Untitled

zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com

zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/


0
O€ÿ–H` TŒ

Š 00 RM

00 ~ê‹ºÿN-Vý_SNãe‡[fv„n•mA0RgTŒSÑUi‚
Qµ

{,Nzà0•Îc¥e°v„eöNãR0 ge

00 {,N‚‚0 "N”VÛ W‹ ~ßv„•l
"e°e‡[fO

00 {,NŒ‚‚0€ÜR)€v„e?l»b’`Åÿ0eö•ô_YËN†
0

00 {,N‚‚0[ûb~eöNãv„RTp¹
ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0oW(Q™Ov„_zï ÿ

{,NŒzà0ge•êl•ôv„WW0NK
kL

00 {,N‚‚0l•ôe‡S_b`NQœgQ˜˜gPR
O

00 {,NŒ‚‚0l•ô‚zg/zz•ôv„c¢}"ÿ0qNa]èSØ
0

00 {,N‚‚0l•ôzËW:v„fòb˜ˆh•¾ÿ0•;p¼•;p¼
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0l•ô‚zg/v„–•_b~Óg„ÿ0gNSÌSÌ 0

{,Nzà0Q•s°bN‰v„‚zg/u;
Sw

00 {,N‚‚0bN‰e‡S‰ÄƒN‹ôR O

00 {,NŒ‚‚0bN‰‹ôv„]èg„`'c¢}"ÿ0~¢eå 0

00 {,N‚‚0bN‰‹ôv„O YG`'ÿ0g—mw–êSŸ 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0bN‰‹ôNNº`'•Žÿ0v~T‚± 0

{,VÛzà0‘Í^ús°NãS†Sòv„SÙ
N‹

00 {,N‚‚0xnzËs°NãS†SòSÙN‹j!
_

00 {,NŒ‚‚0[¶eÏTŒS†Sòv„T}•Ð~ÄTÿ0N[¶]÷
0

00 {,N‚‚0eçeöNãv„l•ôum;mnN~Øÿ0ƒ6™†
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0wå‹ÆR[Pv„_Ãpude—c 0
_qÿ0~¢ŒF

{,N”zà0e°v„y>OwÛvþv„c¢
}"

00 {,N‚‚0 "SÌv~e¹”ˆ "RMTv„e‡‚zuL``óQ²
z•

00 {,NŒ‚‚0e°v„wÛvþTŒVð`Ñ
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0``ó€v„‚æ`|
ÿ



{,VÛ‚‚0S×–¾€v„p¼rñNKkL
ÿ

{,Qmzà0[ûlBS†SòNs°[žv„T|
^”

00 {,N‚‚0S†Sò˜˜gPROv„~A
ƒc

00 {,NŒ‚‚0wå‹ÆR[P‚ñ–Ä_bŒav„Q•s°ÿ0QslIS• 0

00 {,N‚‚0wå‹ÆR[P_ÃXðv„fòb˜ˆh—2 ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0n[˜_bŒav„t‹ºNRO ÿ

{,Nzà0YleÏe‡[fv„l•ô|¾
y^

00 {,N‚‚0•ÛQelI‹íNuLv„YleÏe‡ [f

00 {,NŒ‚‚0l•ôe‡[fv„ettNe9• ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0leÏ˜ÎWv„‹°_ÆN‹×`Å ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0lrSÖl•ô„%Q{v„e‡NºRO ÿ

{,Qkzà0[ùeöNãv„YB—b`
€

00 {,N‚‚0eöNãv„b’`ÅNN*Nºv„` €

00 {,NŒ‚‚0eöNãv„b’`Å
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0s°[žv„‹½U»ÿ0qÕqY‹Ý0SÊQv [ƒ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0yÁNº`'‹Ý‹íÿ0eàh¦i|–•{
0

{,N]zà0 "e‡SY'—iT}"eögv„e‡
[f

00 {,N‚‚0 "e‡SY'—iT} "[ùe‡[fv„dgk‹SÊ "e‡—i
"g•ôv„W0Ne‡[fm; R¨

00 {,NŒ‚‚0€O[¶v„yØ[ÆRO
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0S‹b‘N-v„uT}U·SÑNs°Nãfzag ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0^t•{NNãv„‰É‘’ ÿ

{,SAzà0 "N”VÛ|¾y^v„‘Íe°QÝ
" €Z

00 {,N‚‚0 "N”VÛ ‚Ï
"e°e‡[fO ~ßv„Y

00 {,NŒ‚‚0uÛ[š`uÛv„•êb_Ï`”ÿ0–•`ó_U 0

00 {,N‚‚0^t•{NNãv„‰É`ŸNSÍ`ÿ0k{ 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0leÏT}•Ðv„•ê‰Éb•bÅÿ0NNãNº 0

{,SANzà0—b[ùR«–¾v„S†Sòl‰
`

00 {,N‚‚0 "_Rge€"v„S†SòSÍ
`

00 {,NŒ‚‚0NÎ "T•ïNº "v„zËW:SÍ`S†Sòÿ0Q…Yx0

00 {,N‚‚0[ùt`óN;NISÊQv[ž•õ•Çzv„SÍ` ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0[ùleÏp~–¾v„SÍ`ÿ0TÎÿY'hîg—
0


{,N‚‚0e‡[fRON-Nº•SN;NI``óv„Qt vÛ

00 {,NŒ‚‚0‚æ–¾l•ôv„`ÅNI ÿ

00 {,N‚‚ •ŽY}t`óv„a§a¬ÿ0Tæÿ™™–ê
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0Ys`'oÀa$v„T|Xðÿ0e¹‚ 0

{,SANzà0a^”w@eöNãv„Y'SØ
R¨

00 {,N‚‚0e9—i_e>e?{VNv„y>ONe‡[fv„•#
Nû

00 {,NŒ‚‚0T|U$t`óv„NºlQlNÆ
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0NºriT}•Ðv„`²UœRgÿ0–HYBuNWÎ 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0Nºu•S•ïv„•béN`€ÿ0Nºu 0

{,SAVÛzà0leÏ˜ÎWv„|¾y^SG
SN

00 {,N‚‚0NaW‹ôN^N•
‹ô

00 {,NŒ‚‚0Y'W0NmŒR¨w@Nºuv„k"NPÿ0S×b
0

00 {,N‚‚0^N•e‡Sv„cÏ~ØNSÍ`ÿ0pßXö 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0ge•êY'‰•S˜Î`Åv„kLU1 ÿ

{,SAN”zà0e°v„•Ž[fSŸRv„]
•w

00 {,N‚‚0‰•e¹s°NãN;NIe‡[fv„_•ÛN_q TÍ

00 {,NŒ‚‚0 "g&€ç‹×"v„e°v„•Ž[f•ýlB
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0‚SðNv„s°Nã‚zg/‹Õÿ0~Ý[ùOáS÷ 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0‹ôN-v„s°Nãa‹Æÿ0qNv„K
0

{,SAQmzà0e‡S[ûh9a‹Æv„[ž
šŒ

00 {,N‚‚0e‡S[ûh9a‹ÆNe‡[f[ž šŒ

00 {,NŒ‚‚0[ûh9e‡[fv„SWST|^”
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0ge•êl•ôv„•ŽY}‹×`Åÿ0UF]ÞR_U
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0 "c¢}"u5_q"v„e‡SSÍ`ÿ0žÄWW0
0

{,SANzà0QH•|¾y^N‹ôR
O

00 {,N‚‚0QH•‹ôv„e‡S€ÌfoTŒe‡Sa NI

00 {,NŒ‚‚0‹ôSÙN‹•Ž[fv„c¢}"
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0‹ô‹íŠ•Ž[fv„[žšŒ
ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0k‹‘wNQ·o v„Nº`'SÑc˜ ÿ

{,SAQkzà0u[Xa‹ÆNe‡[fR
O


{,N‚‚0e°Q™[ž‹ôNe°S†Sò ‹ô

00 {,NŒ‚‚0_SNãu[Xa‹Æv„~ÏQxe‡g,ÿ0˜Îfo
0

00 {,N‚‚0eå^8um;v„‹×`'mˆ‰ãÿ0NW0ž!kÛ
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0[ùbN‰S†Sòv„l•ô[¡‰Æÿ0~¢šØ|±
0

{,SAN]zà0y>O•lW‹Ne‡[fR
O

00 {,N‚‚0y>O•lW‹gv„e‡[fry
p¹

00 {,NŒ‚‚0dGnÚN-v„N*`'a‹Æÿ0Neàb@g 0

00 {,N‚‚0UFNQ™ON-v„SÍSÛa‹Æÿ0R¨riQös 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0NÎ‹ôR0u5_qÿ0Y»Y¾b•¤0N0Y'~¢po{<šØšØc 0

{,NŒSAzà0N*NºzËW:Ne‡[fR
O

00 {,N‚‚0eàTr¶`Nv„N*NºQ™OzË W:

00 {,NŒ‚‚0N*Nº[ùuT}v„l‰`
ÿ

00 {,N‚‚0N*Nº[ùeöNãv„SÍw
ÿ

00 {,VÛ‚‚0N*Nº[ùeöNãv„b•bÅ
ÿ

{,NŒSANzà0e°v„Q™Ozz•ôv„bÓ
U

00 {,N‚‚0e°v„Q™Ozz•ôv„bÓ
U

00 {,NŒ‚‚0Ys`'•êbNuLv„zz•ôÿ0YsNº~Ä‹×
0

00 {,N‚‚0N-Ye‡SdžQûv„zz•ôÿ0Ysn
0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0mñBN*`'_Ãtv„zz•ôÿ0~ÝgN-‹Þu 0

{,NŒSANŒzà0t`óN;NINl•ôzË W:

