5. Classification Studies E NVIRONMENTAL M ONITORING Perkins et al.(2002) With Motorola Labs, developed neuRFon, which is used to sense agri-culutural, environmental and process parameters Vivoni and Camilli(2003) A wireless prototype system to acquire, store, display and transmit real-time geo-referenced environmental data among multiple locations Pierce and Elliot (2008) A regional and on-farm sensor network that provide real-time monitoring applications, a weather monitoring and on-farm frost monitoring Hamrita and Hoffacker(2005) A lab prototype model for wireless measurement of soil temperature P RECISION A GRICULTURE Damas et al.(2001), Evans and Bergman(2003) Developed and tested a distributed, remotely controlled, automatic irrigation system in Spain and US Cugati et al.(2003), Developed an automated fertilizer applicator for tree crops suing Bluetooth network Jensen et al.(2000) Baggio(2005) With measurement of humidity and temp., tried to provide pest and disease information and weather forecast Flores(2003) Conducted a research in Mississippi, to provide various aerial information to farmers which enables precision agriculture through internet M ACHINE AND P ROCESS C ONTROL McKinion et al.(2003, 2004a,b) A WLAN-based data communication system to connect a farm station with machines, such as cotton pickers, spray equipment, variable-rate fertilized applications. Krallmann and Foelser(2002) A remote service system for agricultural machinery to achieve maximum availability and minimum break down time Heimerdinger(2000) Designed a wireless probe system to monitor content of wood during the drying process in real-time with self-powered radio transmitter F ACILITY A UTOMATION Serodio et al.(1998, 2001), A distributed data acquisition and control system for managing greenhouses with WLAN network Morais et al.(1996) A Wireless data acquisition network to collect outdoor and indoor climate data for greenhouses in Portugal Pessel and Denzer(2003) Cai et al(2001) Developed a portable, mobile instrument to measure temperature, relative humidity, noise, brightness and ammonia content within animal-feeding facilities C OLD C HAIN M ONITORING AND T RACEABILITY Qingshan et al.(2004), Ruiz-Garcia et al.(2005, 2007), Proposed and analyzed the use of wireless sensors in refrigerated vehicles Sahin et al.(2002) Accept RFID technology to structure traceability system on data collecting and product tracking Amador et al.(2008) Wentworth(2003) Conducted study on inexpensive and disposable RFID biosensor tags used on food products for history checking and contamination level tracking Craddock and Stansfield(2005) Proposed sensor fusion for the development of smart containers, gathering data from several sources in order to trigger the alarms
8. H OW M AJOR F ACTORS A FFECT O RCHARDS ’ W ORKS O 2 temperature CO 2 humidity level N 2 temperature temperature Moisture level humidity level Moisture level O 2 P K+
9. P EARS ’ G ROWTH P ROCESS AND M AJOR W ORKS cold-damage during flowering/ Spring drought fruits perished during storage and delivery process heavy rain, fall drought, and damage from bugs Fail to manage O2, N2 level of soil
13. M AINTAINING A DEQUATE L EVEL OF N ITROGEN AND M OISTURE Chemical Properties Physical Properties Biological Properties (Properties of Organic Matters) Soil Fertility Preservation of fertility Effectiveness of fertilizer Softness of Land
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16. M ANAGING WAREHOUSING PROCESS OF C OLD C HAIN S YSTEM Hong & Cho (2006) Weight Loss and Decrease in Firmness are directly linked to decrease in product value in market! Changes in weight loss rate depending on storage duration, in different level of RH Changes in firmness depending on relative humidity
18. C ONCEPTUAL N ETWORK D ESIGNING Users Sys. manager Consultant Management Server RFID middleware Growth Mgt. server Application server Orchard Sensors Temperature, Humidity Sensors N 2 , P, K and O 2 Sensors Network Cam. Heat Sensors for pheromone traps Warehouse RFID Controller Gate Label Printer RFID Reader Temperature RFID logger Warehouse Sensors Humidity Sensors CO 2 Sensors Network Cam. RFID temperature Tag Control Node Gateway router router Control Node Gateway 808.15.4 ADSL router Internet (BGN, BcN) 808.15.4 ADSL
19. C ONCEPTUAL I LLUSTRATION G G G 802.15.4 802.15.4 802.15.4 Gateway Control Node Gateway Internet (BGN, BcN) office GT: Gateway TS: Temperature Sensor HS1: Humidity Sensor HS2: Heat Detector SS: Soil Moisture Sensor RS: Rain Gauge Sensor NS: Soil Nitrogen Sensor AS: O2/CO2 Sensor Ethernet Ethernet Control Node
20. P EAR G ROWTH M GT. S YSTEM WITH RFID/USN * U SERS F UNCTIONS O THER O RGANIZATION . Production and Circulation Mgt. Managing Orchard Facility Other Functions shipment distribution *Adapted and modified from Kim, Son, Kim & Kim(2009) Producer Manager Consultant S ERVICES mobile service kiosk internet growth mgt. APC Govt. Agency Tech. Consultant sales traceability Retail Store
V ARIOUS A PPLICATION C ASES IN A GRICULTURE AND F OOD P RODUCTION
These diagram describes major processes that happen in the pear orchard. As you can see in the diagram, temperature, humidity level, oxygen, nitrogen and CO2 level are known to affect pears.
