1. [A2 Sociology]
[Unit 4: Crime & Deviance with Theories & Methods]
[Year 13]
Lesson Focus Learning Objectives Extended/Inde Assessment Focus Resources
To Understand:- pendent & evidence
Learning
1. Introduction Sociological Objective: To explain the different ways http://www.y Explain what is Macro Use: Sociologists theorists map.
to sociological theories sociologists look at society. It is like walking into outube.com/w and Micro sociology: Textbook or internet to find out
theories a hall of mirrors, same object but with different atch? Relate: functional, the definition of terms
images. v=mYBNRUStZ maxism and
This will help them to evaluate the methodology sg&feature=pl interactionism.
chosen by various sociologists in their theories. ayer_embedde
• Macro sociology d
 Structural: Consensus and Conflict
perspectives (Durkheim, Parsons, Visual
Marxism, feminists sociology:
• Micro sociology: Macro and
 Social interactionist/interpretist Micro
 Symbolic interactionism perspective.
 Phenomenology Relate to the
Top down and
 Ethenomethodogy
bottom up
 postmodernist
approach
1. Introduction Lesson One May be a good idea to start introducing different Powerpoint
to the concept double: sociology theories first (structuralist , - Simple view of causes of crime,
of crime & Different definition interactionist, conflict theory) - Social construction of crime and
deviance (C&D) of crime & deviance – QEHS.
deviance, social What is deviance is not criminal, there is legal, - What is deviance &
order and social time, culture and place dimension. C&D is a functionalism
control social construct - Social construction of C&D
Distinction ≠ - What is Crime? What is Deviance? - Simple view of causes of crime
sociological - Can an act be criminal & deviant? Need to print some slides
theories & social - When an act can be deviance but not Worksheet – How criminal are
(e.g. biological, criminal? you.
psychological) Handout with exercise –

2. “Introduction to deviance”
Cesare Lombroso – Biological theories
H J Eysenck – social Psychology – mental issue - Ask students to draw a picture
Labelling theory – by Becker of a criminal and draw attention
to their stereotype.
2: Functionalist, Lesson: 3 double at Know & Understand the functionalist * Not sure the Exam Question: PPTs
strain & least perspective on crime, including the functions of following Examine the role of Textbook: Webb page 73 -78
subcultural : Durkheim's crime. articles are access to opportunity
theories. Functionalist • Need to understand the term: anomie available in the structures in causing Funtionalist Workbook
Theory • Achieve social solidarity by socialisation & libraryr: Read crime & deviance.
Lesson 2: Merton's social control one article Worksheets
strain theory • + function of crime: boundary from Online Past exam paper for http://www.youtube.com/watch?
Lesson 3: maintenance and adaptation and change. Journal: essay on Merton v=v48kAslT-cY
Subcultural strain Students can research this Introduction to Functionalism
theory •Durkheim – Positive aspects of crime Sociology January 2011
Lesson 4: Recent •1) Reaffirming boundaries – eg newspaper Review | Volu Assess the usefulness
strain theories footage of punishments; public stoning etc me 8 | 4 April of subculture theories
•2) Changing Values – Tony Martin, the farmer, 1999 in explaining Essay Plan Template
shot and killed a 16yr old boy who was stealing ‘subculture crime and
from his house. Media was interested as many deviance in society Subculture theory workbook
said it showed the British justice system supports In focus: the today. (21 marks)
criminals more than victims. 1998 British http://www.youtube.com/watch?
•3) Social Cohesion – 9/11, London Bombings etc Crime Survey June 05 v=fvVd9oOxTm8&feature=related
– community draws together at times of hardship (b) Using mat. A &
•Negative aspects of crime Recent Strain elsewhere, examine Merton’s Strain theory – very well
Anomie – Looting during storms in Chicago theory some of the ways in explained.
which functionalists Extension exercise on page 10 of
Know & Understand the concept of strain theory Messner and have tried to explain the Subculture workbook
Rosenfeld and different types of and
& its role in explaining deviance.
the other ltwo patterns of crime and C&D workbook – Objective 4
Sub-culture theory studies by
deviances. (12) Functionalism & Merton
Downes and
• Merton – Goals & means and 5 types of Hanson and Objective 6- Subculture theory
response: Conformer, innovators, Savalsberg and activity.
ritualists, retreatist, and rebels. June 2004
Using material from Draw a table with various
Be able to explain the differences between Item A and theories, details, methods, S&W
different strain & subcultural theories. elsewhere, examine
• Cohen – status frustration some of the reasons http://www.youtube.com/watch