00 {,N‚‚0WZcl•ôt`óv„e‡[fR O

00 {,NŒ‚‚0l•ô[—eYNt`óv„xnzËÿ0k‹g 0

00 {,N‚‚0‹íŠ‰†vÖNv„l•ôNuLÿ0šlhe‹ÍQx 0

00 {,VÛ‚‚0W(l•ôY'W0N[ûlBt`óÿ0N]g[ÓŠ 0

00 g,eYgPSÂ€v„N;‰•Nf
|M

00 _SNãO[¶•D
e™

00 l¡g~Óg_v„~Ó‹íÿNãT‹° ÿ

-->

Sg•fNf^“ || http://www.ebook007.com



YeæY'[fQúrHy>1999^trHÿQHcn 2000^t{,Nk!SpR7rHh! [ù
N;•ÿ–H` TŒ

d°Q™€ÿs‹QIN R_×ƒc [‹fpœ [‹p³•‰ gN^sOU
n

–H` TŒ

N-Vý
20N~ªe‡[ff/NN*_e>`'v„etOSÿ_SNãe‡[fSêf/QvetOSSÑ U
•ÇzN-v„NN*–6kµÿN‚,f/ryc 1949^tNåTv„N-VýY'–Fe‡[f0N-Vý
_S

Nãe‡[ff/N-Vý “N”VÛ
”Någev„e°e‡[f•ÐR¨SÑUR0y>ON;NIS†Sò–6kµ
Nå
Tb@N§uv„e‡[fs°ŒaTŒe‡[f•Çzÿ[ƒ^ö~íN† “N”VÛ O
”Någev„e°e‡[f
~ß0OFW(e°v„S†SògaNöNÿu1NŽN-VývîRMYNŽy>ON;NIR~§–6kµ
ÿ

‹¸Yg*gey>Ov„t`ó•Øg_…NŽ[ž•õN-NåyÑ[f`^¦TŒyÑ[fe¹lÕgehÀšŒ ÿ
b@Nåÿ SÍf N†•ÙNS†Sò–6kµ|¾y^ry_•v„N-Vý_SNãe‡[fQEnáN†fòb˜
TŒ
Nz3[š`'ÿ[ƒYË~ÈQwgNy>Oum;[ž•õOÝcTkec¢}"v„`'•(0[ù•Ù h7

N•è[fyÑv„xzvTŒeY[fÿ™–QH^”‹ålèaR0[ƒv„_e>`'TŒetOS`'N$Y' ry
p¹0b@Œ_e>`'ÿSsc[ƒ^vNf/NN*_b`[Œetv„•íW‹[fyÑÿeà‹º f/
“N”VÛ
”Någev„e°e‡[fÿ•Øf/ 1949^tNågev„_SNãe‡[fÿeö•ôN•ý•: NO

fxnv„N–PuL[šÿN_1f/‹ôÿbNìNÊY)^vl¡g‹©•Ù•è[fyÑ[ŒQh•1y» s°
[žs¯Xƒv„_qTÍÿbŠ[ƒe>W([žšŒ[¤‘ÌO•Ü•Ýy»v„•…q6v„‰Â[ßÿ[ùNŽ•Ù•è
[fyÑv„€[ßTŒxzvÿYË~ÈS×R0s°[žs¯Xƒv„R6~¦ÿb@ŒetOS`'ÿf/_S Nã

e‡[fN 20N~ªRMSJSöv„N-Výe‡[f0Nu1NŽe?l»SŸVàf‚eö•ØRˆÂbSæ
N
N*rykŠˆLe?S:Wßv„Sðn~W0S:e‡[fÿNk–lSN†NN*YN~ªNŽNÊ~ÈNŽ VÞ
_Rv„™™n/o³•èW0S:v„e‡[fÿg„bNN*[Œetv„0–¾NåRRrv„e‡[fetOS s°

ŒaÿOFvîRM[ƒSteàlÕlŸ•0mµvÖ•ÙN›e‡[fs°Œa0RMNryp¹O••Ù•è[f yÑ
QwgNxn[šv„ry`'ÿ[ƒl¡g~ÏQxv„OTÁTŒ~ÏQxv„‰ã‘Êÿ•Ù1[¹‹¸x zv
€v„N;OSa‹Æ[ù[fyÑv„yïg•lèQeÿ[¹‹¸xzve¹lÕNv„YyÍSï€ý`'[XW( ÿ

TNryp¹SÈO•QvQwg “@•è`' ”v„ry_•ÿY‚gœbNì_ýueN†[ùNŒSAN
~ª
RMSJSöN-Výe‡[fv„Qslèÿ_SNãe‡[fv„n•Y41ONuN†‰ãÿY‚gœ•:NO[ù
Sð0n/e‡[fv„xzvÿ[ù_SNãe‡[fv„‹ÄN÷TŒ[šOMN_ObŠcáNQÆ0b@Nå
ÿ

•ÙNxn[šTŒN[Œetÿf/bNìW(xzvN-_Å˜{lèav„ 0



N0_SNãe‡[fSòeY[fv„NyÍ[ùŒaTŒNN*B —b

N-Vý
20N~ªe‡[fÿbyðN-Výs°_SNãe‡[fÿÿf/Vý[¶eY€²•è‰Ä[š v„
NŒ~§[fyÑÿW(QheåR6šØh!N-e‡NNv„NyÑTŒg,yÑWGf/_ÅOîWúx@R.z
ÿ
^vN‹¾gN-e‡[fyÑxUXëp¹TŒSZXëp¹ÿW(NOYšØh!v„N-e‡NNeY€²N- _
N

•ý^_ÅOî‹þz0N_1f/‹ôÿN-Vý 20N~ªe‡[fSòeY[f•ógNyÍeY[f [ù
Œaÿ1.QheåR6šØh!N-e‡NNv„Y'Nu0—^N-e‡NNv„g,yÑ[fuTŒb Nº
eY€²v„N-e‡NN[fuÿSbìg,yÑuÿÿ 2.QheåR6šØh!N-e‡NNv„g,yÑ

uÿ 3.QheåR6šØh!N-Výs°Nãe‡[fNNv„xzvuÿSbìxUXëuTŒSZXëuÿ
0
•ÙNyÍBk!v„eY[f[ùŒaeà‹ºW(eY[f‰•lB0eY[fgaNöTŒWùQ{vîhNÿ •ý
[XW(w@_ˆY'v„]îR+0•Ù1‰•lBbNìNÎN‹•Ù•è[fyÑeY[fv„eY€²]åO€ ^”

Rn•ê]ñv„eY[f[ùŒaÿ”ˆ[ùNT[ùŒav„QwOS‰•lBTŒQwOSgaNöÿ‹¾[š•Ù
•è[fyÑv„eY[f‰•lBTŒe¹lÕ0
N-Vý
20N~ªe‡[fSòv„g„bN_vø^”v„QwgNN*B—b0™–QHÿ[ƒf/ Nå

s°NãlI‹ígeˆh•¾s°NãN-VýNºv„a`ÅSÊQv[¡•Ž|¾y^v„e‡[fÿW(O•u(‹í Š
e¹—bÿNNåe‡Še‡N:N;‰•ˆh•¾]åQwv„SäQxe‡[ff/b*q6NTv„0W(Sä Qx
e‡[fN-ÿN_gO•u(v}‹ÝN:e‡[fˆh•¾]åQwv„OTÁÿOF•ÙSêf/N:N†•¾R0 •

O×faÂv„vîv„ÿ^vNf/QúNŽˆh•¾€v„[¡•Ž|¾y^—‰•0_Ss°Nãe‡[f• •Ç
cÐP!v}‹Ýe‡€xnzË•êŽ«v„•Ž[f‰ÄƒeöÿN{¡Qvgl¡g•¾R0kÔ•ƒ[Œ•Ž v„
l4^sÿv}‹Ýe‡]ò~ÏNNÅNÅON:N¤mA]åQwÿfôf/ON:e‡[fv„•}OSSs[¡ •Ž

_b`€[XW(0 20N~ªv„Nºe‡[f€NÍq6gNºO•u(e‡Še‡„WNfzË‹ôT‹×
b’
`ÅÿOFs°NãlI‹ív„•Ž[f‰Äƒ]ò~ÏON:N;‰•v„[¡•Ž_b_ˆ«xnzË0NÊY) b
Nì‰•cÐšØetN*leÏv„‹íŠˆh•¾€ýR›TŒ‹íŠ} •(ÿ™–QH‰•‹ûY}v„f/s° Nã

‹íŠ‚zg/Y'^NìROv„e‡[fOTÁÿ••Ç~Ïu1Y'^Nì‚zg/cÐp¼v„‹íŠ ÿ
ge‹¤‹Æ•ÙN*leÏb@bågv„•ŽY}`ÅdÍTŒO ~ße‡SyïmÀ0VàkdN-Výs°_S ã
N
e‡[fNOFmñR;S[¹N†N-SNleÏu1SäQxTs°NãS•lW‹•ÇzN-v„wRv„ _Ã

tb˜ÿ€NN_OSs°Qús°NãN-VýNºb@€ý•¾R0v„[¡•Ž€ýR›TŒ`ÅdÍ0Qvk! ÿ
N-Vý
20N~ªe‡[fSòmñR;SÍf N†N-Výwå‹ÆR[Pa^”w@eöNãSØ•Á€oÀ•w
v„
•ýlB0YKe—TŒSÍ`{I|¾y^—lBÿetN*e‡[fSòv„oSØ•Çzÿ–dN†•ŽY} v„

e‡[fOTÁNåYÿ•Øf/N•èSïkLSïlãv„wå‹ÆR[Pv„h¦`óSò0YKe—SòTŒ ˆ@
lêSò0NÖNìNåe‡[fv„e¹_SÂNN†[ù•ÙN*eöNãv„‘Í”øTŒe9• ]åOÿNÿ O[
f/N•S^}žÑmñ•ƒv„Y^UÿOyÀv„e‡[fOTÁf/]L•vQvNv„•ê•êffÿ p•

pÂv„fzzf/u1fNzzN•w~Äbv„ÿN$€•ýNSï€ý[dzËW0[XW(0Vàkd ÿ



20N~ªe‡[fSòW(g,N~ªb@N§uv„S†SòaNINf/[d zË

v„ÿ[ƒf/W(N-Výu1SäQxTs°Nã•lW‹v„[•Y'y>OS†Sò€ÌfoNSÑuv„ÿ [ƒ
NQvNÖs°NãNºe‡[fyÑN•wb•bÅN†wå‹ÆR[PNºe‡O ~ß‘Í”øv„•#NûTŒO•T}
0
N-VýXëY'Y+v„O ~ß–•w@
20N~ªe°v„NuLh<@v„_bb€•ê])ÿSŸgeSU N

