The document discusses integration and the challenges of measuring integration across generations of migrants. It distinguishes between the migrant generation (Generation 1), their descendants born in the destination country (Generation 1.5/2), and older ascendant generations (Generation -1). It notes deep differences in their life experiences and time spent in countries of origin vs. destination countries that impact integration processes. Positive integration requires inclusion across various domains like work, housing, education and family reunification over a migrant's lifetime. Interactions with the host community are also important and are influenced by economic and cultural factors.

1. Istat-Italian National Institute of Statistics
International Conference on Integration
Knowing, Measuring, Evaluating
Rome, 17 giugno 2013
Introduction
Antonio Golini
Sapienza, University of Rome and
Accademia dei Lincei

2. Integration
«Integration»:
an ambiguous term, too close to
«Assimilation»:
a concept which many among us strongly refuse.
Many Authors and I prefer to talk as
a peaceful and fruitful coexistence and living together
more respectful words towards migrations’ protagonists
However, being the term widely used and accepted, I will sometimes
talk about «integration» in my presentation, in the above meaning.

3. Which generation are we talking about?
To identify will and capability towards a peaceful and fruitful
coexistence and cohabitation
a fundamental distinction is necessary:
which generation are we talking about?
– migrants’ generation (generation 1);
– first generation of descendants (the so-called second generation (2) o
generation 1,5);
– ascendants’ generation (generation -1).
In order to assess individual will and capability towards a
peaceful and fruitful coexistence and cohabitation, it is necessary to
distinguish for migrants and their family
Life spent in countries of origin (a)
and
Life spent or expected to be spent in destination countries (b)

4. The Life Time.
Life spent (a) Life to be spent (b)
• Migrants’ Generation:
(a) Approximately 25-30 years; almost entirely educated in the country of origin, which
therefore represents a root deeply and indelibly introjected;
(b) approximately 45-50 years, characterized by a worklife almost entirely spent in
destination country, which is therefore «lived», but not necessarily deeply introjected;
• The Second Generation, born in destination country:
(a) 0 years; entirely or almost entirely educated in destination country, which is therefore
deeply and indelibly introjected, together with meaningful traces of parents’ fatherland;
(b) approximately 75-85 years, characterized by a familiar and professional life totally spent
in destination country, which is therefore felt as the «own country»
(For the «1,5 generation», in other terms for young immigrants, there are time changes
between a and b);
• Ascendants’ (immigrants) generation:
(a) Approximately 55-65 years, characterized by a familiar and professional life almost
entirely spent in country of origin, which is therefore felt as the «own country»
(b) Approximately 20-30 years.

5. The Life Time
Deep qualitative and quantitative differences
characterize the three groups in their «Life Time»
(spent and to be spent):
differences both in the emotional, cultural,
scholastic, professional system, and in
relational, familiar and friendship system.
The temporal perspective thus assumes a
fundamental importance for integration
processes.

6. Equally essential – as it is well known -
the migrant’s «migratory project»
Four elements are fundamental to assess the
migratory project:
a. Duration, short-term migration vs. medium-long
term migration
b. Work, satisfactory work placement
c. Family, individual migration vs. family migration
d. Community, presence and strong bonds both
with the community of immigrants and the
fatherland community

7. … and the interaction with the
«host community»
The interaction with the «host community» is based on
cultural and psychological aspects, but also primarily on
economical aspects.
A positive interaction is certainly based on culture, which is
considered able to «quickly adapt» individual life to new
needs.
But in fact «adaptation» requires time and gradualism,
because human ethology is characterized by the parallel
evolution of nature and culture.
Too high speed and intensity of immigrants’ arrivals upset
adaptation/acceptance, not only in the immigrant
community, but also in the autochthonous community.

8. Authochtonous-Immigrants interaction
A complete and outright mutual acceptance and fruitful
coexistence between native and immigrants is a key question
for destination countries.
Only a multidimensional integration, both in the national and
local context, can preserve immigrants from frustration and
emargination, or, even worse, from the failure of the «migratory
project», from self-harm, aggressiveness and social deviation.
Therefore essential are:
- Work
- Home
- Education
- Family reunification
- Social and professional ascending mobility (for oneself and
for children)
A multidimensional and positive integration encourages
immigrants in developing that sense of belonging and/or
sharing which is basic for a happier and fruitful coexistence.

