1. Ecology F
Oikos = F F
Logos = F
F F
F

2. (F)
F
(population)
F (community)
F (Ecology)
F (Biome)
(Biosphere)

3. F F

4. (Biomes)
F
F
F 2 F F F F
F F
F F F F

5. (Tropical rain forest)
F F F ,F
, F F F
F ,
200-400 . F
F
F

6. (F)
F
F (Temperate deciduous forest)
100 . F
F F
F F
F F , F F , FF

7. (F)
(Coniferous forest), (Taiga), (Boreal)
F , ,
F
F F F F ,F , ,

8. (F)
F F F
F F F (Temperate grassland), F F (Prairie)
, F F (Steppes)
F
25-50 . F
( F)
F

9. (F)
F F (Savanna)
, ,F F
F
F
F F F F
F

10. (F)
(Desert) F
< 25 . F
F F F F F
F
( ), ( ),
( )

11. (F)
(Tundra)
F F F
F F
F
F F F F

12. F F
F F F , ,
F F F F
F F
F 71

13. (Ecosystem)
F F F FF
F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F
F F2 F
F F F , F
F F F

14. F F
F (Fresh water) F F F 1 F F 1 %0
F F
F F F 3 (littoral zone),
(limnetic zone), F (profundal) F
(benthic zone)
F F F 2 F
(rapid zone) F (pool zone)

16. ( F)
F F F
F F
F F F
F
F F

17. ( F)
F F
F F 3 4 F
F
F 2
(coastal zone)
(open sea)
F , ,

18. (tropical rain forest tropical evergreen)
F ,F ,
F
F F
F F F F F
F F F

19. ( F)
F (dry evergreen forest)
F F F F F F 3-4
F F
(hill evergreen forest mountain forest)
F 1000
F F

20. ( F)
(coniferous forest)
F F F , F F FF F
F F F
(mangrove forest)
F F F
F
F
F
F F F F

21. ( F)
(peat swamp forest)
F F
F
F
(mixed deciduous forest) F F F
F
F F F

22. ( F)
(dry dipterocarp forest)
F F F F
F F F F
F F F

23. F
• F F F F
• F F F F
F

24. • F F F ,F
,F F
• F F F
, ,F F
• F F F F F F
F ,
• F F F
F F
• F -
F

25. F F FF F F
F ( Predation +/- ) F
F FF ( Protocooperation +/+ ) F
F ( Mutualism +/+ ) F F( F )
( Commensalism +/0 ) F F F F F F
( Parasitism +/- ) F , ,

26. (F)
F ( Saprophytism +/0 ) F , ,
F ( Antibiosis 0/- ) F
Amensalism F F F F F F
F F F ( Competition -/- )
F F F
( neutralism 0/0 ) F F

27. ( Symbiosis )
• F F F2 FF
F

28. F
F F F F
F F F F
F
Dominant species F F
Associated species F
F F F F F F
F F F F F

29. F (F)
• F F / F
F F F
F F F F
• F F F F
( F ) F F ( )

30. F F (Habitat)
F F F
(Substratum) F F F F
, F F
(Media) F F F F ,
F (Environment) F
F F
F

31. (Behavioral adaptation)
F( F ), F (
F )
(Hibernation), F (Estivation)
F
(migration)
F (emigration)
F F (immigration)

32. (F)
F (Physiological adaptation)
F F F F F F
F
F F F F F F
F F
F (Morphological adaptation)
F F F F
F F F

33. F
F F F3
F (Producer)
F F F (autotrophs)
F F F F F
F F F

34. F (Consumer) F F F (heterotrophs) F
Herbivore F F F
, F ,
Carnivore F F , ,
F , ,
Omnivore F F
F F
Scavenger F F F,
Detritivore F ( F ) F
F ,

35. FF F (Decomposer)
F F F F F F F
F , ,
F F
F F F

36. F F
F F (Autotrophic organism) F F F
(Producer)
F F F (Heterotrophic organism)
F F F (Consumer) FF F (Decomposer)

37. F F F F F
F F F FF
( )
F ( F )
F
F
F
F
F F F F F F F

38. F F
F 2
F F (Food Chain) F
FF F F FF
(Food Web) F F F
(Complex food chain) F F
F F F F

39. F F (Food chain)
F 4
F F F F (Predator chain Grazing food chain)
F F F
F
F F F (Predator) (Prey)
F
1 2 3 4 5
F F F F F F 1 F F 2 F F 3
F 1 F 2 F 3 F F

40. F F (Parasitic chain)
F (Host) F F
F (hyperparasite)
F F
F
F F

41. F F F (Detritus chain)
F F F (detritus)
F F
F
F
F F (Mixed chain)
F F F F
F

43. (Food web)
• F F F
• F F
• F F
• F F F
• F F
F

45. F 3
( / . .) F
( . F / . .) F
( / . .) F F
F
F

46. F
10 F F (Ten percent low)
F F F
F F F F F
10 F
90 F F F F F
, F F
F F 1 F 2 F 3
1000 100 10 1

47. F (Carbon cycle)
(Nitrogen cycle)
(Phosphorus cycle)
(Sulfur cycle)

48. F (Carbon cycle)
F F F , F F CO2
F
F F F
F F F F , ,
F F
CO2
CO2 H 2O
F F
( )
(F )
O2 C6H12O6 O2

50. (Nitrogen cycle)
F F F F (N2) ( N2~78%)
F
1. (Nitrogen fixation)
2. F (Ammonification)
3. F (Nitrification)
4. F (Denitrification)

51. 4
F
N2 (Denitrification)
(NO3-)
Pseudomonas Acromobacter
1
Nitrobacter
F F , F 3
(Nitrogen fixation)
F F F
F Clostidium, Azobacter, F
Oscillatoria (NO2-) (Nitrification)
F
F Rhizobium, Anabaena Nitrosomonas
(NO3-) F
(Ammonification) (NH3)
F
2

53. (Phosphorus cycle)
F DNA, RNA ATP
F F
F F
F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F
Phosphatizing Bacteria F F F F

55. (Sulfur cycle)
F F F F
F F
F F
F F F
F F FF F F
(SO2) F F
(H2SO4) F F
F F F F F

57. (Ecological succession)
F F 2
1. (Primary succession)
2. (Secondary succession)

58. F F F
F
F F 2 F F F
F
F F FF , F F
F (climax community)
F F

60. F
F F F
F F, F
F F F
F F F F F