N÷P<OS|ûv„XëY'Y+^™Xe?l»e‡STYQCN÷P<OS|ûv„s°Nãwå‹ÆR[Pv„
l
•ôe‡S•lyûÿwå‹ÆR[PW(l•ô^úzË•wT•êv„NN—OMÿNåxnzËe°v„ N÷
P<zËW:zÿ|¾y^O ~ß0•Ù—‰•wå‹ÆR[PW(••gv„e‡S[ž•õN-abab_bbÿ

N_SbìNÖNìNNãNãNºu(uT}ˆ@lêcbSÖv„~ÏšŒeY‹-0N€ý‹ôÿNÊY)v„ wå
‹ÆR[P]ò~Ï^úzË^v[ŒU„N†•ê]ñ•VNå[‰Ž«zËT}v„Nºe‡O ~ßÿOFTyÍs°
Nã
Nºe‡NN[fyÑv„wå‹ÆR[PkcW(••Ç•ê]ñv„RªR›ÿ`;~ÓRMNºv„~ÏšŒÿ _

T/Tgev„c¢}"0N-Vý 20N~ªe‡[fSòv„xzvTŒ`;~ÓÿN_Th7ST+N†•Ù
h7
v„aNITŒN÷P<SÖTÿ[ƒeâ‡•SW(QwOSO[¶v„YgBT}•ÐTŒOTÁv„•Ž[f
|¾
y^NKN-ÿSÈf/b½ŒaW0OSs°W(s°Nãwå‹ÆR[Pv„~ç_€_gev„|¾y^O ~ßNKN-
ÿ

—‰•g,NNv„[fuW([fN`N[ž•õN-•…•Š€LN`'•(v„R³R¨—OMÿabab W0
dx}"wå‹ÆR[Pv„|¾y^zËW:0b@Œ€LN`'•(v„R³R¨—OMÿST+w@wå‹Æ
R
[PO•—`g,NNv„wå‹Æb€g/cbSÖum;•De™v„u[XRMcÐÿ€T€ÿR^ NŽ

|¾y^B—bÿf/wå‹ÆR[Pt`óv„•ýlBTŒNºh<v„SÑUÿN‰•u[XÿNŒ‰• SÑ
Uÿ–•T+N†•ÙN*[fyÑNs°Nãwå‹ÆR[PNºh<^ú‹¾[ÆRvøQsv„€T|û0•ÑNŒ
SA^tgeN-Vý 0N~ªe‡[f[fyÑv„„ìRÃSÑUÿkcf/N•ÙOTÁ0•ÇzTŒ|¾
2 y^

NOMNOSv„[fyÑ~Óg„RN_v„0Y‚gœl¡g{,NB—bv„OyÀOTÁÿe‡ [f
SòY1S»[XW(v„Wúx@ÿY‚gœl¡g{,NŒB—bv„e‡[fSò•Çzÿe‡[fSò ^ú
zËN•wgeÿ€Y‚gœl¡g{,NB—bv„e‡[fSò|¾y^ÿe‡[fSòY1S»[ƒv„ m;

v„pu›BÿN_NOgNÊY)v„ulRÃRÃv„~Aƒc 0
—b[ùeY[f[ùŒav„YQC~Óg„ÿN-Vý0N~ªe‡[fSòv„NN*B—b^vN
2 —
‰•Teö•ÛQery[šv„eY[fƒVôÿ[ƒW([fyÑ•êŽ«v„^ú‹¾N-ÿf/NN*•êb N

OSv„•;•‘~Óg„ÿ—‰•gN*_ª^•n•Ûv„•Çz0[fN`€Y‚gœl¡g–‹ûTŒ N†
‰ã 0N~ªN-Výe‡[fv„OyÀOTÁÿb€[ùQv‚zg/Q…mµt‰ãNmñÿ•£NH
2 ÿ
[ùe‡[fSò•Çzv„[fN`N__Åq6O•:NOa`'v„bŠcáÿ–¾Nåwkc[fY}e‡[fSò ÿ

Th7ÿY‚[ùe‡[fSò•ÇzTŒO[¶T}•Ð•:NOQh—bv„cŒcáTŒmñR;v„t‰ãÿ _
N
–¾NåwkcW(NN˜†Wß‘Ì‹¨‹ºwå‹ÆR[Pv„Nºe‡O ~ß0Vàkdÿ[ùNŽN-Vý 20
N~ªe‡[fv„YB—beY[fÿkc{&TN†•ÙN*[fyÑQ…W(^ú‹¾v„—‰•0QwOS
W0

‹ôÿW([ùQheåR6N-e‡NNv„Y'Nu0—^N-e‡NNv„Y'[fuTŒbNºeY €²



b[ùNŽetOSv„eY[f`ÅQµNY*N†‰ãÿOF1W(]åON-c¥‰æR0v„`ÅQµ
ge

wÿNåN:N-Vý 20N~ªe‡[fÿSbìs°Nãe‡[fTŒ_SNãe‡[fN$•è‹þÿv„N
N*
B—bW(eY[f[ž•õN-^8^8m÷mÆNnÿY‚W([ù{,NyÍeY[f[ùŒav„eY[fN- ÿ
~Ï^8m÷mÆN†{,NTŒ{,NŒB—bv„Q…[¹‰•lBÿeâ‹²OTÁSÈ‹²e‡[fSòÿg,
ge

e‡[fSòv„•ÇzST+N†YgBv„``ó•ÇzTŒS†Sò•Çzÿ—‰•gN[šv„eö •ô
[¹‘ÏTŒwå‹Æyï}/bM‹²_—niZÿOF•^8W(•Ù|{‹þz‘ÌÿStu({€SUv„e¹ _
N¤_…•ÇS»ÿ~ÓgœN€ý‹©[fukcxnN†‰ãe‡[fSòv„wvøÿSÍ€[¹_ÍTŒO d-

N†‹¸Y]ò~Ïˆ«S†Sò‹Áf•‹ïN†v„t‹º‰Âp¹TŒS†Sò~Ó‹ºÿ[ùR[f€kc xn
cŒcá•Ù•è[fyÑv„wå‹Æ`'TŒyÑ[f`'•ýg[³eàvÊ0b‰É_—ÿNQvN€ý• _{
W0‹²‰ãÿ•ØNY‚NS»c¥‰æ•ÙN›‹Ý˜˜0Th7ÿW([ù{,NŒ0{,NyÍeY[f [ù

Œav„‹-~ÃNÿN__€_€_ýueN†{,NŒB—bTŒ{,NB—bv„••ÛÿW(QheåR6
N-
e‡NNg,yÑuv„eY[fN-ÿSê—‰•‹-~ÃQv{,NŒB—bv„e‡[fSòwå‹Æv„cŒcá
ÿ
€[ùNŽQv|¾y^B—bv„~ÏšŒ`;~ÓÿSê—wåQvY'i‚1ˆLÿN_ÅO•ÇYv„ ‹²

‰ãÿVàN:g,yÑ[fuv„wå‹Æyï}/TŒ``óyï}/•ý•Øg–PÿeàlÕmˆS‘ÍY' S†
Sòs°Œav„Q…W(a…tÿY‹²N†SÍ€O•Qv_—œ|_Ø{Lÿm%m%NP•SNŽb@Œ`
`ó
v„ “mñR;
”€_qTÍN†[ùe‡[fSòWúx@v„cŒcáÿ€[ùNŽxzvuryR+f/SZ Xë

[fOM‹ºe‡v„xzvc[üÿY‚gœSêlèaQvb€g/B—bv„e‡[fSòwå‹Æ€_ýue •
•ÇNNgee½ˆL[ùxzv€Nºh<v„WùQ{TŒ‹-~Ãÿ•£Sï€ýOO•[fuNQvN N
v„Qs|ûNÅ–PNŽƒ·SÖ€LNbe‡Qív„bKkµÿ€oÀSÑN•w[ùNNmñl‰v„a `Å

TŒuT}v„[ÄbXÿN_OSONR0Qv[‰Ž«zËT}v„‘ÍY'aNIÿ•Ùh7v„[fu= {¡
N_€ýbN:NTNNxzvNºgPÿOF~Èzvf/{,NŒNIv„xzv]åO€ 0
RM—bb@‹ôÿN-Vý
20N~ªe‡[ff/NN*_e>`'v„etOS0ON:NyÍVý[¶ 0

leÏSÊQve‡Sv„s°NãS•Çzÿ[ƒ^vl¡g–•w@N~ªv„fôcb€~È~Óÿb@Nå ÿ



“s°Nã`' ”N:xzvry‚rv„`;OS[fg/xzvÿgNºcÐQú^”^úzËN•è “s°
Nã[f ”v„`;[fyÑgemµvÖNRN “s°Nã”gQsv„[fyÑÿNåy:N “SäQx[f”
v„[ùzËÿb‰É_—kcf/SÍf N†•ÙN[fg/`;•‹R¿ÿ^vl¡g[Œb0 20N~ª e‡

[fNÅNÅf/s°Nãe‡[fv„{,NN*–6kµ€]òÿ[ƒb@–•T+v„s°Nãwå‹ÆR[Pv„ Nº
e‡O ~ßÿ1NÿO[f/N•S••••v„l³
ÿbNì•ÙQàNãv„xzv€PZv„f/u•
mA •
n•mAv„]åOÿ‹©O ~ßNKmANÎbNì•ÙNNã[f€Ž«No+•ÇÿQ•^&w@bNì v„

uT}€ý‘ÏTŒ[fg/Oá`oÿO •R0NåTv„[f€•£Q?S»0•Ùh7••ÇNåTQà N*
N~ªv„wå‹ÆR[Pv„RªR›N[ž•õÿbMSï€ý`;~ÓQúNyÍW(s°Nãy>Os¯Xƒ N
v„Nºe‡O ~ßÿO•wå‹ÆR[Pb~R0NN*eâ€ýSÑc%rìryv„NNwå‹Æry••ÿ SÈ

