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Who Was the Historical Jesus?,[object Object],Sheila E. McGinn, Ph.D.,[object Object],Professor of Biblical Studies & Early Christianity,[object Object],John Carroll University,[object Object]
HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS,[object Object],DEFINITION: ,[object Object],The awareness that all human phenomena are particular, defined in themselves by the particular time, place and circumstances by which they are constituted and circumscribed.  In order to understand them accurately, this must be considered.		-- Ernst Troeltsch,[object Object]
CONSEQUENCESof Historical Consciousness,[object Object],There is no such thing as a completely autonomous individual self.  Each individual is strongly affected by the time, place and culture in which one exists.,[object Object],The individual person is at root social, a responding self -- each act of an individual is responsive to the impact of world, others, society.  ,[object Object],It becomes difficult to design a definitive anthropology; universalizing tendencies are held in question (i.e., trying to define “human nature as such”).  When this is attempted, the result is either so abstract as to be useless or contradicted by actual historical existence.,[object Object],Historical human existence is characterized by disorder rather than order, always ambiguous to an extent.,[object Object]
CONSEQUENCESfor understanding texts,[object Object],Texts need to be read in terms of the particular historical and social conditions that gave them birth.,[object Object],It is impossible to reproduce in our own consciousness the consciousness of the authors of texts.  We cannot put ourselves into a past age.,[object Object],We bring our own presuppositions to our reading of the texts of the past according to our own ways of thinking, and the historical and social conditions of our own time.,[object Object],18th century awareness of historical consciousness set into motion the Quest for the Historical Jesus.,[object Object]
THE NATURE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH,[object Object],Dependent upon testimony (texts, archaeological evidence),[object Object],Absolute certainty is never its end result.  Why?  Testimony is never identical to the actual facts testified to; it is already an interpretation of fact.,[object Object],Historians interpret the testimony.,[object Object],We bring our own presuppositions to the interpretations of historians.,[object Object],It is possible to build up an image of the past (an hypothesis) -- usually a broad, general picture with a few details helping to flesh it out.,[object Object]
Roman Catholic Teaching on the Historical-Critical Method,[object Object],1943: Pius XII’s encyclical DivinoAfflanteSpiritu encouraged scientific study of Bible.,[object Object],1964: Pontifical Biblical Commission, The Historical Truth of the Gospels, outlines 3 stages in the formation of the gospels.,[object Object],1965: Vatican Council II, Dogmatic Constitution Dei Verbum on Divine Revelation, emphasized the importance of scripture for Catholics; encouraged historical-critical study of Scripture.,[object Object]
WHY IS THE HISTORICAL JESUS IMPORTANT?,[object Object],Christianity claims to be an historical religion, based upon God’s activities in history; it is not primarily mythology or philosophy.  It is based on the actual encounter between Jesus and his followers.,[object Object],The early faith proclamation of the NT (the kerygma) refers to the pre-Easter Jesus.,[object Object],We must take Jesus’ humanity seriously; otherwise we are tempted to Docetism.,[object Object],Without taking the actual historical Jesus seriously, Jesus becomes a kind of blank screen upon which to project our own desires, attitudes, values.,[object Object]
STAGES IN GOSPEL FORMATION,[object Object],Original words and deeds of Jesus (c. 30 CE),[object Object],Historical criticism,[object Object],Oral proclamation (c. 30-70 CE),[object Object],Form criticism,[object Object],Actual writing of the gospels (c. 70-100 CE),[object Object],Redaction criticism,[object Object],	NB: In the gospels, we have primarily #3; we can only speculate about #1 and #2.  Such speculation is a legitimate area of scholarship.,[object Object]
The Synoptic Problemor Two-Source Theory,[object Object],Using the material from Mark and Q, there were many attempts to write biographies of the life of Jesus.,[object Object]