3. • Cloward & Ohlin: Criminal subculture, put forward by ?v=HRcOvOYkS-
conflict subculture and retreatist sociologists for the k&feature=relmfu
subculture formation of deviant Professor Robert Worley on
• Matza – evaluate both Cohen & Cloward subcultures. Strain theory and anomie – for
• Miller teachers information.
Be able to evaluate functionalist, strain &
subcultural theories of crime & deviance.
2: Labelling Lesson 1: The social Know & Understand why labelling theories Not sure the Exam Question: Prior to teaching: would be
Theory construction of regard crime & deviance as socially constructed. following Assess the view that useful to show some crime
crime Know & Understand the labelling process & it's articles are crime & deviance are statistics particularly on youth
consequences for those who are labelled. available in the the product of labelling crime and also the process of
Lesson 2: Who gets Webb: p 81 libarayr: processes. criminal justice system.
labelled? • Howard Becker p81; explain his theory of
‘deviance is in the eye of the beholder’ Read this Jan 2012 PPTs
Note: Labelling He invented the labelling theory & SFP, article from Using material from
theory is also master label. the Online Item A and elsewhere, Webb: page 81 to 85
known as social • Interactions with social control agencies Journal: assess the usefulness Nelson Thornes: p254-257
action theory such as police & courts of labelling theory in Worksheets
• Appearance, background & personal Sociology explaining crime and
biography Review | Volu deviance. (21) Card sorts
• Situation & circumstances of the offence me 14 | 4 April
o Cicourel – police officer’s & court 2005 June 04: Using material Essay Plan Template
typifications A & elsewhere,
o Methods: Cicourel used both participant examine the Interactionist Crime and theory
& non participants observational page 82 Corporate sociological reasons for Workbook – the page of
crime the formation of evaluation is particularly
Be able to evaluate the strengths & limitations deviant subculture demanding!
of labelling theory in explaining crime &
deviance. Jan 2008 C&D Workbook – objective 5 –
Assess the view that labelling.
• Edwin Lemert - Primary deviance to delinquent subculture
Secondary deviance, (the process are the main cause of
involves: master status→ a crisis of self- crime. Check list questions Webb page
concept or sense of identity →self 85
fulfilling prophecy)

4. • Secondary deviance→more deviancy and Jan 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch
Lesson 3: The a deviant career by e.g. join a deviant Using material from ?v=r-UBjL1zlgM
effects of labelling subculture that offers criminal career Item A and elsewhere, Summary of interactionism and
opportunity. assess the usefulness labelling theory – Good one.
• Jock Young – hippy culture of subcultural theories
• Both their work highlight crime as a in explaining Activity:
result of hostile societal reaction and a ‘subcultural crime and Master status; Ask students
reaction of social control, hence it’s a deviance’ in society •Tell me something about:
social construct. today. •Ian Huntley
Note: the material A •Fred West
contains info about •Amy Winehouse
Key term: deviance amplification and Marxism. May be a •Pete Doherty
amplification spiral. good essay to •Can you think of a better
• Stanley Cohen: folk devils & Moral consolidate theories example??
Panics – societal reaction to mods and
rockers at Claction (1964) Jan 2012 http://www.youtube.com/watch
• Lin this with the role of media and wider Using material from ?v=6E66iDghFkg&feature=related
Lesson 4: Deviance context: police and state. Item A and elsewhere, Social action theory –
amplification • Jock Young: Policing in crisis assess the usefulness interactionism
of labelling theory in
• Lemert: social control leads to deviance.
explaining crime and http://www.youtube.com/watch
Webb page 83
deviance. (21) ?
v=A8yzVxBFNJE&feature=related
Interestingly Lemert (1952) : He was the first
Labelling & Labelling theory of Crime - for
one to argue that the societal reaction and
Criminal Justice teacher to develop a deeper
control process which the social control agencies
System understanding. Professor Robert
put on the person who committed the offence
M Worley deconstruct labelling
and by labelling that person could actually lead
theory of crime
to primary, secondary and finally ‘the Master
Status’ which is a form of SFP.
Mods and Rocker – a youtube
The Labelling theory was very popular from the
Evaluation of clip in the shared area.
60s as there was public questioning over the
labelling theory
power of the government and the states. The
was the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights
Movement, the assignation of John F. Kennedy,
the Watergate. The CND protest.
Crtics: criminolgists argued that the labelling
ignored the crimogenic nature of crime, family
upbringing

5. Nelson Thornes – p255 Braithwaite – labelling,
shaming and disintegrative shaming made
offenders feel excluded, not worthy to return to
society and they will rejoin a criminal
subculture. New strategy: community support,
opportunity to repent and be reintegrated into
society. This is very successful in Japan. In social
policy pioneered in US, ‘restorative justice’ –
offenders apologise to victim, etc
The impact of CJS relabelled certain crime on
certain groups of people (young people). This
also impact on policing who claim negative
labelling pushes offenders towards a deviant
career. Hence some arguments for
decriminalising soft drugs.
3: Marxist Lesson 1 & 2: Know & understand why Marxists see crime as Not sure the Exam Question: PPTs
Theorists Traditional inevitable in a capitalist society following Examine some of the
Marxism • Because capitalism is criminogenic – by articles are ways in which Marxists Webb: page 87-91
its very nature it causes crime. available in the explain crime.
• The state & the law – William Chambliss libarayr: Worksheets
argues that laws to protect private Or
property. Law is to protect the ruling Complete the Card sorts
class’ interest. Snider: capitalist state is activity from Assess the usefulness
reluctant to pass laws that regulate the the Online of Marxism to an Essay Plan Template
activities of businesses or threatened Journal: understanding of crime
their profitability. Selective Enforcement. (essay plan, etc is on
• Ideological functions of crime & law: even Sociology the revision folder of Marxist theory of Crime and
though some laws benefit the working Review | Volu C&D) Deviance Workbook (use the one
class (Carson) but they benefit the ruling me 18 | 4 April with the Coca-cola image on the
class too. Encourage the w/c to shift the 2009 June 2011 front page)
blame of crime to the criminals rather Using material from
than to blame the ruling class and Item A and elsewhere, Supplement workbook with
capitalism. Crime and assess different Marxist notes on page 89.
deviance views of the