€ýeˆLwå‹ÆR[PW(s°Nãy>Os¯XƒNv„y>O•#Nûv„OM•n0s°Nãe‡[fNÅNÅ
f/etN* “s°Nã`' ”`;[fyÑv„NN*~Äb•èRÿb@Nå[ƒNf/NyÍVú[šv„ eY
gaTŒb€g/`'v„wå‹Æÿ€f/QEnáN†Nºh<›ER›TŒSÑUSï€ýÿ•Ù~ÙbNìNÎ
N‹

•Ù•è[fyÑeY[fv„]åO€•ý^&ge•ƒšØv„–¾^¦0Y‚gœbNì€ýcNTeY[f [ù
Œaÿ‹¾[šNTv„~Óg„Bk!ge•ÛˆLeY[fÿ•ÙN›Vð–¾1SïNå•ÎR€‰ã0 {,
NyÍ[ùŒaSê—‰•‹©QvY‹ûY}OTÁÿXžR Qv[ù•Ù•è[fyÑv„a`'‹¤‹Æÿ {,

NŒyÍ[ùŒa—‰••ÛˆLe‡[fSòwå‹Æ‹-~ÃÿNÎ–‹ûOTÁv„a`'z^¦NSGR0 [ù
e‡[fS†Sòv„t`'cŒcáÿ^v–•–•~¦~¦W0aS×R0gÐyÍNºe‡O ~ßv„b•O aNI ÿ
{,NyÍ[ùŒabMm‰SÊR0|¾y^B—bv„[fg/c¢‹¨ÿO•QvW(šØBk!Nƒ·_—`
`ó

v„Y'‰ãe>TŒNºh<v„Y'cÐSGÿNå•^”NNN~ªv„Nºe‡[fyÑ^ú‹¾b@—
0

NŒ0g,eYgPb@•ýlBv„e‡[fSò•Q™ry
p¹

bbŠ•Ùg,_SNãe‡[fSò_SO
“R~§eYz ”ge•ÿ1f/`ó••Ç[ù[ƒ
v„
–‹û[ùŒav„‰Ä[šÿgez•Qú[ƒbågv„e‡[fSòeY[f{,NB—bv„ryp¹0•• g

NågeÿN-Výs°Nãe‡[fTŒ_SNãe‡[f•ýf/ON:N•è[fyÑ€‹¾zËÿe‡[fSò •ý
f/ON:eYyÑNfge•Q™v„ÿ]ò~Ï_bbN†N[šv„j!_0Teöÿe‡[fSòv„ •
Q™‰Â_õTŒQwOSQ™lÕNvô{<•iW(‰•e¹[fg/j!_TŒRM‚Ï€Tv„[fg/j!_NKN-
ÿ

•:u1e‡[fOTÁN:N;OSg„bv„a`'e‡[fSòv„e¹lÕ0W( “‘ÍQ™e‡[fSò”
v„‹¨‹ºN-ÿgv„[f€cÐQú^”‹åRR+~ÙN[¶wv„e‡[fSòTŒON:eYgPv„ N
‚,e‡[fSòÿ^vf>y:N†N•èR‹ÕN-v„bgœ0qgbv„t‰ãÿ•ÙyÍ^ú‹® kc

SÍf N†[fg/uLRkelèaR0N†e‡[fSò{,NŒB—bTŒ{,NB—bv„S:R+ÿb@Œ
~ÙN[¶wv„e‡[fSòÿf/cST+N†xzv€rìry‰Á‰ãTŒxzvN*`'v„[fg/ „W
OÿSïO›NNTˆLTŒxzvu[fN`SÂ€NKu(ÿ€ON:eYgPv„e‡[fSòR f/

kÔ•ƒ‰Äƒv„0Nåe‡[fSòwå‹ÆN:N;v„e‡[fSò‹ûg,ÿQv[žON:Y'[fg,yÑ eY



“‰Äƒ”v„ÿN_^”‹åQA‹¸gxzv€v„N
T
N*`'ÿ0OFf/ÿ[ùNŽe‡[fSò{,NB—bv„•Q™ry_•O<NNfôR •:NOQslè ÿ
vîRM•Ù|{eYgP_€_€Sêf/N‚,e‡[fSòv„S‹•)ÿeà‹ºNÎ[fg/•(‘ÏTŒ[fg/ N*

`'gewÿ•ýf/kÔ•ƒ…„_1v„s¯‚‚0bN;••Ù•èeYgPb@•ýlBv„vîv„NKN ÿ
kcf/`ó••Ç[ù•Ù|{Nåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„e‡[fSòeYgPv„•Q™[ž•õÿ
N:
“‘ÍQ™e‡[fSò”b@g_…v„e‡[fSòv„YQC@—bÿc¢}"^vyï}/gQs~ÏšŒ
TŒ

eY‹-0b@Nåb^”‹å˜„QHb•‹¤ÿvø[ùNå_€v„_SNãe‡[fSòeYgP€Šÿ•Ù Sï
€ýf/N•èNY[ŒetN_NYQh—b0OFQwgN[šc¢}"`'•(v„eYgP 0
bW(N;••ÇzN-b@•ýlBv„{,NN*ryp¹ÿf/R›lBS:R+Nåe‡[fOTÁ N:

N;W‹v„e‡[fSòNNåe‡[fSòwå‹ÆN:N;W‹v„e‡[fSòv„NTw@w<p¹TŒ•Q™
‰Ò
^¦0Nåe‡[fSòwå‹ÆN:N;W‹v„eYyÑNfN‚,f/Nåe‡[f•ÐR¨TŒROònN: N;
‰•~¿}"geN2‹²e‡[fOTÁÿOF[ùNŽg,eYgPge‹ôÿz•Qúv„f/[ùQwOSOTÁ
v„

bŠcáTŒt‰ãÿe‡[fSòwå‹Æˆ«S‹•)R0gON–P^¦ÿeöNã€ÌfoTŒe‡[f€Ìfo•ý
SêgW(NQwOSROSÑuvôc¥Qs|ûv„eöPbMO{€SUNË~Í0g,eYgPw@‘Í
NŽ
[ùe‡[fSòN‘Í‰•ROs°Œav„NË~ÍTŒOTÁ‚zg/Q…mµv„–SÑÿ[fN`€• •Ç

[ù•ÙN›OTÁv„–‹ûTŒRg•ÿSïNå–•~¦N†‰ãNN›e‡[fSò€Ìfo0‹lY‚g Qs
“€á˜Î ”v„Q…[¹ÿW(N‚,e‡[fSòN-NSï••QM‰•u(‹¸Y{ÇÊge‹²‰ã 1955
^tv„€á˜ÎN‹NöÿOFW(g,eYgPb@–P[šv„‹û€[ùŒaTŒe‡[fSòB—bN-ÿe‡
[f

Sòv„YgBN‹Nöf/eàlÕu({€mv„a‰Áˆh•¾niZv„ÿb@NåbQ³[še>_NË ~Í
gQs€á˜ÎN‹NöNåSÊ€á˜Îv„e‡‚z``óÿ€NÎSæNN*‰Ò^¦ÿSs••ÇNË~Í €á
˜ÎSÊNgm>‹×Nºv„OTÁge_%ê0g,eYgP{,Nzà0•Îc¥e°v„eöNãR0ge 0

N-ÿ{,NN*1‹²‰ã€á˜Îv„e?l»b’`Å••‹×0eö•ô_YËN†0ÿ€á˜Î={¡ W(
40^tNãN^ö[‰e?gCNv„e‡‚ze?{VSÑu•ÇNN›Q²z•ÿOFNÖNÍq6g•Qvw
‹Ú
W0bŠe°ue?gCwOf/•ê]ñ••gYKe—TŒ•ýlBv„t`óÿNÖkëNr¹ŒkW0zÙ W(

€ÜR)€v„zËW:Nÿpí`ÅkL‹é°e?gCSÊQv˜†ˆ–ÿ‹×kL‘Ìb@ˆhs°Qúgev„ pí
`Åmn¢v„e?l»b’`Å0N*NºSv„SÙ•ð‹íŠ0NåSÊxÅy4v„N;OSb’`ÅlR¿ ÿ
•ýf/NåTv„kL˜‚`'OTÁb@NSÊv„0b@Någ,eYgP†}q6N‹æ~ÆNË~Í€á˜Î ‹
N

Növ„S†Sò•ÇzÿOFNåNÖpí`ÅkL˜‚`'v„‚zg/OTÁNTgeb@•mS×v„e?l» bS
Qûv„T}•Ðvø[ùqgÿT/SÑ^vT8_[fN`€N§u•ÛNkeN†‰ãc¢‹âe‡[fSòw vø
v„a?g0q6TW({,N”zà0e°v„y>OwÛvþv„c¢}"0‘Ìÿg,eYgPSÈ‹¾‹¡ N†

[ùNgm>‹×Nº~ÿSŸTŒfþSSW(„™S×e?l»Q¤hHTROv„‹×kL0SÈNN*Tå
NÑ
^0TŒ0g•`0v„Rg•ÿ•ÙN›OTÁ•ýˆh•¾N†‹×NºNì[ùT}•Ðv„b—N‰TŒ [ù
•ŽY}`Åa+v„kL˜‚ÿ••Ç•ÙN›OTÁO•[fN`€ƒ·_—[ù€á˜ÎNm>v„ROSÊ Qv

S†Sò`²RgT}•Ðv„a`'‹¤‹ÆTŒ•Ž[ft‰ã0Y‚gœ[fN`€€ýYcŒcá€á˜Î0 eö



1955^tv„Q¤hH0•m•G{I{IÿSïNåe>W(QvNÖNåe‡[fSòwå‹Æ
N:
N;W‹v„eYgP‘ÌS»‹²ÿ•óNŽ€á˜ÎQ¤hH_u3Qúgev„wå‹ÆR[P•î˜˜SÊQveY‹-ÿ
fô^”‹åe>W(xzvuv„‹þz‘ÌS»c¢‹¨0Nåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„eYgP†}q6 kÔ

