Mitochondria: These are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy (ATP) through respiration.
Ribosomes: These are the protein factories, translating genetic instructions into proteins, the building blocks and tools of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): This intricate network acts as a transportation system and manufacturing hub, synthesizing and modifying proteins and lipids.
Golgi apparatus: This packaging and distribution center modifies and sorts proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside.
Vacuoles: These are storage units, holding water, food, and waste materials.
Lysosomes: These are the recycling centers, breaking down worn-out materials and cellular debris.
Nucleus: This is the control center, housing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and directing its activities.
Importance: Organelles work together in a coordinated dance to maintain the cell's health and function. Disruption in any organelle can have cascading effects, impacting the entire cell's well-being. Understanding organelles is crucial for comprehending basic biological processes, from metabolism and protein synthesis to cell division and disease development.
Further exploration:
Specific organelles: Are you curious about a particular organelle? I can delve deeper into its structure, function, and significance.
Different cell types: Different cells have varying types and distributions of organelles based on their specialized tasks. We can explore this diversity and its functional implications.
Cellular processes: Organelles play key roles in vital processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and cell division. Let's explore how these organelles work together to keep the cell running smoothly.
2. What is Cell?
• Cell from Latin word “Cellula” means small room is the structural and
functional unit of living organisms.
• Discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
Cytology:
Cyto means cell & logy is for study.
Components of cell:
• Cytoplasm
• Organelles ( endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc.
• Walls ( Cell wall and cell membrane)
• DNA (Hereditary material)
3. Cell Theory:
• Botanist Scheildon (1838) & Zoologist Schwann (1839).
Main Points:
1. All living organism are made up of 1 or more than 1 cells.
2. Cell is the structural & functional unit of all living organisms.
3. New cell arises from Pre-existing cells.
Cell wall:
Outer most boundary of plant cell and absent in animal cell.
Discovery:
By Robert Hooke (1665)
4. Cell wall:
Outer most boundary of plant cell and absent in animal cell.
Discovery:
By Robert Hooke (1665)
Chemical composition:
• Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, cemented by pectin and lignin.
• Fungi’s cell wall is made up of chitin
• Prokaryote’s cell wall made up of murein
Structure of cell wall:
It is made up of 3 layers.
5. Primary wall: (1-3𝜇𝑚 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌)
Mainly composed of cellulose and some
deposition of pectin(heteropolysaccaride,
complex starch) and lignin(second most
abundant polymer after cellulose).
Secondary Wall: (5-10 𝜇𝑚 thick)
Formed in inner surface of primary wall &
present in the hard woody portion of plant.
Composed of cellulose, lignin, inorganic salt, silica and waxes.
Middle Lamella: (1 𝜇𝑚 thick)
Formed between 2 primary walls of 2 adjacent cells.
6. FUNCTIONS OF CELL WALL:
1. Provides definite shape to cell and make plant body rigid.
2. Protect cell from osmotic lysis.
3. Hydrophilic and imbibe (absorb) nature allow water and solute
molecules movement.