6. Lesson 3: Neo- Know & Understand traditional & neo-Marxist crossword relationship between http://www.youtube.com/watch
Marxism or critical approaches to crime & deviance, and the crime and social class. ?v=GJie-
criminology similarities & differences between them. (21 marks) evvR3s&feature=player_embedd
• Taylor et el dismissed Marxism as too ed
deterministic Traditional Marxism
• Taylor et al – take a more volunaristic
view ( we have free will. Crime as http://www.youtube.com/watch
meaningful action & a conscious choice. ?
It has a political motive, like v=0_AdmLg5H_Y&feature=player
redistribution of wealth. _embedded
Neo-Marxism (critical Marxism)
• He emphasis freedom of individual liberty
& diversity. http://www.youtube.com/watch
?
• Against individual being labelled deviant v=Lb42CkSK9tk&feature=BFa&lis
t=PL1519DC8363990570
Be able to evaluate the strengths & limitations of summary of Marxism & radical
Marxists & neo-Marxist approaches to crime & criminology
deviance. http://www.youtube.com/watch
?
Lesson 4: A fully A comprehensive understanding of crime & v=XCPhypQJZ0c&feature=relmfu
social theory of deviance to help change society for the better. For teacher – Professor Worley
deviance This theory derives from both traditional Marxist, explain what is critical
ideas from interactionism & labelling theory. criminology
Evaluation of critical criminology Summary
4: Left & Right Lesson 1 & 2: Right Know & Understand the difference between Produce a Essay: on page 99 PPTs
realists realism realist & other approaches to crime. summary Exam Question: Webb: page 92-99
Lesson 3 &4: Left Causes of Crime video or poser Assess the value of the
realism Right: Biological: Wilson & Herrnstein; about one of right realist approach Worksheets
socialisation and the underclass: Charles Murray; these 4 topics. to crime & deviance. Vote Britainia debate:
Please remind Rational Choice Theory: Ron Clarke and Marcus Group 1: Split students into 2 groups: one
students that this Felson’ s Routine Activity Theory Functionalist, June 2009 represent left and the other right
links closely with strain & Assess the usefulness realists and come up with a
Social Control, Left: Crime is a real problem and how they subcultural of realist theories for political speech about what they
agencies of social criticised traditional Marxist, neo-marxtis and theories. our understanding of would do to tackle crime.
control later on. labelling theorists. Group 2: crime
This area will be Relative Deprivation: Lea & Young; Subculture: Labelling Card sorts

7. revisited. Cohen, Cloward & Ohlin; Marginlisation. Theory
Societial change: late modernity, exclusion: since Group3: http://www.youtube.com/watch
70s, more exclusion, isolation. Link this with Marxist ?
Merton’s strain theory – wide spread resentment Theorists v=r85FMhHWtNk&feature=relate
at the undeservedly high rewards like footballer; Group 4: Left & d
Reaction to crime by the society and the state Right realists Youtube – put this in the shared
also changed. area, students watch this &
should help them to consolidate
Know the main features of right & left realist understanding & draw a table
approaches to crime. with the heading: causes of
Tackling Crime crime, tackling crime, evaluation
Right: Wilson & Kelling: Broken Windows, zero of each and both reaslism and
tolerance, crime prevention police to reduce their common ground.
reward & increase costs of crime, harder prison
sentencing. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
Left: Policing focus on working with the england-london-16572689
community, multi-agency approach (local Met Police changing London gang
councils, social services, housing dept., schools) crime tactics – Trident – Left
Structural: causes of crime: reduce inequality. realists
Understand their political context & the
similarities & differences between them. http://www.sociologyexchange.c
Left realism have more influence, particularly o.uk/resource/1740/
with the New Labour government policies (tough Jim Riley created this video file to
on crime and causes of crime): ASBO, sexual explain what is right realism
assault & domestic violence, New Deal to tackle
causes of crime, anti-truanting policies http://www.sociologyexchange.c
o.uk/resource/1741/
Jim Riley’s VLE video file on Left
Be able to evaluate the strengths & limitations of Realism and is saved in my area:
right & left realist approaches to crime. staffewj at school. Good one.
Students can make notes from it.
Social class & June 2008
crime
(Not in the Assess sociological
Webb explanations of social
textbook)
class differences in
crime rates (Item A).

8. Age and crime Link this with pattern of crime and youth crime, Social distribution of crime – Age
(not in the subculture theory, neo-maxism theory, edgework Workbook, includes a planning
Webb (Lyng) exercise for an essay
textbook) Edgework – marking exercise
5: Gender & Lesson 1: Gender Knew the main gender differences in recorded Read this Exam Question: PPTs
Crime patterns in crime patterns of offending. article from Assess the value of the
Lesson 2: -use crime statistics to show the pattern and the Online ‘chivalry thesis’ in Webb: page 100-108
Link this with Explaining female discuss reasons. Journal: understanding gender
social crime - query the problems of crime statistics: are all differences in crime. C&D Workbook – Objective 8 –
distribution of Lesson 3: Women crimes recorded? why some crimes committed Sociology Gender & Crime
crime. & the CJS: the by females are not recorded Review | Volu June 2010
chivalry thesis. me 19 | 3 Examine some of the Worksheets
Lesson 4: Why do Understand & Be able to evaluate the debates February 2010 reasons why females - Gender & Crime statistics
men commit about the treatment of men & women in the may be less likely than worksheet and there’s a
crime? criminal justice system. male to comit crimes power point to go with
- the Chivalry thesis: For (Pollak 1950). In focus: (12) this.
Againast: Farrington & Morris, Box Gender and - Mix & match game
- Bias against women: Feminists: crime June 2007 - Mind map, diagram and
Heidensohn, Pat Carlen. Fminists argued Using material from theory on gender
that CJS is double-standard & patriarchal, Item A and worksheet, enlarge to A3
Walkate as well as Adler: rape cases, if elsewhere, assess
women lack respectability, they’re not sociological file:///Volumes/NO
believed. %20NAME/Ellen/Sociology%20-
explanations of
%20EJ/Crime%20and
gender
Be able to evaluate explanations of the %20deviance/Revision,%20past
relationship between women & crime, & differences in %20paper,%20guide,%20etc/You
between men & crime. patterns of %20tube%20revision
Reasons why women commit crime: Functionalist offending, %20/A2%20Sociology%20Crime
sex role theory; Heidensohn: patriarchal control. victimisation and %20and%20Deviance%20Quiz
Control at home: Dobash & Dobash (violent punishment. %20Gender%20-
husband) Link this with methods: interviews on %20YouTube.html
page 104. Bedroom culture. Control in public You tube revision quiz on gender
and control at work. Carlen: class & gender deals Jan 2005
Liberation Thesis: Adler Assess sociological http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/progr
ammes/newsnight/9648013.stm
explanations of
Masculinity & crime: Video: examining the truth about
gender differences in
Messercchmidt: hegemonic masculinity, girl gangs –good one.
rates of crime and