•ƒ{€~¦ÿm‰SÊv„e‡[fSòwå‹Æ^vNYÿOFVàN:gY'‘Ïv„e‡[fOTÁO›R g•
–‹ûÿ^vNÎe‡[fOTÁv„‰Ò^¦geQE[ž[ùe‡[fSòv„t‰ãÿ•Ùh7ÿNÍq6~Ù [f
N`€NåN0Sšv„•Ž[fv„wå‹ÆÿN_N:[fN`€•ÛNke[fN`e‡[fSòbSY}N†Wúx@0

bW(N;••ÇzN-•ýlBv„{,NŒN*ryp¹ÿf/bSx4Nå_€e‡[fSòNQCS v„
etT‰Æ‰ÒÿNåQqeö`'v„e‡[fRON:•t_Ãÿg„{Qe°v„e‡[fROetOS‰Â 0
[ƒNf/N‚,W0z•QúRO`onTŒe‡[fOSˆÁÿ€f/O•cnN†e‡[fOTÁRO v„

Qqeö`'geetTe‡[fÿe9SØSŸgv„e‡[fSò—bŒŒ0Nå_€v„e‡[fSòf/NåN N*
eöNãv„Ql_QúrHriN:‹¨‹º[ùŒaÿbŠry[šeöNã‘Ìy>O_qTÍgY'v„OTÁ O
N:•ÙN*eöNãv„N;‰•|¾y^s°Œage‹¨‹º0bW(g,eYgPN-b@Ov„‹Õf/e9SØ

•ÙyÍSUNv„e‡[f‰Â_õÿNNÅ‹¨‹ºry[šeöNãNQl_QúrHv„OTÁÿN_lè a
R0TNeöNãv„oW(Q™OÿSs†}q6•ÙN›OTÁ_SeöVàTyÍSŸVàl¡g€ýYSÑ
ˆhÿOF[ƒNìxn[žW(•£N*eöNã]ò~Ï‹ÞuN†ÿ[ž–EN]ò~Ïf>y:N†NN*ry [š

eöNãv„YBk!v„|¾y^s°Œa0NåOTÁv„ROeö•ô€Nf/SÑˆheö•ôN:•t_Ã ÿ
O•SŸQHf>_—•+NOv„N”QmSA^tNãv„e‡[fRON0[Ì•wge0Y‚{,Nzà0•Îc¥
e°v„eöNãR0ge0w@‘ÍRg•“N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßN_SNãe‡[fv„Qs|ûÿ g,

eYgPm‰SÊN†€á˜Îv„••‹×0eö•ô_YËN†00]ô‘Ñv„ece‡0Yee¯Z•›–Æ N-
„%v„eEN‹0TŒlˆNÎe‡W(|¾y^g•^¦}'_ r¶`NQ™v„N{Ç–•{0•ÙNOM O
[¶•ýf/ “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßN-v„‘Í‰•O[¶ÿOF—b[ùe°v„eöNãÿNÖNì
v„

YXƒTŒ_ÃXƒ•ýgb@NT0€á˜Îf/zÙW(€ÜR)€v„zËW:NkLU1•ê]ñv„b e—
S†zÿ_N† 1949^tNåTkL˜‚‹×v„QHl³0]ô‘ÑRzÙW(kÔ•ƒŒ(aNv„zËW:N ÿ
•béN†NN*N*Nºe?l»`^¦NeöNãQqž#v„RTp¹ÿSÍlÕ‰•e¯N;NITŒNº •S

N;NIÿNÖh9cnNŒbeög~³|¹•ë[³r¹Y*Nºv„Y'‘Ï•jˆLON:gPe™ÿc§‹É lÕ
‰•e¯ÿ_:ŒNºv„y^W#gCR)ÿ^vNå•ÙNzËW:geˆhfNÖNe°eöNãv„N•ô`' 0
lˆNÎe‡fôf/NTÿNÖW( 1949^tRMTv„e?@Y'SØR¨N-N^¦S×R0|—f´bSQû
ÿ

†}q6NÖW(N;‰ÂNO•q6`óRªR›•^”e°v„um;TŒe°v„eöNãÿOF[ùSsgeN4
v„e°v„eöNãv„`P`çSteà`ÅW0S`cnN†_Ãpuÿ•Ù{Ç|{O<O
“rÂNºeå‹°”v„
TÁw[ž‹°_UN†wå‹ÆR[PNeöNãv„Y‘ÍYgBv„Qs|û0NÊY)bNì‘Í‹û•Ù OM

gpQúe‡[f[¶b@Q™v„–•{ÿNNÅbŠ[ƒ_SON{ÇOyÀv„ece‡OTÁgek#•O
ÿ



Nåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„e‡[fSòN_NTNŽN‚,v„e‡[fOTÁ•v„‹ûg, 0

T€NåNË~ÍTŒ•Og•OyÀOTÁN:N;ÿ€RM€ÿ–dN†•ÙNRŸ€ýYÿ•Ø–D ^&
N†[ù[f€•ÛˆLe‡[fSòi‚_õv„_[üÿ‰•lB••Çe‡[fOTÁv„eY[fO •Qú e‡
[fSòv„Oáò0W(‹þe‡‹¾‹¡e¹—bNOF‰••‹åOTÁÿN_‰•€†Q[ƒW(e‡[f Sò

Nv„Nãˆh`'0Y‚QsNŽe‡[fOSˆÁv„^@ÿg,eYgPbSx4N†NåOSˆÁgeRR zà
‚‚v„O ~ßPZlÕÿz•Qúe‡[fSòa‹ÆÿR›lBNTOSˆÁv„RO_RQeTN `
onN-S»NË~ÍÿO•[fN`€‹û[ŒQàyÍNTOSˆÁv„e‡[fOTÁTÿ€ýYzËOS W0

bŠcáe‡[fROònTŒs°Œa0Y‚{,Qmzà0[ûlBS†SòNs°[žv„T|^”0N- ÿ
W(NË~ÍS†Sò˜˜gPv„‹ô0–vnfQ™•kL0TŒ‹ÝRg0QslIS•0NåYÿ •Ø
R NO ~ßbRg0SAN”•/0TŒ]ôNºv„gBe‡0Qµ”Ÿv„{0ÿge‹¨‹ºn[˜ •î

˜˜0VàN:n[˜•î˜˜f/_SNãe‡[fSòNNN*•ƒN:‘ÍY'v„t‹ºs°ŒaÿTge vô
c¥_SÑN†“e‡SY'—iT} ”ÿb@Nå•ÙNeögNån[Ñ:˜˜gPv„OTÁkÔQv NÖ
S†Sò˜˜gPRO‘Í‰•_—Y0SÈY‚{,SAN]zàRg•O[¶Nì—b[ùs°NãY'Omˆ •9

W‹e‡Sv„cb€Ov„[ž•õeöÿNOFc¢‹¨N†s‹gTŒ‚Ïzå{INºv„‹ôÿ N_
c¢‹¨N†]Pev„dGnÚkL‹ÍROTŒ_ ‚zŒv„u5_q˜Îh<ÿ•Ùh71e9SØN†N ‚,
e‡[fSòRW0N:rbv„•êb@–Pÿ_:Œe‡Sg,Ž«1f/NN*y>Os°ŒaÿN_ ˜z

O¿^&Qú{,N”Nã[üoNe‡[fROv„Qs|û0•ÙN›‹þz‹¾‹¡N€†QOSˆÁ_b _
v„SÑU`ÅQµÿY‚gBe‡Sòbu5_qSòv„•ÇzÿÿN_NlB[ùgÐyÍOSˆÁ_b_ v„
Qh—bbŠcáÿSêf/‰•lB[fN`€W(‹ûOTÁ•ÇzN-NNÅN†‰ãgÐN›e‡[fòn
0

s°Œav„vøQs`'ÿN_lèaR0QvOSˆÁv„Yh7`'0b@Nåÿ[ƒ[ù‹þz•u(O TÁ
v„‹¾‹¡ÿ•ýNf/–•av„[‰c’ÿ€f/gNÎN†e‡[fSòhFg¶v„—‰• 0
bW(N;••ÇzN-•ýlBv„{,NN*ryp¹f/ÿ••Ç[ùe‡[fOTÁv„YNI `'

v„‹à‘ÊÿO•e‡[fSò‰Â_õ•¾R0Q…W(v„~ßN`'0N-Vý_SNãe‡[fÿ$Qvf/ N”
QmSA^tNãv„e‡[fÿv„ryp¹NKNÿ1f/Ns°[že?l»0$Qvf/eöNãN;on v„
Qs|û•ÇNŽ[ÆRÿOFf/N-Vý•ÑSJN*N~ªgev„y>OSÑU~ÏS†N†oÀpÈv„R¨
ƒa

NSÍYÿNå “e‡—i
”RM0“e‡—i
”eögTŒ“e‡—i [¶
”TNN*eögv„Vý
a_×OkÔ•ƒÿ[ƒNì•ýf/NåT&[šRMNeögv„Vý[¶a_×N:ry_•v„0NåQœ gQ
~ÏmNe?{VN:O‹ÿNÎ5 0^tNãv„TOS•ÐR¨R0 8 0^tNãv„QœgQe°~ÏmN
e?

