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Peering in an IP World - Technology Requirements (3-nov, 2009)
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an overview of various considerations relative to IP peering
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Peering in an IP World - Technology Requirements (3-nov, 2009)
1.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich Peering in an IP world Technology Requirements OPASTCO 2009 Technical & Marketing Symposium steve ulrich - consulting systems engineer sulrich@cisco.com 1
2.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 2 Internet structure traditional assumption is that the Internet is based on a well ordered provider-client hierarchy Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP Transit ISP Transit ISP National ISP National ISP National ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP
3.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 3 Internet structure § unordered subset of interconnects § driven by business requirements underpinned by performance § non-disclosure and bi-lateral agreements § peering is now considered a corporate asset and legal concern reality is not so ideal National ISP National ISP National ISP Transit ISP Transit ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP § the Internet is an interconnection of ~ 30,000 (semi-) autonomous service providers § there is no central coordination for the management of interconnections, services, and tariffs § Internet peering ecosystem includes many policies / many services / one Internet
4.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 4 transit - definition § transit is the business relationship where one ISP provides reach-ability to all destinations in its routing table to its customers § transit provides connectivity to a superset of all destinations Client Net Client Net Client Net Client Net ISP C ISP B ISP D Client Net Client Net Client Net Client Net ISP A Can Reach All Destinations via Transit Provider ISP D Peers Peers ISP A Transit
5.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 5 Peers Peers Transit peering - definition § peering is the business relationship where ISPs provide to each other reach-ability to each predefined portions of their routing table § peering provides connectivity to a subset of a provider’s customer destinations Client Net Client Net Client Net Client Net ISP C ISP B ISP A Client Net Access to ISP B Prefixes Only ISP D Client Net Client Net Client Net
6.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 6 traditional Internet peering model § tier 1 providers have access to the entire Internet (region) routing table solely through peering relationships § tier 2 providers must buy some transit from tier 1 providers § content providers buy transit (primarily from tier 1) to provide content Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2 Enterprise Content Enterprise
7.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 7 Internet peering evolution § tier 1 providers have access to the entire Internet (region) routing table solely through peering relationships § tier 2 providers must buy some transit from tier 1 providers § content providers peer (increasingly with tier 2) providing content directly onto the broadband networks IOC / RLEC content provider Enterprise Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2 CDN t r
8.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 8 peering rationale § commonly estimated, 10 - 20% of traffic can be peered away § even under congestion, capacity can be upgraded and managed more effectively for the ISP § improve application performance, reduction in latency § improvement in throughput § CDNs as content providers ... peering at NAPs or with ISPs improves burstability backup for on-net servers marketing - CDNs tout the number of interconnections they have to their customers for the content providers § reduce transit ISP service costs § upgrades require less planning and costs § greater control over routing and traffic load balancing common to both
9.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 9 Internet peering interconnection ISP #1 ISP #6 ISP #5 ISP #4 ISP #3 ISP #2 switched ethernet ISP #2ISP #1 ethernet / POS public / shared peering private peering § peering between equivalent sizes of service providers (e.g. tier 2 to tier 2) shared cost private interconnection, equal traffic flows “no cost peering” § peering across exchange points if convenient, of mutual benefit, technically feasible § fee based peering unequal traffic flows, “market position”
10.