9. subordinated masculinities. Also link with class deviance.
youth and ethnic differences to rule breaking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/74
Postmodernity: 01826.stm
Winlow: Study of bouncers(bouncers), Bodily BBC news – crime by girls rise b
capital: - the ability to use violence, looking the the quarter
part using the body.
The Night-time economy
Hobbs (2000) – growth in leisure economy & Brainstorm:
large no. of young male in public ‘in a narrow Connell/messerchmidt &
time band’ normative masculinity.
Taylor (1999)– nocturnal economy is linked to •Why has there been a spate of
globalisaton – traditional industry decline and gang stabbings in the last few
growth in leisure economy) yrs? Is this an attempt to achieve
normative masculinity in a gang?
Look at synoptic links: at bottom of page 107 Its not natural or easy.
•Could there be other ways of
Ps: don’t forget: the pleasure of committing C&D, achieving it? Ie Male
edgework. There is power point called: Male businessmen exerting their
crime with Critique – very useful (Katz, Lyng, control in the office; Domestic
violence over women?
•Are boys in gangs because they
are in a state of drift and they
join gangs to give them identity
Nocturnal Economy: Brainstorm.
•The lads that hang out by my
local shops.
• Licensing hours –did it help or
not? statistically before
licensing laws ¾ of violent
crime in urban areas occurs
between 9pm-3am. Why is it
all happening
Lyng-Male risk taking
Is it just men though? What about

10. Winona Ryder…and that other
one
6: Ethnicity & Lesson 1: Ethnicity Know the patterns of ethnicity & criminalisation Read this Exam Question: Webb: page 111-117
Crime & criminalisation as shown by different sources of data. article from Examine some of the
Lesson 2: Ethnicity • Official stats, victim surveys, self report the Online reasons for ethnic PPTs
& the CJS studies (each with pros and cons) Journal: differences in
Lesson 3: • Method link: questionnaires (self reports experiences of the Worksheets:
Explaining the studies) Sociology criminal justice system 1. Mind Map: Ethnicty,
differences in Review | Volu racism and CJS
offending There are 2 main explanations: me 12 | 3 Jan 2010
Lesson 4: Ethnicity - Racism in the CJS February 2003 Using material from Essay plan Card sorts –group
& victimisation - Structural sociological explanation Item A and activity
elsewhere, assess the Essay Plan Template
Understand the relationship between the In the news: view that ethnic
criminal justice process & ethnicity 'race' and Ethnicity Workbook
differences in
- Ethnic differences at each stage of the crime Ethnicity and crime revision mind
crime rates are the
CJS – use (Sample Exam paper question) map.
In groups: result of the ways in
- Stop & search: Philips & Bowling 2007
(Canteen Culture), Terrorist Act 2008 Collect crime which the criminal
- Students: read p11- to 113 and complete stories from a justice system
the mind map exercise. Also: low & range of local operates. Brainstorm
high police discretion, demographic & national •Gang stabbings – If we look on
factors. newspapers BBC website for news on recent
- Arrest & cautions: and analysis stabbings, the majority are intra-
- Prosecution: Bowling & Phillips (2002): the content to racial
evidence used by the CPS is given by the see how far do
police which is weaker and based on the media •Macpherson Inquiry – 1993 –
stereotypes report details Stephen Lawrence’s murder –
of ethnicity of some evidence of institutional
victims and racism
Be able to evaluate sociological explanations of offenders?
the relationship between ethnicity, offending & How far do •Is it fair to blame ethnicity for
criminalisation. they use ethnic high levels of Afro-Caribbean
- Left Realism: Lea & Young – accepts stereotypes crime? What did Fitzgerald
ethnic differences in statistics reflect real when discover about it? How can we
differences in levels of offending by reporting link in theory & methods to his
different groups and that the police often crime. Use discovery

