1. Libro de Gramaticas
Shakira Rushing

2. Table of contents
• Imperfect
– Imperfect ending chart
• Preterite
• Future
• Conditional
• Por vs. Para
• Commands
• Present Perfect
• Double Object Pronouns
• Adverbs
• Subjunctive
• Se Impersonal
• Progressive w/ir, andar, y seguir

3. Imperfect Tense
• What used to happen or is happening at the time of narration
– Los pajaros cantaban
• Describe people in the past tense
– Mi mama tenia una cara bonita y era muy amable
• Describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past
– Yo pensaba que él era muy tonto
• Express a time of day in the past
– Eran las ocho de la noche
• Describing an action that was happening when interrupted by another action
– Comíamos cuando el nos llamó
• To set the stage, describe a situation or setting
– El sol brillaba nacia un tiempo muyagradable y todos estaban muy contentos.

4. Imperfect ending chart
ir ser ver
iba era veía
ibas eras veías
iba era veía
ibamos eramos veíamos
iban eran veían

5. Preterite
• Past tense
• Known beginning and ending
• Snapshot of time
– Preterite Trigger Words
• Ayer
• Anoche
• Anteayer
• Le semana pasado

6. Future
• The future tense is used to tell what “will” or “might”
happen.
Verbs Stem Verb Stem
Form Ending
Change Change
Yo -é
Tu -ás Decir Dir- Venir Vendr-
Ella/El/Ud. -á Hacer Har- Poder Podr-
Nosotros -emos Poner Pondr- Querer Querr-
Ellos/Ellas/ -án Salir Saldr- Saber Sabr-
Uds.
Tener Tendr- Valer Valdr-

7. Conditional
• The conditional is used to express something that “would,
should, or could” happen
Verb Stem Change
Form Ending Salir Saldr-
Yo -ía Decir Dir-
Tu -ías Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Ella/El/Ud. -ía
Saber Sabr-
Nosotros -íamos
Tener Tendr-
Ellos/Ellas/Uds -ían Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-

8. Por vs. Para
• Duration of an action • Destination
• Means by which • Purpose
something is done • In comparison
• Reason or motive for • Done for someone else
an action • Recipient of something
• Exchange or • Deadline or specific time
substitution in the future
• Object of search • Describes the purpose for
• Units of measure

9. Commands
• Used when telling someone what to do
• Formal
– Put in “yo” form of present indicative
– Drop the “o”
– Goes to opposite vowel

10. Present Perfect
• Present perfect is made by having the main verb
and “have” or “has”
• Drop the infinitive ending and add –ado or –ido
Form ending
Yo He
Tu Has
Ella/El/Ud. Ha
Nosotros Hemos
Vosotros Habeis
Ellas/Ellos/Uds. Han

11. Double Object Pronouns
• Me
– me Lelo= selo
• Te Lela= sela
– you Lelos= selos
• Lo,La
Lelas= selas
– Him, Her, It, You
• Nos Leslo= selo
– us Lesla= sela
• Os Leslos= selos
– You-all
• Los,Las
Leslas= selas
– Them, you-all

12. Adverbs
• Formed by adding –mente to the feminine
sigular form of the adjective

13. Subjunctive
• Conjugate Es importante que
• Put in the “yo” form Es necessario que
• Goes to opposite vowel
• Wish/want Es posible que
• Emotion Es probable que
• Doubt
Ojala que
• Denial
• Impersonal Expression
• Negation
• God

14. Se impersonal
• You would use “se” to avoid specifying the
person who is acting out the verb
• ALWAYS in 3rd person
• Can be used in all tenses

15. Progressives with
Ir/Andar/Seguir
• Ir- -ando/-iendo/-yendo
– Slowly but surely ____ing
• Andar- -ando/-iendo/-yendo
– Is going around ___ing
• Seguir- -ando/-iendo/-yendo
– Is still ___ing