1. SCIENTIFIC SKILLS
SCIENCE PROCESS MANIPULATIVE
SKILLS SKILLS
•Observing Using and handling science
•Classifying apparatus
•Measuring and using numbers Maintaining science
•Making inferences apparatus correctly and safely
•Predicting Cleaning science apparatus
correctly
•Communicating
Handling specimen correctly
Using time and space relationship,
Interpreting data, Define and carefully
operationally, Controlling variables, Sketch specimen and science
Making hypothesis, Experimenting
apparatus

2. WHAT ARE SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS?
 How a scientist works, thinks and
studies problems.
(Friedl, 1995)

3. WHAT ARE SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS?
 A way of investigation that involves
specific skills which require the
following steps:
 Planning course of actions
 Carrying out activities
 Collecting data
 Organising and interpreting data
 Reaching a conclusion

4. BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS
OBSERVING
CLASSIFYING
MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
MAKING INFERENCES
PREDICTING
COMMUNICATING

5. OBSERVING

6. You are observing when
you are …

7. What is meant by observing ?
Observing involves collecting information
about objects or phenomenon by using the
five senses :
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell

8. Why do we need to observe?
To compile / gather as much
information as possible about
objects or phenomena.

9. How do we observe?
1. Focus on the objects or phenomena to be
studied.
2. Identify the characteristics.
3. Compare the objects or phenomena.
4. Identify changes and sequence of events.
5. Use appropriate apparatus for more detailed
observations.

10. CLASSIFYING

11. You are classifying
when you are….

12. What is meant by classifying?
Classifying is a process of grouping
objects according to certain
characteristics for a purpose.

13. When do we need to classify?
When there are :
• Many items or
information.
• Items or information are
not organised.

14. How do we classify?
1. Identify the general characteristics of
the items.
2. Sort out items of the same characteristic
into their respective groups.
3. Identify other characteristics.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 until there is only one
item in each group.

15. MEASURING AND USING
NUMBERS

16. You are measuring and
using numbers
when you are….

17. What is meant by measuring and
using numbers?
Measuring and using numbers is a
process of observing quantitatively
using numbers and standard or
standardised measuring tools as the
reference unit.

18. Why do we need to measure and use
numbers?
To obtain more accurate observations.

19. How do we measure and use
numbers?
1. Identify the measurement required.
2. Specify the instrument to be used.
3. Compare the measurement with the
specific instrument.
4. Add up the total measurement.

20. MAKING INFERENCES

21. You are making inferences
when you are ….

22. Why do we need to infer?
1. To plan actions or to make a
choice.
2. To analyse the cause and effect of
decisions

23. How do we infer?
• Observe the situations or circumstances.
• State the reason why the situation or
circumstances happens .
• Give reasons to your statement(s).
• Check if the reasons given are based on
opinions or observations from the situations.
If based on opinions, state why.

24. What is meant by making
inferences?
Making inferences is a process of
making early conclusions by relating
previous experiences with immediate
observations.

25. PREDICTING

26. You are predicting when
you are….
1. Using previous or present evidence to
state incoming events.
2. Able to differentiate between prediction
and guessing.
3. Able to determine the outcomes from an
action.
4. Using pattern of data explicitly to make
projections.

27. You are predicting when
you are….
5. Confident with the accuracy of the
prediction.
6. Able to verify a statement of related to
future events based on evidence or past
experiences.

28. You are predicting when
you are….
7. Being cautious in making assumption
about a certain pattern of data beyond
the evidence at hand.
8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a
tool to predict.

29. Why do we need to predict?
When accuracy is not essential in:
ii. Reducing the number of choice.
iii. Planning
iv. Considering choices

30. How do we predict?
i. Observe to gather data.
ii. Identify the pattern of the data.
iii. Based on the pattern or past
experiences, make suitable
predictions.

31. What is meant by predicting?
Predicting is a process of forecasting
events based on observations and
previous experiences or certain
pattern of reliable data.

32. COMMUNICATING

33. You are communicating
when you are….
1. Speaking, listening or writing to
express ideas or meanings.
2. Recording information from
investigations.
3. Drawing and making notes.
4. Using and explaining the meaning of
symbols.

34. You are communicating
when you are….
5. Using charts, graphs and tables to
present information.
6. Posting questions clearly.
7. Using references.
8. Writing experiment report to
enable others to repeat the
experiment.

35. Why do we need to
communicate?
To spread ideas or information.
To share ideas or information.

36. How do we communicate ?
2. Record information obtained from various
resources.
3. Translate the information into other forms
such as charts, graphs and tables.
4. Spread the information through various
means and ways.

37. What is meant by communicating?
Communicating is a process of receiving,
spreading and sharing of information
and ideas.

41. Making statements to explain the meaning of the
various data collected.
Quantity of Time taken to
salt dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

42. Able to identify pattern from the information
gathered.
Quantity of Time taken to
salt dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

44. Defining terms using personal experiences.
Green
Mango to
yellow
Ripe
No smell
Jackfruit
to
sweet smell

45. Making statements to describe what is
done and observed.
A complete Acid
circuit

47. Control variables
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

48. Identify variables in an investigation
(manipulated and responding variables)
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

49. Identify fixed variables
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

51. Suggest suitable explanations in line with the
evidence at hand
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

52. Suggest suitable explanations in line with the
principles and concepts of science.
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

53. Using previous knowledge to make explanations
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

54. Aware that there are more than one
explanation for events.
Aware that the explanation is just a suggestion.

56. 1. Determine the variables that should be
manipulated and fixed.
2. Carry out activities by changing variables
3. Using appropriate apparatus.
4. Making conclusion from collected data

58. Use & handle science apparatus &
substance
Handle specimen correctly &
carefully
Draw specimen & apparatus
Clean science apparatus
Store science apparatus
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59. 59

60. Example
L.A. 1. microorganism
L.O. 1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a
living thing
L.Out 1. Pupils should be able to state types of
microorganism.
SLA 1)Pupils view video showing various types of
microorganism.(SPS-Observing)
2)Pupils discuss that yeast is an example of
microorganism.(SPS-Communicating)
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61. Task
Group 1 – LA 1.Microorganism
LO 1.1
Group 2 – LA 1.Microorganism
LO 1.2
Group 3 – LA 2.Survival of The Species
LO 2.1
Group 4 – LA 2. Survival of The Species
LO 2.2 & 2.3
Group 5 – LA 3. Food Chain & Food Web
LO 3.1
Group 6 - LA 3 Food Chain & Food Web
LO 3.2
Group 7 – LA 1 Energy
LO 1.1
Group 8 – LA 1 Energy
LO 1.2
Group 9 – LA 1 Energy
LO 1.3
Group 10 – LA Electricitry
LO 2.1 & 2.2
Group 11- LA Electricity
LO 2.3
Group 12 – LA 3 Light
LO 3.1
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