11. acts in a racist way BUT argues main Crimewatch,
causes are due to real difference in levels and tv news. http://www.youtube.com/watch
of relative deprivation & marginalisation ?
experienced by different ethnic groups. v=J_GWy82olhw&feature=autopl
- Neo-Marxism: Social construction that ay&list=PLE98CEF4F301572E6&pl
stereotypes ethnic as inherently more aynext=1
criminal. Paul Gilroy & Stuart Hall et al. Racism in UK Police Force –
Paul Gilroy: the myth of black criminality. reflect institutional racism,
Their crime is seen as a form of political canteen culture. Discuss
resistance against a racist society and has methodology afterwards, covert
its roots based against imperialism. participation, questionnaire,
- Hall et al: policing the crisis: media interviews.
driven moral panic of black muggers is a
scapegoat to detract attention from the http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/in
failure of capitalism, political anomie and dex.php/sociology/comments/cri
unemployment. me-and-ethnicity/
An article on police attitude,
Understand the relationship between ethnicity research done by Marion
racism & victimisation. Fitzerald and Philips and Bowling
- Extent & risk of victimisation: different
stats for different ethnic groups. Race is
not the only cause: age, gender, being
unemployed. Sample & Phillips (92) –
racist victimisation tends to be ongoing,
with repeated ‘minor’ incidents
interwoven with periodic physical
violence.
- Responses to victimisation
- Methods link: BCS (using structure
interviews) page 116
7: Crime & the Lesson 1: Media Know the patterns of media representations of Read this Exam Question: Webb: page 119 - 123
Media representations of crime & how these differ from the picture of article from Examine the ways in
crime crime in official statistics. the Online which the media PPTs
Lesson 2: The • Examine what kinds of news are over- Journal: stimulate moral panics
media as a cause of represented: violent, sex crime, murder, & create folk devils. Crime & media handouts
crime sensational, ignore property & burglary. Sociology

12. Lesson 3: Moral Don’t explain causes of crime. Review | Volu
panics • Distorted picture of crime reflect that me 19 | 4 April Worksheets
Lesson 4: Global crime is a social construct: some stories 2010 • Media representation of
cyber-crime are selected whilst others rejected. crime
Journalists decide what is ‘news values’: • Folk devil, moral panic
immediacy, dramatisation, Young people. and laws
personalisation, higher-status, risk and
simplification, novelty or cybercrime Card sorts
unexpectedness risk and violence
• Fictional representations of crime: tv, Essay Plan Template
cinema, novels. Surette (98) calls ‘the http://www.youtube.com/watch?
law of opposites’: they are the opposite v=XfSlsa-kJhg
of the official statistics – similar to news
coverage. Summary of media representation
of crime
Understand & be able to evaluate different
views about the media as a cause of crime & fear http://www.youtube.com/watch?
of crime. NR=1&v=r61ks18Bd7IMods and
• How media cause C&D: imitation, rockers moral panic
arousal, desensitisation, transmitting
crime knowledge, portray police as http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/
incompetent, glamorise crime hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2
• Methods link: Bandua ‘s doll page 120
521000/2521067.stm Oakney –
but Schramm el al see no strong link.
child abuse?
• Fear of crime; Schlesinger and Tumber
found a correlation http://www.youtube.com/watch?
• Media: focus on material, good life of
v=qO52SMQB7tE&feature=player
leisure, fun and consumer goods: Could
lead to a sense of relative deprivation, _embedded Moral Panic –
social exclusion and cause crime, similar Charlie Brooker’s Newswipe –
to Merton. News Coverage of ‘Frozen Britain’
Snowing is just natural and how
Know & be able to evaluate views of the media’s the news make a meal out of it.
role in the creation of moral panics. Lack grit, people falling over,
• Moral entrepreneur who disapprove of
schools closed, gas demand up,
certain behaviour could use the media to
put pressure on authorities/police to do how the whole country can’t
something. A moral panic is an cope!

13. exaggerated over-reaction by society to a http://www.youtube.com/watch?
perceived problem – usually driven or NR=1&v=SrOQdau2CWA
inspired by the media.
• Stanley Cohen’s: Folk devils & Moral What is moral panic – deviance
Panics: Mods & Rockers. Media: acts and technology and
exaggerate and distort the event, made legislation is not keeping up
prediction of further conflict,
todate.
symbolisation by clothes, hairstyles,
music, http://www.sociologyexchange.co
• Wider Context: Stanley Cohen: Moral
.uk/videos/view/20378/
panic happened because of ‘boundary
crisis’ and times of social changes. How media creates a materialistic
Functionalist: a response to anomie or
society. Use this to discuss
normlessness caused by change. Neo-
sociological explanation of crime.
Marxist: Stuart Hall et al (79): in the
context of capitalism, distract the w/c on
racial ground & to accept more
authoritarian style of rule. http://www.sociologyexchange.co
• Methods link: page 123: Cohen used a
.uk/videos/view/20377/
mixed methods: documentary,
observations, interviews. Moral panic, Marilyn Manson in
Bowling for Columbine
Understand the relationships between the new
information media & crime & social control. http://www.sociologyexchange.co
• Global cyber-crime: Yvonne Jewkes (03):
.uk/videos/view/20380/
internet creates opportunities to commit
crimes, e.g. fraud. Wall (01) identifies 4 Media panic – how bad weather
categories: cyber trespass, cyber-
report is whipped into a frenzy, a
deception & theft, cyber-pornography,
cyber violence. funny way to look at media panci

