to break the barrier between real world and the painted world through the use of trompe l’oeil and the depiction of reflective surfaces • Many hidden symbols • Impact on Italian Art
- 60. Main subject Matters • Religious • Portraits
Notes de l'éditeur
- Flanders – Belgium and Holland
- Limbourg bro _ 3 brothers: Paul, Herman and Jean Very expensive For every month – activities of the month – show off yje patron’s wealth Jean de Berry : great connoisseur
- Naturalism of the scene Details / material Aproach, aproac in golden letters Sill life
- Peasants tilling the field
- MET For private devotion (small scale) Each panel is seen form a different point of view Light unify
- MET Donors, middle class people kneeling before the holy scene (wife added after wedding) Floor rise slightly when the roof is pretty horizontal Takes place in an everyday Flemish interior Humanization of the figure Steeply rising ground line – figures too large for the architecture they sit in
- In his carpentry workshop Mouse trap – capturing the devil
- Towel and bassin – purity Flowers with 3 buds – trinity Mary in the floor – humilty Angel with a cross through the windorw Candelstick – Mary holds Jesus in her womb
- Work in Burgondy for Philip the Good 1430 – moved to bruges and got married
- Still in the cathedral of Saint Bavon, Ghent 24 pannels with hinges Oil painting – glowing surface Tiny brushes Medium and technique merge with technique
- Still in the cathedral of Saint Bavon, Ghent
- Fountain of life – wash away the sins
- Richness Detail of jewel and gold tracery
- Illusionistic niches Realistic From life model? Elongated Portrait like
- Tchalice Donor = Jodocus Vidj Taste fro open landsacpe and gothic basin
- National Gallery in London Description of the material Reference to the woman fertility
- Custom of burning a candle on the first night of a wedding Not pregnant
- 2 figures Convexe mirror Passion of Christ and a On the top “Jan Van Eyck fuit hic” God’s eye?
- Trained with Campin Contemporary of Van Eyck Stylistic elements of Northern renaissance and tremendous emotion
- In Madrid, Prado Space occupied by 10 monumental figures Golden background Colour are deep and lustrous Skull = Adam Jesus’s sacrifice is necessary Donors_ crossbow guilt
- Strong emotional impact of the scene Parallele of the figures Mary and Christ St John and Mary Magdalen Difference of texture (heavy angular draperies) Curves unit the setting within a compressed setting S Shape
- Great attention to details
- Fine Art museum Boston Illusion of great distance
- Psychological depiction of the mother-child relationship
- Self portrait of Rogier? Saint Luke ‘s guild
- Bruges – lot of trade and intense exchange with Italy Three quarter Italian bankers and trademen are important patrons for art Small scale – bring back to Italy and model for Italian artists Portinari – managed the Medici bank in Bruges For his wedding with Maria Originally a triptych
- With landscape
- Uffizi, Florence Chapel for the larger Florence’s largest hospital Maternity hospital Continuous landscape on the 3 pannels Rich colours
- Light modeled the figures Christ on a sheaf of wheat – sacredness of the Eucharist Different scale of the people Great influence for Italian art
- Tension / anxiety Variety of the expression
- Plants with medical value and symbolic association Sapnish earthware typical from Northern countries with vine – symbol of the sacrifice of Christ Flowers: red _ nail flower Columbine – Mary’s suffering and humility