Preparation of distilled water, Distillation process, Deionisation process, Automatic water distillator, Multiple effect still, Grades of distilled water, Risks of using distilled water, Ph of distilled water, Storage of distilled water, Purity of water, Detection of impurity, Common uses of distilled water, Homoeopathic utility of distilled water - Pharmaceutics & Potentisation, External application, Dispensing of medicines.
2. • CHEMICAL FORMULA - H₂O
• SYNONYMS - Aqua purificata, Aqua destillata or purified water
• Molecular weight: 18.
• pH: Neutral.
• Boiling point: 100 °C.
• Density at 4°C: Unit.
• Critical temperature: 374.2 °C.
• Note: Ordinary water may contain many organic and inorganic
substances, therefore they are not fit for medicinal purposes.
3. • Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and
condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Distilled water is
steam from boiling water that’s been cooled and returned to its
liquid state.
• Steam is then condensed back into pure liquid form. The impurities
remain as residue and are removed.
• Some people claim distilled water is the purest water you can drink.
• Distilling rids water of all those impurities. It also removes more
than 99.9% of the minerals dissolved in water.
• It is suitable for drinking, medical sterilization, and manufacturing
processes where the buildup of minerals needs to be avoided.
7. APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Leibig's condenser:
• It consists of an inner tube surrounded by an outer jacket or a water tube.
This outer jacket has 2 openings at both it's end for the entry and exit of
cold water. The lower end is attached to a water tap through a rubber tube.
The water enters from here, cools the inner tube and then finally comes out
through the second, upper end.
2. Flask:One distilling, round bottomed flask, One receiving flask
3. Bunsen burner.
4. Wire gauge.
5. Tripod stand.
6. Rubber cork.
7. Thermometer.
8. Clamp and stand.
8. To prepare purified water by distillation process, water (1000 volumes) is
distilled from a suitable apparatus (like Leibig's apparatus). provided with a
glass collect the first 100 volumes and reject this portion. Then collect 750
volumes and keep the distilled water in glass-stoppered bottles that have
been rinsed with steam or very hot water immediately before being filled. The
first 100 volumes are discarded to eliminate foreign volatile substances found
in ordinary water and only 750 volumes are collected, since the residue in the
still contains concentrated dissolved solids.
The steps to be followed are:
1. The distillating flask containing ordinary water for distillation is put upon a
wire gauge, which is placed upon a tripod stand and clamped.
2. One end of Liebeg's condenser is connected with this distilling flask while
the other end is introduced into the receiver flask; in which purified water is
collected.
9. 3. The mouth of the distilling flask is closed with a rubber cork. A
thermometer may be inserted into the cork for noting the
temperature of the issuing vapor. The flask may be kept in
position with the help of a clamp and stand.
10. 4. Compression distillation
• Light the bunsen burner below the distilling flask. In vapour compression still
or Leibig’s condenser the feed water is heated in the evaporator to boiling.
• As the water boils, the issuing vapour passes through the inner tube, which
is kept cold by a circulation of cold water through the outer jacket.
• The vapour produced in the tubes is separated from the entrained distilland
in the separator and conveyed to a compressor that compresses the vapour
and raises its temperature to approximately 224°F.
• It then flows to the steam chest where it condenses on the outer surfaces of
the tubes containing the distilland; thereby the vapour is condensed and
drawn off as a distillate while giving up its heat to bring the distilland in the
tubes to the boiling point.
• Then, the distilled water is collected in the receiver. This is purified water. It
may be redistilled, if necessary.
12. • By this process, water is freed of acids, alkalis. solids,
minerals, etc. The major impurities in water are calcium, iron,
magnesium, silica and sodium. The cations are usually
combined with bicarbonate, sulphate or chloride anions. Hard
waters are those that contain calcium and magnesium
cations.
• Bicarbonates are the major impurity in alkaline waters'. Ion
exchange (deionisation, demineralisation) processes remove
most of the major impurities in water efficiently and
economically.
• Ion-exchange resins are synthetic substances which
exchange other cations and anions from a solution of
hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions respectively.
13. Hence, they are of two types:
1. Cation-exchange Resins or Cation-exchangers:
• These are those resins which replace cations with
hydrogen ions. Cation exchangers are commonly high
molecular weight, they contain acidic mobile ions or
functional groups such as sulphonated organic
compounds (-SO,H), carboxylic group (-COOH) and
phenolic group (-OH). E.g., ZeokarbH, Zeokarb 225 or
Amberlite IR-120 resin.