14. 8: Lesson 1 & 2: Know & Understand the ways in which Produce a Exam Question: Webb: page 127 -135
Globalisation, Crime & globalisation & crime are related. poster about Examine the
Green & State Globalisation Be able to evaluate explanations for this one of these 4 relationship between PPTs
Crime Lesson 3: Green relationship. topics. crimes against the • Visual images of state
Crime Group 1: environment & the crime
Lesson 4: State The Global criminal economy Gender & process of
crimes • TNC (Transnational Organised Crime) crime globalisation. BBC news - lots of reports on
Group 2: international crime.
• Manuel Castells (98) – Arms trafficking,
Ethnicity & Jan 2010 Controversial reports on India and
trafficking in nuclear materials, smuggling
Crime Examine some of the China illegal human organ
of illegal immigrants, women and
Group3: Crime ways in which crime transplant.
children, body parts, cyber crimes, green
& the Media and globalisation
crimes, international terrorism, smuggling
Group 4: may be related. (12 www.sociologyuk.net –
of legal goods, cultural artefacts,
Globalisation, investigating global crime
endangered species, drugs, money marks)
Green & State
laundering.
Crime Worksheets
• Why? The same old philosophy of Jan 2012
Using material from Globalisation of C&D by Jo. Swaile
economics: D and S. Who are the players
in this game? Rich countries’ demand for Item B and elsewhere,
assess the view that Card sorts
goods & services and the impact on poor
countries. the process of
globalisation has led to Essay Plan Template
Global risk consciousness changes in both the
amount of crime and Mafia of the day: put students
• Economic migrants, asylum seekers has
the types of crime into groups and they can be think
given rise to anxieties amongst the
committed. of as many global as possible.
Western countries about the risks of
(21 marks) Homework: get news articles and
crime and disorders
update the news board. Can even
• Media exaggeration bring in an element of
• Implication;: intensification of social competition here – who’s the big
control at national level. More CCTV, daddy mafia?
airline fines, border control, etc,
Debate: China/India: do they
Globalisation, capitalism and crime contribute the most pollutions?
• Ian Taylor (1997) : a socialist argues

15. market forces means exploitation, Put into two groups: one to speak
greater inequality and rising crime at from China/India’s perspective
both ends of the social spectrum. and the other group: the
• TNC: switch production to low wage developed countries or the 1st
countries create insecurity In other countries.
countries.
• Deregulation: government have little http://www.sociologyexchange.c
control over their own economy. For o.uk/videos/view/20368/
elite group, insider trading, movement of Globalisation: green crime, state
funds for tax evasion. EU: offer crime, criminal economy
opportunities for fraudulent claims for
subsidies, the EU gravy trains. Note: their http://www.sociologyexchange.c
accounts have not been signed by o.uk/videos/
auditors due to irregularities and the TED- Organised crime – McMafia
whistle blowers were punished. – very useful globalised crime –
• Marketisation: encourage individual to show students this
emphasis consumption and undermine
social cohesion as supported by Left
Realists.
• Link this to impact on the poor’s lack of
legitimate job opportunities to crime
• Globalisation: impact on jobs:
subcontracting to recruit flexible workers
who could be illegal or paid less than the
minimum wage, h&S, labour laws.
Patterns of criminal organisation
‘Glocal’ Organisation: have international links,
normally with drugs, but they also operate in a
local context. Individuals with local contacts and
networks. Hobbs and Dunningham: crime works
as ‘glocal’ systems: still locally based, but with
global connections. They’re less hierarchical
more flexible like cells
McMafia – Misha Glenny – link TRC with break
up of Soviet Union after 1989 which coincided

16. with deregulation of global markets. Note: how
London’s hot properties are now bought by
Russians and how they transferred capital.
Parallel comparison is with China’s organised
crime and how some politicians become
millionaires.
Know & Understand the different types of
green crime
Be able to evaluate sociological explanations
of environmental harm.
• Examine the impact of the actions of
corporations and nations on the eco
systems.
• Green criminology
• Two views of harm: anthropocentric and
ecocentric view
• Nigel South classifies 2 types of green
crime: primary & secondary
• Evaluation: different countries have
different laws and definition. According
to Marxist, the capitalist class shape and
define crime. Also, the nations states and
transnational corporations’ interests are
interwined. Critics argued moral or
political boundaries often involve value
judgement which cannot be defined
objectively.
Know & Understand the relationship between
state crimes & human rights.
Be able to evaluate evaluations of such crimes.
• Eugene McLaughlin (2001): political
crimes, crimes by police & security,
economic crime, cultural & social crime
• Human rights & state crime: involve
natural rights and civil rights.

17. • Herman & Julia Schwendinger: crime in
terms of violation of human rights
• Note: different definition on what is
human rights
• State crime & culture of denial: Cohen’s
spiral of denial and neutralisation theory
• State crime & social condition: Kelman &
Hamilton (89) work on crimes of
obedience (My Lai in Vietnam) identify 3
features: Authorisation, routinisation
and dehumanisation.
Topic 9: Crime, Lesson 1 & 2: Know, Understand & be able to evaluate a range Read this Exam Question: Webb: page 137 - 143
Punishment & Crime prevention & of crime prevention & control strategies. article from Assess sociological
Victims control Situational Crime Prevention (right Realism the Online views of crime PPTs
Lesson 3: approach – Rational choice theory) Journal: Don’t reduction strategies.
Punishment • Ron Clarke (92) describe this as a ‘pre- think the
Lesson 4: The emptive approach) – this provides a library got this. June 2005 Worksheets: social control
victims of crime realistic solution as most crimes are “Deviance is the workbook
opportunistic. This is supported by Sociology result of the social
Marcus Felson’s work (98) on the New Review | Volu background of the Card sort
York Bus Terminal. me 12 | 3 deviant, rather than
• Criticism: Chalken el al (74): February 2003 Crime Reduction Strategies –
of the actions of
displacement of crime (spatial, temporal, Consolidation Activities – use the
social control
target, tactical , functional). Evaluation: textbook p.137-142 to fill in the
Interview. agencies.” Assess this tables
ignores white collar crime, assumes
criminals make rational choices, ignores Cressida Dick: view.
causes of crime. Crime and Devise an anti-burglary strategy
policing Jan 2009 (Spec
Environment Crime prevention paper) Essay Plan Template
• James Wilson & George Kellings (82) Students use Examine the
article on ‘Broken Windows’ and ‘tipping’ BBC or search effectiveness of Policing:
the neighbourhood into no go area. other situational crime http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
• Zero tolerance policing (Right Realism): newspaper for prevention as a england-london-16825265
use: 1sr environment strategy and then news on social Gang member face stark choice
means of reducing
zero tolerance policing by being control, find at gruesome day in court – to
the impact
proactively tackle even the slightest sign evidence on face reality of violent gang crime
government of crime on society
of disorder.
policies and (Item A) Left realist – tough on sexual
• Evaluation: New York is now safer but

