51. 1960 Up the ladder Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo sapiens
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54. 2001 From a tree to a bush ? ? ? 1 Ma 2 Ma 3 Ma 4 Ma Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo habilis A. africanus P. robustus Paranthropus boisei Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anemensis Ardipithecus ramidus P. aethiopicus Homo rudolfensis H. ergaster H. heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis A. garhi ? ? ?
55. 2003 DEEPER ROOTS ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Ma 2 Ma 3 Ma 4 Ma 5 Ma 6 Ma 7 Ma Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo habilis A. africanus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus. boisei Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anemensis Ardipithecus ramidus P. aethiopicus Homo rudolfensis H. ergaster H. heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis A. garhi Orrorin tugensis Gorilla gorilla Sahelanthropus tchadensis “ Toumai” Pan trogolodites
These prints show bipedal characteristics of nondivergent big toe, heel strike, and well-developed arch. Play Berkeley clip. Stress that bipedalism evolved before big brains;
Australopithecine pelvises are far more similar to humans than to those of apes, and shows that they were undoubtedly bipedal. The pelvis of Lucy ( A. afarensis ), although not shown here, is very similar to that of A. africanus . Despite the overall similarity, australopithecine pelvises are not identical to those of humans. There are a number of differences, some of which are more obvious when viewed from other angles. This illustration is from "Humankind Emerging", edited by Bernard Campbell.
Freeing the hands Providing better predator detection Reducing thermal load on body Postural feeding Long-distance walking Hunting Male provisioning
Top left: Mr. Ples Middle: Taung Child Bottom left: Raymond Dart holding Taung Child.
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