< 작업 목록 > 12 월 ~ 1 월 : 전정작업 2 월 ~ 3 월 초 : 퇴비 작업 및 가지 유인 , 꽃눈 정리 3 월 ~ 4 월 초 : 방제 4 월 중순 ~ 5 월 초 : 인공 수분 5 월 중순 ~ 말 : 적과 작업 6 월 중순 ~ 봉지 씌우기 : 6 월 중순 ~ 9 월 말 : 관수 , 배수 , 예초관리 ( 초생재배 하는 경우 ) 8 월 중순 ~ 말 : 조생종 수확 9 월 중순 ~ 말 : 중생종 수확 및 저장 ( 저장용 과실 ) 10 월 : 만생종 수확 및 저장 ( 저장용 과실 ) <Risk from the Weather disasters) April: damages to the flowers due to frostbites. Summer: monsoon season -> drainage, typhoon,
Organic manures are natural products used by farmers to provide food (plant nutrients) for the plants. There are a number of organic manures like farmyard manure, green manures, compost prepared from crop residues and other farm wastes, vermicompost, oil cakes, and biological wastes - animal bones, slaughter house refuse. Organic manures have low nutrient content and therefore need to be applied in larger quantities. For example, to get 25 kg of NPK, one will need 600 to 2000 kg of organic manure where as the same amount of NPK can be given by 50 kg of an NPK complex fertilizer.
Macronutrients are vital for plants and yet are often present in short supply. This is why most fertilizers aim to provide plants with these essential nutrients, especially N, P and K.
Based on The system consists of sensor networks for cold-warehouse, open-field orchard, and RFID systems for warehouse to track temperature change of each box
Communications between sensors are based on 802.15.4 zigbee technology And the farm office where server is located, is connected with sensor node in each area.
This system is expected to improve growth management, shipment, and distribution, And, in the future, it would be possible to connect this system with sales mgt and traceability, reaching to the final customers.
Installation of moisture level sensor and temperature sensor enables farmers Also, nitrogen sensor and soil moisture sensor
Attach temperature RFID tags on each pear containers, and install RFID reader in front of the entrance of low-temp. storage
Frame from Tom Pisello’s work in 2004 – “Return on Investment for Information Technology” Trying to focus on organization level in this table
Equations I’ve used to calculate each items, Detailed equations are in the appendix
Costs from neutral assumption
Benefit calculated based on the neutral assumption Discount rate used to get NPC and payback is from bank of korea, 3-year AA- corporate bond
5-year ROI from the neutral assumption for this system were; And from the pessimistic approach, it was… Finally from the optimistic approach, it was The result showed quite low level of ROI than expected, because other pilot studies in Korea, ROI was
The biggest limitation results from the fact that the system should survive harsh conditions such as; While costs of IT are more or less easy to account for, additional benefits are often difficult to estimate. Because benefits depend heaviliy upon market conditions such as production systems and marketing channels, and in case of open filed cultivations, climate would be the biggest factor. Repeated experiments can normally not be conducted and therefore stochastic and systmatic efforts are not distinguishable – it is also one of the reasons why it ‘s difficult to calculated financial revenue for open-field cultivations!.
Although Korean agriculture still contains lots of weakness and faces threats from outside I believe that IT could take a role in increasing its competitiveness
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