18. read page 138 for criticism. different style crime
Social & community crime prevention (left of policing and A good consolidation http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
Realist) link findings to question which could england-london-16975835 - news
• Informal control and community theory such as include all the above video clip
prevention strategy place – more on left and right theories, including £1.5m funding for girl gang
prevention and is long term, tackle root Realism. Use how official stats are member who are raped by male
causes of offending. And recognise the blog. collected, role of gang members
causes of crime are linked with social policing
condition: poverty, unemployment, June 2006 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
housing. “Since the mid- england-london-16940160
• The Perry Pre-school Project for 1950s, the number of More than 200 held as Met Police
disadvantaged black children in Michigan. recorded crimes in crack down on gangs- video clips
Method: Longitudinal study: showed its Operation Trident
England and Wales
cost effective. has risen
• Criticism: focus on fairly low level and/or
from about half a http://www.youtube.com/watch
interpersonal crimes of violence. But
million a year to
ignore the powerful and environmental ?v=HZ_km1R11Cw Situational
crime.
around 5 million
crime control
today.”
Punishment
Assess sociological http://www.youtube.com/watch
Know, Understand & be able to evaluate
different perspectives on punishment.
explanations of the ?v=KnL0iwT-1bE Victimology
Know the main trends in sentencing & increase in recorded
understand their significance. crime in the last 50 Note: Professor Lawrence
• Functions of punishment: crime years. Sherman – Criminology
reduction and retribution. Department of Cambridge
• Reduction can be done through: June 06 University has done some
deterrence (Conservative short sharp Using material from pioneering work on crime
shock regime on young offenders). Item A and elsewhere,
prevention. Latest work: on
Rehabilitation and incapacitation examine the
relationship between effectiveness of tagging criminal
(imprisonment, execution, cutting off of
hands) age and and to follow Hawaii method and
• Retribution (paying back): an expressive patterns of crime. In will be conducting a pilot study.
view (express society’s outrage. your answer, make
reference to material
Sociological perspectives on punishment from two or more of
• Durkheim (functionalist): Retributive the
justices and restitutive justice. following areas:
http://www.youtube.com/watch
Retributive: in traditional society, families and

19. punishment is severe and cruel, households; health; ?
motivation is expressive. Restitutive: mass media; education; v=ZNW3zG3D55k&feature=gv&hl
Modern society, there’s specialisation, wealth, poverty =en
motivation is instrumental (to restore and welfare; work and We’are all criminals now –
society’s equilibrium. But there is both leisure; power and Channel 4 – 30 min. This is a very
elements in reality. politics; religion; world good video to illustrate Marxists
• Marxists: capitalism and punishment. sociology. (12 marks) point of view. Ordinary people
Function of punishment is to maintain are now being fined or punished
existing social order. (E.P. Thompson Jan 2009 (Spec Paper) for something really trivial. Law
1977): 18th century ‘rule of terror’ by the Assess the usefulness enforcement applied to minor
landed aristocracy over the poor. of conflict theories offenders. Too much power is
Melossi and Pavarini (1981): for an understanding given to the local authority. Real
imprisonment reflects capitalist relation of crime and criminals are not affected. Too
of production by making prisoners ‘do many laws and legislation are
deviance in
time’ to pay back. Both the capitalist created. Too much surveillance?
contemporary
factory and prison have strict disciplinary
society http://www.youtube.com/watch
style, involving subordinates and loss of
liberty. ?
• Foucault (1977): 2 forms of punishment: v=mV4r7TnAPJo&feature=relmfu
Sovereign power (before 19th century) Professor Robert Worley
and Disciplinary power (from 19th explained Shaw & Makey and
century). Punishment changed from Burgess’ theory of Concentric
being physical and public to internalised Zones of crime and crime
and intense. Achieved by having ‘experts’ mapping. For teachers
whose job is to make sure that the person
fully internalizes the need to conform.
The punishment has shifted from the
body to the mind and soul of the offender
through self surveillance. He used
panopticon (a prison design) to explain
his point. Self discipline to induce
conformity by institutions like schools,
prison, factories, mental home, asylums,
barracks. Criticism: Goffman (62):
shows inmates are able to resist controls
in institutions. Foucoult also neglects
expressive (emotional) aspect of
punishment.