§ if you’re
not in an Internet exchange (IX) location already IX Colo / Power / transport to IX § IX Port and/or cross-connect fees § CapEx: routers, switches, optics, ports § OpEx: Network Engineers © 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich peering requirements / costs 10 ISP-A ISP-A ISP-B Telco/ISP Access Network POP <> IX Transport Internet eXchange ∑ CAPEX + OPEX
11.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich peering technical requirements § platform capacity increasingly oriented around 1GE and 10GE interfaces § instrumentation what traffic is traversing your network and who’s sending it to you? peering requires accounting on peering interconnect traffic based on its source, destination and their traversed AS path, grouping or service category this requires high performance and scalable NetFlow § routing policy expression / peering policy enforcement announce what you need, to who you need to and apply policy to what you receive from your peers utilize hierarchical QoS policies on ingress and egress, to enforce peering policy. couple this to peering interfaces with QPPB § advanced and high performance security measures ACL application at line rate - drop spoofed traffic and mitigate DDoS attacks automated and self-activated control-plane protection mechanisms 11
12.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich platform capacity § highly Ethernet oriented connectivity § GE increasingly minimum peering interface § sub-rate 10GE peering quite common w/sub-rate provided via policing and/or QoS policy on a per- VLAN basis § 10GE common on private connections or in peering fabrics § requires line-rate application of various features ACLs - auto-generated ACLs of very large size (1000s of lines)common - require hardware based application QoS application must take place in hardware hardware based control-plane protection mechanisms 12
13.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 13 instrumentation - NetFlow NetFlow Export Packets Reporting
14.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 14 instrumentation - NetFlow - available info •Source IP Address •Destination IP Address • Packet count • Byte count Usage QoS Time of day Application Port utilization From/to Routing and peering • Input ifIndex • Output ifIndex • Type of Service • TCP flags • Protocol • Start sysUpTime • End sysUpTime • Source TCP/UDP port • Destination TCP/UDP port • Next hop address • Source AS number • Dest. AS number • Source Prefix mask • Dest. Prefix mask • Source IP address • Destination IP address v5 used extensively today - v9 provides interesting and notable enhancements
15.
© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 15 instrumentation - NetFlow - reporting tools Product Name Primary Use Comment OS Cflowd Traffic Analysis No longer supported UNIX Flow-tools Collector Device Scalable UNIX Flowd Collector Device Support V9 BSD, Linux FlowScan Reporting for Flow-Tools UNIX IPFlow Traffic Analysis Support V9, IPv4, IPv6, MPLS, SCTP, etc.. Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris NetFlow Guide Reporting Tools BSD, Linux NetFlow Monitor Traffic Analysis Supports V9 UNIX Netmet Collector Device V5, support v9 Linux NTOP Security Monitoring UNIX Stager Reporting for Flow-Tools UNIX Nfdump/nfsen Traffic Analysis Support V5 and v9 UNIX note: there are many open source NetFlow reporting tools available
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© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 16 Traffic Traffic enforcing IP peering destination policy Guarded Trust ISP A trust ISP B to send X prefixes from the Global Internet Route Table. ISP B Creates a egress filter to insure only X prefixes are sent to ISP A. ISP A creates a mirror image ingress filter to insure ISP B only sends X prefixes. ISP A’s ingress filter reinforces ISP B’s egress filter. ISP A ISP B Prefixes Prefixes Ingress FilterEgress Filter
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© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 17 Traffic Traffic enforcing IP peering source policy Enforcing Source Policy – requires a sophisticated tool kit ISP A trust ISP B each other to send packets that match their peering agreement. reality is that there is nothing to stop the ISPs from sending anything they want. hence, traffic dumping tools like Netflow and BGP Policy Accounting are used identify abuses, data plane enforcement takes place with ACLs ISP A ISP B Prefixes Prefixes Receive AnythingSend Anything
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© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 18 IFIB Pre-IFIB ACL CPU L2 Congestion Control security mechanisms § layered control plane protection using multiple policers L2 congestion control line rate ACL filtering control-plane session validation using pre-filter mechanisms adjustable performance for trusted control plane session treatment multiple queues to CPU § support MD5 authentication for routing protocols § defend against TCP finger printing § priority in switch fabric ensures control traffic will never be dropped § support GTSM RFC 3682 (formerly BTSH)
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© 2009 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20091103 OPASTCO Peering - sulrich 19 peering requirements summary peering requirement relevant technology scale / notes / etc. peering accounting MAC and BGP policy accounting support for line rate accounting peering billing, flow monitoring NetFlow sampled NetFlow (better than 1:1000 sampling granularity ) peering bandwidth guarantee and traffic separation Hierarchical QoS Per Vlan Policy requires scalable line rate policy application within hardware security, DDoS mitigation uRPF line-rate applicationsecurity, DDoS mitigation Control-Plane Policing requires an automated and self activated hardware based policer security, DDoS mitigation In and out ACL high-ACE count - > 32K line rate application peering policy enforcement QPPB source and destination based FIB lookup for H-QoS classification and policing support for line rate QoS classification application and QPPB binding peering link fault detection and integrity BFD detection requires distributed BFD implementations with sub-second timer granularity large network resilience techniques fast convergence BGP PIC, Fast IGP, IP FRR support for RIB/FIB scale from 1M - 2M routes
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