{Vÿ•p•ÇN†NN*T&[šNKT&[šv„•Çz0€N”QmSA^tNãv„e‡[fN;mAf/W( Vý
[¶a_×v„{<•iN•ÛˆLROv„ÿN€ý^xQMN:s°W(]òˆ«[ž•õ‹Áff/•‹ï v„
e?l»•ï~¿TŒQwOSe?{VPZ[£O v„‚r_iÿNÎNÊY)v„zËW:gewg‹¸YOTÁf/

NP<_—OÝuYv„0OF[ùNN›•ƒY}v„O[¶ge‹ôÿNÖNìW(RO[£O Vý[¶a _×



“eöNãN;onb@V2_v„e‡[fOTÁQ•uQúe°v„
” ‚z

g/uT}R›0e‡[fOTÁv„›ER›W(NŽ–‘Êÿ•Šf/cÐO›N†YyÍ–‘ÊSï€ý`' v„
OTÁÿ1•Šg‚zg/uT}R›0N-Vý_SNãe‡[fOTÁv„‚zg/uT}NW(NŽ–H ‹Í
nåŒW0[£O TŒ~ôb¤•£N›•Çeöv„e?{VTŒe?l»SãS÷ÿN_Nf/SÍ•ÇgeNÅNÅ
NÎ

a‹Æ_b`v„‰Ò^¦R Nå{€SUv„T&[šÿ€f/w[ƒf/T&~Ï_—•wu(NÊY)v„‚z g/
hQÆge‘Íe°–‘Ê0N_kcVàN:QvYQC`'v„ryp¹ÿ_SNãe‡[fSòNSï€ýg ~Ï
Qxv„‹à‘Êe¹lÕTŒ•Q™e¹lÕÿNåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„eY[fSïNå[¹~³•Q™€

v„YyÍ‚zg/Rg•v„j!_ÿN_QA‹¸YyÍe‡g,–‘Êv„‹Õ0•Ù_Sq6O~Ù •
Q™€TŒeY[f€^&gegÐyÍNxn[š`'v„Vð–¾ÿOFTeöN_^&geN†YQCv„–‘Ê
zz•ô0

N0_SNãe‡[fxzvN-v„QàN*Qs•. ‹Í

bW(Q³[šN;••Ù•èNåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„_SNãe‡[fSòeöÿ1`óbŠ [ƒ
•bN•èeâf/•O×mE•Ñv„fnSÊ`'e‡[fSòÿSÈ‰•€ýYOSs°bv„N*Nºx zv
bgœTŒxzv˜Îh<v„[fg/`'N„W0QvT—bv„NN*‰•lBf/••ÇbN:•Ù•è e‡

[fSòb@‰Ä[šv„SÙ•ð‰Æ‰ÒgeU_v„ÿ‰••ÛQe•Ùh7NN*SÙ•ð‰Æ‰Òÿ_Å˜{
_



[ YB—b] bW(‹¾
‹¡

_SNãe‡[fOTÁON:eYgPeöÿW(_R|{N^@eöO•u(N†
“YB—b”•ÙN i‚
_õÿ~Ï^8u(NŽ “O[¶[ùeöNãv„YB—baS×TŒ`€ ”N|{ˆh•ðN-0t
‰ã
•ÙN*‹Ív„RMcÐf/[ùN”QmSA^tNãv„e?l»e‡Sv„YQCv„t‰ã0Nå_€_SNã ‡
e

[fSòv„xzv€^8^8u(NQCv„‰Æ‰ÒRQee‡[fSòÿN_Ssh9cn_SeöVý[¶a
_×
Nv„eöNãQqTge‰Äƒe‡[fÿO ~ßv„_SNãe‡[fSòW(SÙ•ðN”QmSA^tNãv„
e‡
[feöÿN{¡Qv‚zg/awåR›v„šØONÿ•ýN_‹Nå_SeöS`N;[üW0OMv„e‡[f O

TÁON:QveöNãv„NãˆhOÿ€_Seöˆ«_ýueb€ˆ«T&[š0u•óf/l¡gSÑ ˆh
v„OTÁÿNi‚•ÛNN†e‡[fSò0b@Nå‹²ece‡1SêgkL˜‚`'v„ece‡ÿ‹² ‹×
kLN_Sêg˜‚kLW‹v„‹×kLÿO<NNy»_N†•ÙN›mANŽeöNãˆhBv„O[¶OTÁ
ÿ

_SNãe‡[fSò1eàNÎ‹²•w0NÎˆh—bNwÿ•Ùh7v„xzve‡[fSòe¹lÕl¡g NÀ
NHY'•ÿVàN:W(NN*|¾y^um;€¤mEV£_ v„eöNã‘ÌÿmAˆLv„OTÁSê€ýf/
€¤mEV£_ v„OTÁ0OFY‚gœmñQeNkeS»we‡[fSòÿ`ÅQµ1NNh7N†0 (
W

•£N*eöNã‘ÌÿQv[žNÍq6gO[¶NìN%€ƒv„Q™OTŒ`€0N•ÇNÖNìŽ«Y N
Tv„y>OYXƒÿQv`€e¹_TŒˆh•¾e¹_•ýN=Nh70€•ÙN›ˆ«eöNã v„
U§V£NKXðb@mùl¡v„Xð—óÿ`p`pQEnáN†N*Nº`'TŒrìR`'0•ÙTh7f/eö ã
N

v„Xð—óÿ€Nfôg,•(W0SÍf N†eöNãNe‡[fv„Qs|û0bNìRM—bb@N>v„ 50
^tNãR€á˜Î0]ô‘Ñ0lˆNÎe‡NOM€O[¶[ùeöNãv„NTaS×TŒˆh•¾ÿ f>
q6ST+N†NTv„eöNãOá`o0W({,Qkzà0[ùeöNãv„YB—bSÍ^”0N‚‚N- ÿ

bNìw@‘ÍkÔ•ƒN†N|{O[¶[ùeöNãv„NTaS×ÿN|{f/eöNãv„b’`Åÿ Y‚
0••l_Neå0TŒ0N•èá - h³Y†Sð0{I‹×e‡v„ROÿN|{f/s°[žv„ ‹½
U»ÿY‚0qÕqY‹Ý0{IgBe‡ROÿ•ØgN|{f/yÁNº`'v„‹Ý‹íÿ•Ù‘Ì N

NÅSbìN0[P`zQHuv„0–?Tª0•Ùh7Ql_SÑˆhv„e‡[Wÿ•ØgoW(Q™O ÿ
Y‚_ N-fSW(Vð˜•S„•ÐN-Q™Ov„0eàh¦i|–•{00•ÙN›O[¶W(s°[žs¯ Xƒ
‘Ìv„NT•m•Gÿ^vN€ýQ³[šNÖNìv„e‡[fROW(e‡[fSòNv„W0OM0f> €

Vð€ÿW(‚zg/Q…mµv„‰ã‹ûeö^”‹åf/^s{Iv„ÿ[ƒNìTeöˆhfN†eöNãv„ Y
gB`'TŒw[ž`'0•ÙyÍe‡[fr¶QµSsO•W( “e‡—i
”gk‹‘wv„s¯XƒNN_T
h7
YG_W0[XW(w@0W({,N]zàQsNŽ
9 “e‡SY'—iT} ”eögv„e‡[fN-SïNå w

R0ÿ W(•£h7NN*eöNã‘ÌÿNOFg “—iT}h7g•b ”˜ÎˆLNeöÿN_g
—R
^twå‹ÆR[PyØ[ÆQ™Ov„[ùs°[žv„‹ÅT’ÿN_gl•ômAO v„‹×kLTŒ‹ô ÿ
={¡QvN-v„Y'•èROTÁ•ýf/W( “e‡—i
”~Óg_NåTbM•îNÿOFN€ýT&
[š

v„f/[ƒNìROv„Qqeö`'0•ÙN›OTÁQqTg„bN†NN*eöNãv„YB—be‡[f 0



“YB—b”i‚_õ1f/N:N†bSx4O ~ßv„NQCv„e‡[fSò‰Æ‰Ò
ÿ
O•_SNãe‡[fSØ_—N0[Ì•wge
0
[ oW(Q™O •ÙN*‹Íf/N:N†‹ôf_SNãe‡[fROv„YgB`'ÿ
] Ss

g‹¸Yˆ«ReY:N†kc^8Q™OgCR›v„O[¶W(TÑXðv„eöNã‘ÌÿO•q6OÝcw@
[ù
e‡[fv„cr1TŒROv„pí`ÅÿNÖNìQ™ON†‹¸YW(_Seö[¢‰Âs¯XƒNN€ýQl
_SÑˆhv„e‡[fOTÁ0•ÙN›OTÁSïNåRbN$yÍÿNyÍf/O[¶Nì•ê‰Év„ R

OÿY‚ “e‡—i
”g•ô€O[¶N0[P`zQ™v„0••X~í{0ÿ[ŒQh^ö~í
N†
NåRM0••X–•{0v„˜Îh<0˜ßcv„‹×ÿW( “e‡—i lÛ
”eögv„W0N^•
mAO ÿ_qTÍN†NåTNNãv„‹×˜Î0SæNyÍf/O[¶NìW(—^^8eögN•ê‰É v„

Q™OÿY‚eå‹°0NfOá0‹ûNf{‹°{I0N-Vý•êSäNåge[ùe‡[fSÖ›<lÛv„ t
‰ãÿNfOáˆhYOWGN:e‡[f0_SO[¶N€ýkc^8Q™OeöÿNÖNìe‡[fbM`Å
‡•
”øR0eå^8`'e‡[WNKN-ÿNÎ€W(N•ê‰ÉN-N0[ÌN†e‡[fv„OTÁ0Y‚lˆNÎ e‡

W( 949^tNåT1~Ý{NŽe‡[fROÿOFNÖQ™v„[¶OáStf/e‡`Å^vƒÿ~Æ •{
1
W0ˆh•¾N†NÖ[ùeöNã0um;TŒe‡[fv„t‰ã0vø[ù•£eözz†ZmnŽ•v„e‡˜Î
ÿ
•ÙN›NfOáN€ýN‹ôf/•£N*eöNãggw`Å[žav„e‡[fOTÁNKN0
W( “o

Q™O
”v„vø[ùi‚_õf/Ql_SÑˆhv„e‡[fOTÁÿW(•£N›Ql_SÑˆhv„RO vø
_S•+NOv„eöNã‘ÌÿN€ýT&‹¤•ÙN›oW(Q™O[ž–ENh_×N†NN*eöNãv„
w
kcv„e‡[fl4^s0oW(Q™ONQl_SÑˆhv„RON•wg„bN†eöNãe‡[fv„ et

OSÿO•_SNãe‡[fSòv„O ~ß‰Â_õ_—Nåe9SØ0•ÙN_f/eöNã
[f
“YB—b”e‡
v„QwOSQ…mµ
0
[ l•ôe‡S_b` ] “l•ô ”N‹ÍSïNåbågYyÍ‰ã‘Ê0b
W(

0l•ôv„mnl‰ --NÎb—bR0e‡—ie‡[fSòv„NN*‰ã‘Ê0N-N:l•ôe‡S_b
`
Ov„[šNIf/ÿNÿ[ƒf/W(Vý[¶gCR›c§R6vø[ù…„_1v„˜†WßN§uÿOÝ[X N†
vø[ù•êu1m;lüv„_b_ÿ€ýYkÔ•ƒw[žW0ˆh•¾Qúl•ôy>Oum;v„—bŒŒ TŒ