14. 2) Anion-exchange Resinsor Anion- exchangers:
• These are those resins which exchange anions by
hydroxyl groups. Anion exchangers are hydroxyl
compounds which are derived from high molecular
weight organic amines and contain basic functional
groups such as amino group (-NH,), quaternary
ammonium group and halides.
• E.g., Amberlite IRA-400 or DeAcidite FF or Zeolite
FF resin.
15. Apparatus Required:
1. Cation exchanger.
2. Anion exchanger.
Procedure:
1. Impure water containing salts like calcium, magnesium, etc. is passed
through columns containing a cation exchanger.
2. As the impure water passes through, all the metallic ions including alkali
metal ions are replaced by hydrogen ions. Hence, an equivalent amount of
acid is formed to the corresponding anions of the metal salts. Reaction of
chlorides and sulphates of metals is as follows:
CaCl2 + 2HR→ R,Ca + 2HC1MgSO4 + 2HR → R,Mg + H2SO4
where HR is the cation exchanger.
16. 3. The water so obtained is entirely free from metal ions but is acidic and is
hence not suitable for most purposes.
4. This acidic water is now passed through a column containing an anion
exchanger to replace the anions of the acids with hydroxyl groups, forming
water.The reaction taking place is:
HCI + RNOH → RNCI + H₂O= H₂SO, + 2RNOH → (RN),SO, 2H,O, where
RNOH is the anion exchanger (basic or hydroxide form).
This passage of impure water through the cation and anion exchangers one
after the other e produces pure water free from ions. This pure water is called
deionised or de-mineralised water. It is as good as purified water for all e
purposes.
18. • Water is purified by this process for large scale commercial purposes. A
stainless steel vessel known as 'still' is used. Here, the distillation and
cooling are done by the same water.
Procedure:
• A wide variety of commercially available stills are used to produce water.
The end use of the product dictates the size of the still and extent of
pretreatment of the water introduced into the system.
• In general, a conventional still consists of a boiler (evaporator) containing
raw water (distilland); a source of heat to vapourise the water in the
evaporator, a space above the level of distilland with condensing surfaces
for refluxing the vapour and thereby returning non- volatile impurities to the
a means for eliminating volatile impurities before the hot water vapour is
condensed; and a condenser for removing the heat of vapourisation,
thereby converting the water vapour to a liquid distillate.
19. • Some of the cooling water goes
through some holes into the heating
chamber where steam is produced.
This steam passes to the inner
chamber through a passage on the
top and then comes down for cooling.
The cool water exits out through an
overflow.
21. • The multiple-effect - still is designed to conserve energy.
According to this principle, it is simply a series of single- effect
stills running at different pressures.
• A series of upto 7 effects may he used, with the first effect
operated at the highest pressure and the last effect at
atmospheric pressure. Steam from an external source is used in
the first effect to generate steam under pressure from raw water;
it is used as the power source to drive the second effect.
• The steam used to drive the second effect condenses as it gives
up its heat of vapourisation and forms a distillate. This process
continues until the last effect when the steam is at atmospheric
pressure and must be. condensed in a heat exchanger.
22. • Ammonia:
To 50ml, add 2ml of alkaline potassium mercuri-iodide
solution and view in a Nessler cylinder placed on a white tile;
the colour is not more intense than that given by 50ml of
ammonia-free water with the addition of 2m1 of dilute
ammonium chloride solution (Nessler’s) when tested under
similar conditions.
• Oxidisable matter:
Boil 100ml for 10 minutes with 3m1 of sulphuric acid and Iml
of 0.01N potassium permanganate; the colour of potassium
permanganate is not completely discharged.
26. TYPE 1 GRADE WATER
Type I grade water, also known as Ultrapure Wat er, is the purest form of water
to be produced. It's used for the most critical applications and advanced
analytical procedures.This includes:
• Cell and Tissue Cultures
• Liquid Chromatography, including High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
• Gas Chromatography
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
• Molecular Biology
Type I can also be used in applications that require Type II water. This is quite a
common practice that can help to avoid the generation of by-products during
applications.