20. Changing role of prisons
• 2/3 of prisoners reoffend.
• Since the 80s, a move to ‘populist
punitiveness’ and prison population
soared – mass incarceration. Another
reason for this was to arrest people on
drug related crime.
• Transcarceration: individuals become
locked into a cycle of control, shifting
between different carceral agencies
during their lives. Some sociologists see
this as a product of blurring boundaries
between CJS and welfare agencies which
are given more crime control role.
• Alternative to prison: Community based
control: curfews, community service
orders, treatment orders & electronic
tagging. Stanley Cohen: the growth of
community control simply cast the net of
control over more people. Instead of
prevention, police use ASBO to fast track
young offenders to custodial sentences.
Know the main patterns of victimisation & be
able to evaluate sociological perspectives on
victimisation.
• Nils Christie (86):’victim’ is socially
constructed seen by the media, public
and CJS as a weak, innocent & blameless
individuals like a small child or an old
woman

21. Topic 10: Lesson 1: Durkheim Know the main features of the main sociological Newspaper Exam Question: PPTs
Suicide & Suicide explanations of suicide. research on Assess the usefulness There was a BBC programme
Lesson 2: Later different types of different sociological about a London coroner’s work.
Positivist Understand the similarities & differences of suicide and approaches to suicide.
approaches between positivist, interactionist, classify them Worksheets
Lesson 3: ethnomethodological & realist approaches to using June 2004
Interpretivism & suicide. sociological Assess the usefulness Card sorts
suicide: Douglas & theories of quantitative and
Atkinson Be able to evaluate the strengths & limitations of qualitative sources of Essay Plan Template
Lesson 4: different sociological explanations of suicide. Produce a data in studying
Interpretivism & summary
suicide. (40 m
suicide: Taylor about one of
these 4 topics.
Group 1: Crime
prevention
Group 2:
Punishment
Group3:
Victims of
Crime
Group 4:
Suicide
PERVERT Lesson 1 -3: Recap Know & Understand the main characteristics of Complete Exam Question:
PERVERT crime & deviance as a context for sociological these Assess the strengths &
Lesson 4 & 5: research. questions weaknesses of using
Researching crime from the experiments to
& deviance Understand some of the problems & Online Journal: investigate power &
opportunities that researching issues in crime & authority in prisons.
deviance presents for sociologists. Sociology Or
Review | Volu Assess the strengths &
Be aware of some of the research strategies me 12 | 2 weaknesses of using
sociologists use to investigate crime & deviance. November structured interviews
2002 to investigate the real
rate of street crime
A to Z of crime June 2010
and deviance: Assess the relative
questions importance of the

22. different factors that
affect sociologists’
choice of
research methods and
of topics to investigate.
(33 marks)
Methods in Lesson 1: Know the different areas of research related to Complete this Exam Question: }
Context Experiments crime & deviance. activity from Assess the strengths & http://www.viaway.com/240735
Lesson 2: the Online weaknesses of using 72/ta-crimologists-tales-and-
Questionnaires Understand the research prompts that need to be Journal: questionnaires to
erotic-capital/view.aspx?
Lessons 3: considered when carrying out research in the investigate violent
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Interviews different areas of research for crime & deviance. Sociology crime.
Lesson 4: Review | Volu %2fwww.viaway.com
Observations Be able to apply PERVERT for 5 methods to the me 20 | 2 Or %2fNavigation%2fChannels.aspx
Lesson 5: different areas of research for crime & deviance. November Assess the strengths & %3fid%3d120%26pid
Secondary data 2010 weaknesses of using %3d61171%26page%3d2
public & personal
documents to Radio4: Thinking allowed:
More past exam questions Question and investigate corporate Criminology Covert Observation.
June 2010 answer (AQA): crime Good one.
Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess Methods in
the strengths and limitations of context: Crime Jan 2007 Also: BBC2 programme on
overt participant observation as a means of and deviance Assess the interviewing young gangster.
investigating police attitudes. (15) usefulness of
statistical data in the
Jan 2011 study of crime and
Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess deviance. (40 marks) http://www.sociologyexchange.c
the strengths and limitations of using o.uk/videos/view/20336/
written questionnaires as a means of Using material from
investigating prisoners’ experience of Item B and elsewhere, Crime statistics – the dark figure.
imprisonment. assess the strengths
and limitations of
June 2011
unstructured
Identify and briefl y explain two problems of
using experiments to investigate the interviews as a means
relationship between the mass media and of investigating
juvenile delinquency. (6 marks) victims of crime. (15
marks)

23. June 2011
Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess
the strengths and limitations of using
unstructured interviews to investigate domestic
violence. (15 marks
Jan 2012
Using material from Item C and elsewhere, assess
the strengths and limitations of using
covert observation as a means of investigating
court proceedings. (15 marks)
Positivist Jan 2011
Assess the view that
positivist methods are
inappropriate for
investigating society.
(33 marks)
Topic 1: Lesson 1: Society Know the main features of the functionalist view Sociology Exam Question:
Functionalism as a system of the social system. Review | Volu Assess the strengths &
Lesson 2: Merton’s me 20 | 3 weaknesses of the
internal critique of Understand Merton’s contribution to the February 2011 functionalist approach
functionalism development of functionalism. to society.
Lesson 3: External The press
critiques of Be able to evaluate the strengths & limitations of portrayal of Jan 2012
functionalism the functionalist perspective on society. crime Assess the contribution
of functionalist and New
Right theories and
research to our
understanding of society
today.
Topic 2: Lesson 1: Marx’s Know & understand Marx’s main ideas & Exam Question:
Marxism Ideas concepts. Critically examine
Sociology
Lesson 2: Gramsci Marxist perspectives on