NBNºlv„`Å~êNuLÿ†}q6W(gCR›—bRMl•ô`;f/Nå_1R¿v„_b`Qús° ÿ
^vNW(N[š–P^¦Q…ˆ«•ëc¥~³gCR›ÿ^vNNKvøN’n•0OF[ƒkÕzß^NŽ ˆ«
~ßl»–6~§v„“ƒut ”ÿ€Ngw@•ê]ñrìzËv„S†SòTŒO ~ß0NŒ0•êu1 •ê

W(f/[ƒgWúg,v„[¡•Ž˜Îh<0l•ôv„O ~ßaTsw@Nº|{SŸYËv„uT}R›}' }'
båb±um;g,Ž«v„•Çzÿu1kd•øSÑQú[ùum;v„r1TŒaŽÿ[ùNºuk2gv„ •ý
lBÿ•Ùf/NûOU•S_·‹ôeY•ýeàlÕ‰ÄƒÿNûOUe?l»ga_‹•ýeàlÕ~¦g_ÿu •ó

•Þe‡f0•Ûke0•Ž•Ùh7NN›b½Œai‚_õN_eàlÕmµvÖv„•êu1•êW(0N0 [ƒ
eâq6bågl•ô[—eY0Tò[f0e‡[f‚zg/v„O ~ß€Ìfoÿu(e?l»g/‹í‹ôÿ l
N;`'v„|¾SNTŒ^ú`'v„|ß|•N¤gBW(N•wÿg„bN†rìryv„…Ïla~³W¢v„ _b

`0•ÙNga[šNISêf/1l•ôv„e‡Sv„Wúg,_b`€ŠÿW([ž–Ev„e‡S x



“l•ô ”b@mµvÖv„aNI‰•^•lÛ_—YÿQvN-•Ø^”SbìO[¶v„Q™
O
zËW:0N÷P<SÖT0[¡•Ž˜Îh<0e‡SOîQ{{I{Iÿ^vNåkd_u3Qú‹¸Yvø Qs
v„T‹Íi‚_õ 0

[ l•ô–•_b~Óg„ ] c_SNãe‡[fÿN;‰•f/cN”QmSA^tNãv„e‡[f ÿ
OTÁÿ_€_€u1N$N*e‡g,~Óg„b@g„b
--f>_be‡g,~Óg„N–•_be‡g,~Óg„
0
f>_be‡g,~Óg„•^8u1Vý[¶a_×Nv„QqTb@Q³[šÿ€–•_be‡g,~Óg„R S×

R0l•ôe‡S_b`v„R6~¦ÿQ³[šw@OTÁv„‚zg/zËW:zÿ•£Ts0Nåu5_q0 gN
SÌSÌ0v„eEN‹N:O‹ÿNÎQvf>_be‡g,~Óg„ge‹ôÿf/NN*kL˜‚Y'•Ã•Û•Ð R¨
v„e?l»[£O TÁÿOFQv–•_b~Óg„ROSs°N†O ~ßUœRgŒ ”v„u7Ys
“NŒNº•l

`Åj!_ÿga`v„f/ÿQvT€[ž–ENQ²máN†RM€v„e?l»‹ôeYÿO•O TÁ
W(N[šz^¦N•…•ŠN†eöNã€ƒ·_—l•ô‚zg/v„[¡•ŽN÷P<0SÈY‚ “e‡—i
”
eögv„h7g•b0l™[¶m0ÿf/h9cnSŸgev„W0e¹b0‚¦ƒapkyÍ0e9•v„ ÿ

OÝcN†‹¸YO ~ßl•ô‚zg/v„ryp¹ÿ={¡N;mAa‹Æ_b`Ne-Oµr¯•ÙN*b ÿ
W(`Å‚‚NmûR N†–6~§e—N‰TŒ•ï~¿e—N‰v„Q…[¹ÿOFQvg|¾_iv„rGe-ÿ
NÍ
q6f/•¤OUœ•ûNP‰Áv„l•ô“NYsNu7 ”UœRg`Å‚‚j!_0–•_b~Óg„[ž
–E

NQ³[šN†•ÙN*OTÁv„‚zg/›ER›0•Øg‹¸Y_SNãe‡[fOTÁN_Qús°vø|{ O<
v„`ÅQµÿY‚kLRg0RNYÐ0ÿu5_q0~¢šØ|±0{I{I
0
l•ô–•_be‡g,~Óg„geö••ÇN[Œetv„x4xŽv„e¹_ˆhs°Qúgeÿu •ó

f/–•…=W(f>_be‡g,v„~Óg„Q…•èÿu([ùzË—bv„e¹_geˆhs°0•Ù1• b N”
QmSA^tNãcÏQ™–6~§e—N‰v„OTÁ‘Ì•^8Qús°v„„=TNºriTŒSÍ—bNºriQ™
_—
kÔkc—bNºrifôR¨Nºv„SŸVàÿVàN:„=TNºriTŒSÍ—bNºriŽ«N_€_€N•ê‰É

W0[ÄbXN†l•ôv„•£TsTŒa?gÿ€kc—b‚ñ–ÄNºriRf/eöNãQqTv„O Xð{R 0
Y‚•uhtv„‹¸YRO•ýuR¨W0ˆh•¾N†•ÙNryp¹ 0
[ l•ôv„t`óN;NI ] bu(•ÙN*‹Íge_R~³ 90^tNãQús°v„Nby
kL

˜‚t`óN;NIv„O[¶v„ROs°Œa0W(N”QmSA^tNãÿt`óN;NIf/Vý[¶a ‹Æ
_b`v„NãT‹Í0–•w@e‡—iv„~Óg_TŒ^W:•QmNv„Qt•wÿNºNìfn•MW0[ùZ
†
O*v„t`óN;NIaR0SŒ`vÿOFTeöN_nË••N†e>_Nº|{|¾y^v„TN•ýlB 0

e>•t`óTŒOáNðv„^¸O×U/riN;NI0 90^tNãwå‹ÆR[PSÑ•w
[ûNºe‡|¾y^
“
` ”v„‹¨‹ºÿ‘Íe°T|U$Nºv„|¾y^t`óÿgNO[¶N_W(RO‘ÌcÐP! Nº
v„t`ó`'ÿOFNÖNì•ýW(S†Sòv„~ÏšŒeY‹-—bRMe9SØN†N”QmSA^tNã[ûlB
t

`óv„e¹_ÿ•lTl•ôzËW:ÿW(l•ôY'W0Nxn‹¤TŒ[ûb~Nºut`óÿˆh s°
QúN0[Ìv„YQC`'ÿY‚_ b•_×W(l•ô[—eYN-[ûlBt`óÿ_ pœzË•³NŽl eÏ
WW0N-‹´kLt`ó ……gNºyð•ÙyÍ`onN:•S_·t`óN;NIÿb‰É_—gN› T+

m÷ÿNY‚l•ôt`óN;NIfôfxnNN›0•Ùf/N~ªg+|¾y^v„NN*P<_—Qs lè



[ QqTNeàT ] •Ùf/N[ùNce‡S_b`v„vø[ùzËv„i‚_õ0 20
N~ªN-Výv„TN*S†Sòeögÿ•ýgNN›i‚_õgemµvÖeöNãv„N;˜˜0Y‚ “N”

VÛ”eögv„ “lN;NyÑ[f ”0 “SÍ^SÍ^ú ”ÿb—beögv„ “leÏ eQ
N¡”0 “r1VýN;NI”ÿN”QmSA^tNãv„y>ON;NI—iT}N^ú‹¾”0 “–6
“
~§e—N‰N:~²“N$ga•ï~¿e—N‰
”0 ”{I{IÿvôR0 80^tNãNÍq6gNN›‹ø Y‚

“bèNqSÍkc “e9—i_e>”……•ÙN›‘ÍY'€~ßNv„eöNãN;˜˜mñR; W0
”0
mµvÖN†NN*eöNãv„|¾y^•pTÿTeöN_f/[ùwå‹ÆR[P`€TŒc¢}"•î˜˜ v„
R6~¦0•Ùh7v„e‡Sr¶`yðNKN: “QqT”0 €W(kÔ•ƒz3[š0_e>0Y QC

v„y>Os¯Xƒ‘ÌÿNºNìv„|¾yûm;eåvÊN0[Ìÿ•£yÍ‘ÍY'€~ßNv„eöNã N;
˜˜]ò~ÏbâNOOleÏv„|¾y^•pTÿNŽf/N÷P<YQC0QquQq[Xv„r¶`1 O
Qús°0e‡SònTŒ‰Â_õSê€ýSÍf eöNãv„N•èRN;˜˜ÿStN€ý•¾R0N yÍ

QqTv„r¶`ÿbbŠ•ÙyÍe‡Sr¶`yðN: “eàT ”0 90 ^tNãeå•‹m£ecv„
e‡
S•pTW(e‡[fRONgmñR;v„SÍf ÿQús°N†T/„™‹Ý‹ív„mˆ‰ãTŒyÁNº u
m;v„SÙN‹‰Æ‰Ò{IROs°Œaÿt‹ºuL[ù
90^tNãe‡[fO•Ç‹¸YT}Tÿ Y‚

“e°r¶` ”0 “Ts°Nã ”{I{IÿW(bwgeÿ‹øyÍs°Œa•ýSÍf eöNã]ò •Û
QeN†eàTr¶`ÿW(eàTr¶`‘Ìÿwå‹ÆR[Pv„Xð—óbN:NyÍN*Nºv„Xð—ó ÿ
OFeöNãf/u1YyÍXð—óg„bv„ÿW([¹_ÍyÁNº`'‹Ý‹ív„TeöÿN_^”[¹_Í wå

‹ÆR[Pv„T/„™Xð—óÿYyÍXð—óv„N¤TÍQqTg„bNN*eöNãYQCN0[Ìv„e‡
S|¾yêtOS0

[ùQs•.‹ÍT+NIv„uL[šÿW(NŽ^.R©‹û€[ùe‡[fSòSÙN‹‹íŠv„t‰ã ÿ
N_^.R©‹û€_n•Q™€gQs_SNãe‡[fv„‰Â_õ0OFwkct‰ãe‡[fSòÿ N;
‰••Øf/vôc¥bŠcáe‡[fSòg,Ž«0‘ÍQ™e‡[fSòv„cÐP!•óNÊ_ë‰•SA^tN†ÿ
•Ù