27. TYPE 2 GRADE
• Type II water grade doesn't have the same pureness of Type I, but still
maintains high levels of purity.
• It is a good feed water for clinical analyzers as the calcium build-up is
reduced with this type.
• It can also be used in applications such as:
General Lab Practices
Microbiological Analysis and preparation
Electrochemistry
FAAS
General Spectrophotometry
• It can also be used as feed water for Type I water production.
28. TYPE 3 GRADE
• Type III grade water, also known as RO water, is water
produced through the purification technology reverse
osmosis.
• Of all the pure water types it has the lowest level of
purity, but is typically the starting point for basic lab
applications, such as cleaning glassware, heating baths
or media preparation.
• It can also be used as a feed water for Type I water
production.
31. • Experiments reviewed in the WHO study indicated consumption of
pure distilled water led to increased urine output or diuresis of
around 20% on average. This could lead to dehydration problems.
• The absence of important minerals in distilled water (sodium,
potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium ions) led to the dilution
of electrolytes dissolved in the body's water.
• The intestine requires these minerals and takes them from the body's
reserves. This causes inadequate body water redistribution between
which may compromise the function of vital organs.
• Symptoms at the very beginning of this condition could include
exhaustion, weakness, and headache and can escalate to muscular
cramps and impaired heart rate.
34. • The pH of distilled water ranges from 5.8 to 7. Pure distilled water in
a sealed system has a pH of 7, but as soon as it is exposed to the
air it begins to absorb atmospheric gasses including CO2 and starts
to become acidic.
• If any trace elements are left in the water after distillation, this can
also alter the pH.For a pH definition, the simplest explanation is that
the pH of water measures the degree of its acidity or basicity
(alkalinity), and is expressed on a scale of 0 to 14.
• Water with a pH of 7 is neutral. "PH" less than 7 is acidic, with O the
most acidic. More than 7 is basic or alkaline, with 14 the most basic.
This graphic shows the pH levels of different types of drinking water.
36. • It is safe to drink distilled water according to the 1980
guidelines by WHO. Distilled water is safe for drinking,
but it can have negative taste characteristics and does
not contain healthy minerals.
• The same report goes on to mention that distilled water is
reported to be less thirst-quenching and that although this
is not considered to be unhealthy, poor organoleptic and
thirst- quenching characteristics may affect the amount of
water consumed.
37. • According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the distillation process is very
effective at removing protozoa (such as
cryptosporidium or giardia), bacteria (such as
campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, E. coli), and
viruses (including enteric, hepatitis A, norovirus, and
rotavirus).
• Distillation also removes chemical contaminants,
including arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead,
nitrate, sodium, sulfate, and many organic chemicals,
according to the CDC.
40. • Purified water must be filled at once into well-stoppered bottles that are
thoroughly cleaned in hot water.
• Attention should be paid to proper storage of purified water, since it
can often be contaminated by the materials of the containers.
• Hard glass containers may furnish boron, sodium, silica and traces of
lead, arsenic and potassium, Pyrex glass qualifies well.
• Metal containers are also liable to attack by purified water. Polyvinyl
chloride polythene, teflon and urethane containers are also good.
• However, a variety of compounds like antioxidants, surfactants and
lubricants that are used in the manufacture of plastics may
contaminate water, which may prove to be toxic.
43. • Conductivity: Typically used for less pure
water types (Type III and Type IV),
conductivity measures the ease with which
a water sample conducts electricity.
Because electricity is conducted through
ionic content in water, conductivity
measures how much of this content is
present.
44. • Resistivity: Normally used for more
pure water types (Type I and Type II),
resistivity measures how difficult it is
for electrical current to travel through
a water sample. The more difficult it is
(and the higher resistance), the less
ionic content is in the water, making
for a purer sample.
45. • Total organic carbon (TOC): Totalorganic
carbon is an efficient way to measure the
amount of organic material present in water
through carbon testing. As an aggregate
reading, total organic compound provides
an accurate general measurement of the
purity of a water sample in terms of
microorganisms and other organic material
present.
46. • Turbidity: Turbidity or water clarity
is able to provide a rough sense
of water purity in terms of
contaminants and other material
present. It is useful for the lower
purity grades - Type III and Type
IV.
47.
48. DETECTION OF IMPURITY
• Purified water may be detected by its physical properties:
1. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless liquid.