9. Schema 1 - Schematizzazione del livello di integrazione/esclusione degli immigrati
Inserimento di fatto dell’immigrato nel contesto nazionale
e locale (lavoro, casa, istruzione, famiglia, mobilità sociale
e professionale, …)
Pieno inserimento Inserimento parziale o nullo
Senso di appartenenza e/o
condivisione
A) Piena integrazione e
interscambio positivo
B) Frustrazione ed
emarginazione più o meno
forte
Vissuto profondo,
atteggiamento,
comportamento
dell’immigrato nei confronti
della società ospitante
Indifferenza, avversione,
opposizione
C) Senso di esclusione
emotivo-affettiva
Coesistenza subita e
“parallela”
D) Fallimento progetto,
forte mobilità territoriale,
autolesionismo,
aggressività, devianza
sociale
Fonte: Golini e Pietrangelo, 2001
Migrant real inclusion in national and local context
(work, home, education, family, social and
professional mobility,…)
Complete Inclusion Partial/null Inclusion
B) weak/strong
Frustration and
emargination
A) Complete
Insertion and
positive interchange
C) Sense of emotional-
affective exclusion
Suffered and «parallel»
coexistence
Which level of integration/exclusion for
immigrants?
D) Project failure, high
territorial mobility,
self-harm,
aggressiveness, social
deviation
Sense of belonging
and/or sharing
Indifference,
aversion,
opposition
Deep feeling,
attitude,
immigrant’s
behaviour towards
host societies

10. Work: the integration cornerstone
(…but not only)
The family presence in destination country is a
fundamental element, which conditions nature and
typologies of problems depending on different generations:
– The first generation: Work/Home/Health/Education
(profession, Italian language)
– The second generation: School/Health/Work
(with a perspective/real possibility of social ascending)
Current/prospective work represents the cornerstone for a
positive integration. Nevertheless, problems concerning
work exist and increase.

11. Missing (lacking) work
All over the world work is lacking (ILO: 202 millions of unemployed in 2012, with
an increasing of 6 millions just in the last year).
Which reasons for Western countries?
a. A formidable increase of work supply
from mid-developed and underdeveloped
countries, and an extraordinary variation
among countries about working-age population.
Working-age population
Italy: green
Egypt blu,
Nigeria red (1950-2050)
10.0
30.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
150.0
170.0
Italy 28.9 30.3 30.9 31.8 31.9 32.4 34.3 35.1 35.7 35.9 35.5 34.9 33.8 32.7 31.2 29.0 26.5 24.1 22.5 21.6 20.8
Egypt 12.0 13.3 14.5 15.7 18.3 20.7 23.1 25.8 29.3 33.5 38.6 44.3 49.3 53.8 58.7 64.1 69.4 73.4 76.1 77.5 78.4
Nigeria 15.8 17.4 19.2 21.3 24.1 27.5 32.2 36.5 42.2 49.3 57.6 66.7 76.7 87.5 99.1 111.4 124.0 136.0 146.9 156.2 164.2
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

12. b. Possibility to produce all/everywhere (and a fortiori where manpower has
less rights and lower wages);
c. Possibility, thanks to the “trivial” but formidable «container revolution», to
quickly provide all/everywhere at reasonable prices;
d. Destruction of jobs rather than jobs creation, «thanks» to ICT (in the
industrial sector e.g.: photography, telephony; in services e.g.: secretarial
work);
e. Progressive and massive introduction of robots, both “workers” for goods
and services production, and «humanoids» for personal care, or innovative
such as vehicle without pilots (i.e. subway, drones);
f. Big percentages of added values have moved from work (which produces,
consumes, sustains demand) to capital (which saves, but often creates
«speculative bubbles» not identifying sufficient and adequate productive
investments), increasingly available also because of welfare.
We are facing a big revolution:
but neither duration nor outcome are certain.
Missing (lacking) work

13. International migrations background and
forgotten or ignored questions
1. “Many in the West believe the world is moving toward a single,
global culture that is basically Western. This belief is misguided,
arrogant, false, and dangerous” (Huntington, 1996)
1. “Today the best way to help us consists in opening their markets
to our goods: they have to know that we can export goods, not
only desperate migrants” (Oscar Arias, Costa Rica President,
2001)
Those two considerations considerably impact on migrants’ and
autochthonous’ mentality and expectations, and therefore on
integration processes.

14. Short Conclusions
International migrations:
• At the end of XIX Century and during the first decades of XX
century, international migrations were a core factor for a
worldwide rebalancing of demographic and economic
systems;
• At the end of XX Century and during the first decades of XXI
Century, even if necessary, international migrations could not
assume that rebalancing role again:
- in the southern countries labour supply is expected to
be immeasurable;
- there are no more new and available worlds to be
populated;
• International migrations are becoming more and more a
structural element among populations’ relationships, but not
a definite engine for poverty and misery
Those three elements strongly impact on the individual and
collective psychology, and consequently on integration
processes.

15. Short Conclusions
International migrations are therefore a structural element,
extraordinarily difficult to be managed, because it is question
to balance and safeguard:
• Expectations and individual rights of migrants and
migrants’ families;
• Immigrants’ groups rights intended as «community
rights»;
• Fatherlands’ rights not to be excessively depauperated of
human resources;
• Destination countries’ rights:
- safeguard of people identity: autochthons live
themselves as «heirs and depositaries» of places
character and cultures

16. Dagevos
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research

17. Di Blasi, European Commission

18. Maheux, Unece Task Force

19. Bonifazi, Gabrielli, Sciortino, Strozza

20. Thoreau
OECD

21. Domergue
France Ministry of the Interior

22. Dagevos
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research

23. Termote
Government of Quebec

24. Termote