HISTORICITY OF THE “SAYINGS TRADITION” (Q),[object Object],The contexts given for Jesus’ sayings are not historically reliable.,[object Object],The church felt free to put on the lips of Jesus what they later understood about him.,[object Object],We can assume some continuity between the Jesus of the ministry and the words attributed to him.,[object Object],Gospel sayings probably do not reflect Jesus actual words verbatim.,[object Object],They do reflect the general sense or spirit of what he was trying to say.,[object Object]
CRITERIA FOR HISTORICAL AUTHENTICITY,[object Object],Aramaicisms,[object Object],Brevity,[object Object],Principle of dissimilarity,[object Object],Principle of multiple attestation,[object Object],Principle of coherence,[object Object],Based on such criteria, scholars established an historical minimum of facts about Jesus.,[object Object]
The Second Quest,[object Object],Rudolph Bultmann (1884-1976),[object Object],Made a rigid distinction between the Jesus of history & the Christ of faith.,[object Object],Impossible to know much about the historical Jesus.,[object Object],The Jesus of history has no relevance for Christian faith.,[object Object],The Christ of faith alone is important.,[object Object],Christianity began, not with the historical Jesus, but with the Christ of faith.,[object Object]
RESPONSE TO BULTMANN,[object Object],The Second or New Quest for the Historical Jesus,[object Object],Protest by some of Bultmann’s students,[object Object],No full biography of Jesus can be written; not enough data. ,[object Object],The New Quest is content with a general picture of him, with a few historical facts about him.,[object Object],Impossible to get an uninterpreted Jesus, unaffected by the faith of the church.,[object Object],Important to demonstrate a line of continuity between the historical man Jesus of Nazareth and the Christ of faith as confessed by the church.,[object Object]
The Third Quest,[object Object],Interested in placing Jesus as a figure in his social history.,[object Object],Jesus is interpreted as a Jew of first century Palestine -- interest in the writings, archaeological discoveries of the period which can shed light on the figure of Jesus.,[object Object],Attention to non-canonical as well as canonical sources.,[object Object],Two main trends: non-eschatological picture of Jesus or Jesus as a figure of “restoration eschatology.”,[object Object],Criterion of plausibility replaces the criterion of difference as a methodological foundation of research: What is plausible in the Jewish context of Jesus and in the rise of Christianity may well be historical.,[object Object]
Putting Jesus in His Place,[object Object],Galilean Judaism,[object Object],“Galilee of the Gentiles”,[object Object],New city of Sepphoris,[object Object],Effects of Romanization,[object Object]
Jesus’ “Way”,[object Object],Jesus creates a fence around the Torah,[object Object],E.g., antitheses of Matt 5:21–48,[object Object],Stringent “social” ethic,[object Object],Proclamation of imperial rule of the one, true God v. “divine Caesar”,[object Object]
Caesar “Augustus” (worshipful)son of the Divine Julius,[object Object]
“Divine Augustus”,[object Object]
AN HISTORICAL MINIMUM OF FACTS ABOUT JESUS,[object Object],Native of Nazareth in Galilee,[object Object],Raised in a pious Jewish family; was a practicing Jew, and a reformer of the Jewish religion.,[object Object],Baptized by John at about age 30.,[object Object],Was understood and probably understood himself as a prophet.,[object Object],Had a close relationship with God, whom he called “Abba.”,[object Object],Was a charismatic preacher, healer, & exorcist.,[object Object],Associated with people of all social classes, but with special concern for the poor, sinners, & marginalized with whom he practiced table fellowship.,[object Object],His main message concerned the coming Reign of God.,[object Object],Gathered disciples, whom he instructed to continue his message.,[object Object],Entered Jerusalem amid acclamation.,[object Object],Overturned moneychangers’ tables in Temple (a prophetic act).,[object Object],Denounced by some of the Jewish leaders (Sadducees) to the Romans.,[object Object],Crucified by the Romans as a messianic pretender “King of the Jews.”,[object Object],Some of his followers---initially women, and then men as well---claimed they saw him after he was raised to life from the dead,[object Object]
HISTORY & THEOLOGY,[object Object],JESUS		IS,[object Object],Historical human,[object Object],Of I CE Palestine,[object Object],Events of his life,[object Object],What happened?,[object Object],THE GOSPELS ARE A COMBINATION OF BOTH OF THESE,[object Object],THE CHRIST,[object Object],God’s Anointed,[object Object],Initiator of God’s Kingdom,[object Object],Theological interpretation,[object Object],What does it mean?,[object Object],WITH EMPHASIS UPON THE LATTER.,[object Object]

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