The document discusses changing global superpowers over time. From 1800-1918, the British Empire was the dominant global superpower, controlling 25% of the world's land area at its peak. From 1918-1945 power transitioned between countries as the US and USSR rose. From 1945-1990 it was a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR during the Cold War period. Since 1990, the US has been the sole superpower but others like the EU and China are increasingly powerful. The future is predicted to be multi-polar with multiple regional powers.

1. Superpowers through time 1

5. Changing Superpowers Timescale Superpower(s) What happened? 1800-1918 British Empire UK is dominant global power; at one point controlling 25% of land area. 1918-1945 1945-90 1990-now Future?

6. The British Empire was founded on exploration and sea power. The Royal Navy dominated the seas from around 1700 – 1930. The Navy provided a link between the home country and overseas colonies. The Navy was also a symbol of MILITARY POWER Britain was the world superpower of the nineteenth century- at its height in 1921- it held sway over 485 million people (1/4 of world popn). It covered 36.7 million km squared (1/4 of Earth's total land area) GUINEA (West Africa) CANADA INDIA MYANMAR (Burma) PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND EGYPT SUDAN KENYA SOUTH AFRICA GUYANA MALAYSIA YEMEN OMAN FALKLAND ISLANDS NIGERIA

9. What does this image represent? Colonial India What were the benefits of the UK having a colony in India? Exploit resources Exploit workforce World market Power and influence

10. The current presidential palace in Delhi was built by the British as a symbol of political power. The navy surrounded the ports of India as a symbol of military power. In order to maximise exploitation the British ‘modernised’ India building an extensive rail network. The British also introduced: What power was being exerted by introducing these British traditions? IMPERIALISM CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

11. After the second world war the UK was bankrupt and could not support countries in its empire. Anti – colonial movements began and many countries pushed for independence. Most countries became independent by 1970. India became independent from Britain on 15 th August 1947.

17. The 3 phases of empire 1600- 1850- Mercantilist phase Small colonies set on coast fringes and islands- New England, Accra, Bombay, Jamaica- defended by forts. Focus on trade inc, slaves and raw materials like sugar Private trading companies such as the East India company and the Royal African company 1850 – 1945 The Imperial phase- Coastal colonies extend inland. Religion, culture and language introduced Govt set up to rule colonies Trade networks made more complex Telegrams and railways begin to connect parts of empire 1945- today The decolonisation phase After war UK almost bankrupt, can no longer support empire as before Anti colonial movements grow in India, and some countries move to independence. Most independent by 1970

19. The map shows ICC cricket members, associate members and affiliate members Orange= full members

20. British Overseas territories

21. Commonwealth states today

23. Changing Superpowers Timescale Superpower(s) Comment 1800-1918 British Empire UK is dominant global power; at one point controlling 25% of land area. 1918-1945 Transition period Increasing power in USA & Russia, rise of Nazi Germany and maintenance of B.Empire; a multi-polar period. 1945-90 USA & USSR Cold War 1990-2009 2009-

24. 1945 – 1990 ‘The Cold War’ After the second world war, two global superpowers emerged. The USA followed a policy to globalise its sphere of influence and become a stronger player in the world system. However the beliefs and politics of the USSR did not agree with the USA. In order to become more powerful the USSR took advantage of collapsed countries in Europe and enforced a communist regime. Bi-polar World What criteria would have supported these countries rise to superpower? Capitalism v communism

26. CAPITALISM COMMUNISM WORKERS ARE EMPLOYED BY THE STATE BUSINESSES BELONG TO THE STATE SOCIAL OBJECTIVE IS FREEDOM SOCIAL OBJECTIVE IS EQUALITY WORKERS ARE EMPLOYED BY PROFIT MAKING INDIVIDUALS BUSINESSES ARE PRIVATELY OWNED DEMOCRACY WITH ELECTED LEADERS FREE MARKET ECONOMY THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS DICTATORSHIP NO FREE ELECTIONS THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GOVERNMENT PLANNED ECONOMY

27. CAPITALISM COMMUNISM SOCIAL OBJECTIVE IS FREEDOM SOCIAL OBJECTIVE IS EQUALITY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS DICTATORSHIP NO FREE ELECTIONS DEMOCRACY WITH ELECTED LEADERS WORKERS ARE EMPLOYED BY THE STATE WORKERS ARE EMPLOYED BY PROFIT MAKING INDIVIDUALS BUSINESSES BELONG TO THE STATE BUSINESSES ARE PRIVATELY OWNED GOVERNMENT PLANNED ECONOMY FREE MARKET ECONOMY

31. Green Areas represent Eastern EUROPEAN COMMUNIST BLOC

36. ANGOLA= USSR supported Marxist MPLA with weapons, arms and equipment in civil war UGANDA and TANZANIA Military assistance in civil wars in both CONGO REP Provided military ass, in return for access to raw material and establishing a military base GUINEA Bauxite reserves opened up by USSR largest program in region. In return USSR granted military privileges SOMALIA Received largest soviet support in East Africa, military equipment worth 165$ 1000 military advisors, in return for naval aircraft base so Moscow could control Indian Ocean

37. Collapse of the Soviet Union 1985 – Newly elected President Gorbachev introduced: GLASNOST “freedom of Speech” PERESTROIKA “private ownership of small businesses” Late 1980’s – Economic failure and food shortages 1989 – 1991 With their new found freedom states within the USSR rebelled and claimed sovereignty (independence)

40. Changing Superpowers Timescale Superpower(s) Comment 1800-1918 British Empire UK is dominant global power; at one point controlling 25% of land area. 1918-1945 Transition period Increasing power in USA & Russia, rise of Nazi Germany and maintenance of B.Empire; a multi-polar period. 1945-90 USA & USSR Cold War- bi-polar world- most nations took a side 1990-2009 USA USA only true superpower (hegemony) following collapse of communism 2009- USA maintain status? EU China Many think future is multi-polar, with many superpowers, possibly including India and Russia. Rise of more regional and 1 dimensional powers- e.g. Russia and gulf states as energy powers

43. Modernisation Theory It was so influential that developing countries wanting to create the preconditions for take off by investing in key infrastructure and industries The Asian Tigers are examples of where this succeeded. How were they able to implement the preconditions for take off?

46. North-South Divide Brandt Line

61. The end of some superpowers…

62. … and the creation of new ones.