2. 2. pH should not vary more than 5.8 to 7.
3. By boiling point, freezing point and density.
4. Water leaves no residue on evaporation. Purified water may be detected
by some chemical tests also.
5. It gives no precipitate when treated with barium chloride or silver nitrate
or hydrogen sulphide.
6. CuSO4 (anhydrous copper sulphate) powder reacts with water to give a
blue colour.
7. Potassium reacts with water to give hydrogen which undergoes
combustion.K+2H,O→KOH +H₂↑
49. • Acidity or alkalinity:
Boil 100ml in a flask made of boro-silicate glass until volume
is reduced to 75ml and cool with precautions to exclude
carbon dioxide. To 20ml. add 1 drop of phenol-red solution. If
the solution is yellow, it becomes red on adding 0.1ml of 0.1N
sodium hydroxide; if red, it becomes yellow on adding 0.1ml
of 0.IN hydrochloric acid.
• Copper, iron, lead:
To 100ml, add 0.05ml of sodium sulphide solution, the liquid
remains clear and colourless.
50. • Albuminoid ammonia:
• To 500ml, add 0.2gm of magnesium carbonate and distill
200m1. Reject the distillate, add 2mlof alkaline potassium
permanganate solution and distill 100ml. To this distillate,
add 4m1 of alkaline potassium mercuri-iodide solution; the
colour produced is not deeper than that produced by the
addition of 4ml of alkaline potassium mercuri-iodide solution
to a mixture of 100ml of ammonia- free water and 4m1 of
dilute ammonium chloride solution.
51. • Non-volatile matter:
Leaves not more than 0.001% w/v of residue when
evaporated to dryness on a water bath and dried to
constant weight at 105°
55. • Medical tools and procedures. Hospitals clean equipment
with it to help avoid contamination and infections. Kidney
dialysis machines use ultra-pure water to filter waste from
blood.
• Lab tests. Nothing in distilled water reacts with or affects the
accuracy of lab experiments.
• Cosmetics. If water is an ingredient in your moisturizer,
deodorant, or shampoo, it’s almost always distilled.
• Automobiles. Since it lacks minerals, distilled water won’t
corrode metal engine parts or interfere with batteries.
56. • Infant formula. Mix it with infant formula if your baby has
weak immunity. Otherwise, tap water is fine.
• CPAP machine. Fill the water chamber for a CPAP
humidifier if you use it for sleep apnea. Many manufacturers
recommend distilled water to make the humidifier last
longer.
• Neti pot. Use it with a neti pot to clear your sinuses.
• Iron. Use it in your clothes iron to prevent scale buildup.
• Shampoo your hair. Fluoride, chlorine, and other additives
in the water from your shower may dull your hair.
58. Its tastelessness. freedom from irritating qualities and lack of
pharmacological activity, makes water a unique vehicle in
homceopathy.
A. Pharmaceutics and Potentization:
• It is used for preparation of aqueous mother solutions of drug
substances that are insoluble in alcohol, according to Class VA
and Class VB.
• It may also be a part of the menstrum used to
tinctures,according to the new method of preparation of
mother tinctures.
• It is used to convert solid trituration potency (3C, 6X) into a
liquidpotency for succussions (4C, 8X).
• It is used to prepare the mother solution for fifty millesimal
scale.
59. B. External Applications:
• It is an ingredient for many external applications, like
lotions,glyceroles, preparation of tincture of soap,
gargles, mouthwashes,applications for instillation into
the eye, like ear drops, eye drops,inhalations, vaginal
and urethral injections, preparation of opodeldoes,
plasters, hot fomentation, cold fomentation and ice
packs.
60. C.Dispensing of Medicines
It is a good vehicle for dispensing of homoeopathic medicines and
placebo. The only disadvantage of water is that aqueous solutions are
unstable and cannot be preserved for a long time.Medication of water
and its importance.
a) Dispensing of medicines in water has the advantage that it touches
many nerves
b) Excitable and hypersensitive patients respond better with the dose
inwater.
c) Deviated doses can be done only with water.
d) Medicines prepared according to LM are dispensed only in water.
e) Water is the vehicle of choice in comatose and unconscious patients
and in small babies.
61. D. Miscellaneous:
• Water is used to prepare different
strengths of alcohols.
• Water is used as water for injection.
• For cleansing of pharmaceutical
utensils