SA^tN-ÿxzv€Nì[ùe‡[fSòv„`€l¡gPkbÿ€NNkekeW0SÖ_—N† bN
[žv„[fg/bgœ0s°W(b`ó••Ç•Ù•èNåe‡[fOTÁN:N;W‹v„_SNãe‡[fSò v„
[ž•õÿge`;~ÓNN›[ž•(`'v„~ÏšŒÿO•e‡[fSòxzvSÖ_—fôY'v„z•x4
0

[[lè‘Êÿ ]]
1 ‰Á–H`TŒ0ž!ž#˜Î–è0ÿNmw[fg—QúrHy>ÿ 1994^t
0

1997^t 10g 22eåNŽNmwžÑl4
e‹



------------------
g• S ||http://www.ebook007.com




N0N-Vý_SNãe‡[fv„n•
mA

N-Vý 0N~ªe‡[ff/NN*_e>`'v„etOSÿ$Qvf/
2 “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[f
•ÐR¨Någev„e‡[fS†zÿ†}q6Qà~Ïfòb˜Qà•mdgk‹ÿO•q6˜}_:€•<wW0 ˆh
•¾N†N-SNleÏW(s°NãS•lW‹•ÇzN-Q²x4QàSC^tO ~ßv„|¾y^hNh•0•ýlB

Nº`'v„•êu1‰ãe>0Vý[¶v„lN;[Ì_:0y>Ov„•ÛkekcNINåSÊyÍyÍNº|{ l8
`Rv„h¦`ó€uSÑv„N0[ÌYgBv„[¡•Ž_ÃtÿTeöN_˜}_:€•<wW0SÍf N†
N-Výwå‹ÆR[Pu1SäQxTs°Nã•lW‹•ÇzN-a^”w@eöNãSØ•Á€uSÑv„[ù ý
V

[¶T}•Ð0N*NºT}•ÐNåSÊ^•Y'NºlY'Ov„T}•ÐN€Qs|ûv„`€0c¢}" TŒ
[ž•õ0•Ùf/NN*l¡g~È~Óv„–ÆOS`'v„|¾y^•ÐR¨•ÇzÿSsO•W(
~ª 2 0N
ˆL~Óg_v„NÊY)ÿe‡[fv„S†zNÍNY‚eâ_€W0•è•ÇN~ªNK•èÿTe° v„

g*gemñQec¨•ÛNS»0Nv~^tv„eö•ôW(Nº|{S†SòNf/g•N:wíf‚v„w¬•ô ÿ
NSï€ýyï}/Y*N0[Ìv„|¾y^bgœÿb@NåÿNºN:v„e-NãSò^vN€ý‹ôfNÀ NH
•î˜˜0NÎ 1949^t{—•wv„_SNãe‡[fSòÿNÅNÅf/2 0N~ªe‡[fv„gÐN–6kµ
ÿ

•ÙN*i‚_õN_O–•w@ 0N~ªe‡[f ”b€^•NIv„
“2 “s°Nãe‡[f ”v„fn •M
^”u(€•nmáQú[fg/‚Sð0OFvîRMNÅ1•ÙN–6kµ`'v„e‡[f•ÇzN:x zv
TŒeY[f[ùŒaÿQvn•mAN_Sê€ýW(etN*
2 0N~ªe‡[fv„ƒutN-geR Nå‹¨‹º
0

eéW( 0^tNãÿe°e‡[f•ÐR¨N-v„]æ•üNºXë1]ò~ÏW(t‹ºNc¢‹¨
4 ÿ
“N”VÛ
”e°e‡[f•ÐR¨v„O ~ßNkcW(•ÛˆLN-v„b—bb@cÐQúv„e‡S‰•lB
NK
•ô[XW(w@`h7v„Qs|û0„WTv„ “leÏ_b_•î˜˜ ”‹¨‹ºf/•ÙyÍt‹º‰• lB

v„–ÆN-SÍf ÿ†}q6•ÙW:‹¨‹ºˆh—bNf/u1kÛlýNv„NkµgQs ˜Î “N-VýO
TŒN-Výlm>
”v„‹º•ð 1 TŒTg—Q°v„N{Çc¢‹¨leÏ_b_
“ ”v„ “N-_Ãn•
lÉ ”v„t‹ºe‡zà 2 b@_•wv„ÿOF[ƒmñBk!W0SÍf Qú e° ”Någev„
“N”VÛ

e‡[fO ~ßW(bN‰v„s°[ž‰•lBNeåvÊf>_—Nvø•^”v„VðXƒ0NåT/„™N;NI
N:ry_•v„ “N”VÛ
”e‡SO ~ßf/NyÍNQCSN÷P<SÖTv„wå‹ÆR[Pv„•ÐR¨
ÿ
wå‹ÆR[PNe¹—bNe-b—N‰ge•êVý[¶gCR›b@e/d‘v„N;mAa‹Æ_b`ÿSæ
N

e¹—bSÈ[ù••g„™S×N†^úa‹ÆOµ†€v„l•ôY'O‘ÇSÖN†T/„™eY€²TŒ|¾
y^
byR$v„`^¦ÿ•ÙyÍ “SÌRRQ”v„RŸ€ýW(Nåœ••ÅN:Nãˆhv„ ”e°
e‡ “N”VÛ
[f•ÐR¨v„[ž•õN-SÑc%N†•‰qLv„be—R›ÿ^vW(^8‹ÆNˆ«‹¤TN:e°e‡[f O

~ßv„N;mA0OFf/ÿ 1937^trSÑv„NW:QhVý‰Äj!v„leÏ‰ãe>bN‰O••Ù
N*



“•Žv„g••ô ”ÿ[Yr•‹íÿÿNÖNìNNÅNQ•f/wå‹ÆR[P v„

T/„™[ùŒaSÍ€bN†gR¡v„[ùŒaÿ‘Ñ[WXT_v„y>Oe‡S~Óg„ˆ«˜ PN† •Ç
ge0b@NåÿS†SòW0ˆhs°N†NÖNìv„e‡SQ…mµTŒ[¡•Ž‰•lBv„l•ôe‡S_b
`
N€ýN•ÛQewå‹ÆR[Pb@Qslèv„‰Æ‘Î0SæYNN*vøQsv„e‡Ss°Œaf/ÿ
u1

NŽb—b€^úzË•wgev„~ßNb~¿ÿO•SŸgevøN’[ùÙv„wå‹ÆR[PNVý[¶ gC
R›NK•ôv„Qs|ûN_SØ_—_®Y™€YgB•wge0_Seöv„N-SNQhVýe‡‚zuLb—eL
SO
OTŒNå•íl«‚åN:e×^v„Výle?^œQ›N‹YÔTXO{,NS…ÿTNIN•ýf/W( Vý

lQZe?^œ{¡•–v„e‡‚zuL~Ä~ÇÿTeöSÈS×R0N-VýQqN§QZ~Ä~Çv„f—N-c§
R6
TŒ˜†[üÿ•Ù‘Ì_Sq6f/gQ…W(v„Q²z•TŒe—N‰ÿOFVý[¶TŒQZm>gCR›kc—b
n
•R0e‡[f˜†WßN_f/NSïVÞ••v„N‹[ž0•Ù1O•bN‰Någev„e°e‡[fN÷P< ~Ó

g„gN†YgBv„e9SØÿSŸgeSUNv„wå‹ÆR[PT/„™e‡SSÖTRbN†Vý[¶ gC
R›a‹Æ_b`0wå‹ÆR[Pv„s°[žbe—|¾y^O ~ßNåSÊY'Ov„l•ôe‡S_b `
NRY)Nv„h<@0•ÙyÍh<@NNÅ[XW(NŽ_Seöv„VýlQZ~ßl»S:ÿN_T h7

[XW(NŽQqN§QZ˜†[üv„b—eålN;h9cnW0ÿu•ó•Ø[XW(NŽeåg,OµueQ›S`
˜†
Nv„l¦–wS:0VàkdÿNÎe‡[fSòv„SÑUgewÿb—bNåTv„e‡Sh<@Qú s°
N†e°v„~Óg„TŒ‰Äƒ
0

OVþ[ù “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßNb—bNågee°v„e‡S‰ÄƒNK•ôv„Qs
|û
OQút‹ºetTv„ÿf/€á˜Î0•ÙOM “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßgpípÈg•ê‰É v„
cMSk€ÿW( “leÏ_b_•î˜˜ ”v„‹ºbN-eOaR0e°e‡[fv„T/„™e‡SO
~ß

Nb—bNågeY'Oe‡S_b`NK•ôv„•Q²z•NåSÊe°e‡[fSï€ýS×R0v„Z€Á 0
NŽf/NÖ•Ùh7‰ã‘ÊN†e°e‡[fv„O ~ßÿ
“e‡‚zY'OSbY'Oe‡‚z^•Q…[¹
^•
•ÙNN*SÑUÿlGTw@‘N”VÛ
’Någev„e°v„s°[žN;NIt‹º^•SÑUÿe°
s°

[žN;NI --U/ri•©‹ÁlÕv„ROe¹lÕ --y>ON;NIs°[žN;NIÿTŒ•Ûkev„R O
m;R¨b@}/yï•wgev„‚zg/v„‹¤‹Æe¹lÕ^•SÑUÿ•ÙNe¹—b^•Q…v„Qs€T1
_b
bN† ‘N”VÛ
’e°e‡‚z^•O ~ßÿs°[žN;NIv„O ~ß0 ”3 Y‚gœbŠ•ÙNN*
e¹

—bv„Q…mµv„˜z^•P•Çge‹ôÿ•£1f/Nåœ••ÅN:Nãˆhv„RO[ž•õ0NÎ‚Ï €T
O gev„y>ON;NIs°[žN;NIv„t‹ºNåSÊNåY'OS•ÐR¨N:N-_Ãv„—iT}e‡ [f
•ÐR¨ÿNN‹¨‹º€á˜Î[ùe°e‡[fO ~ßv„etTf/T&Qh—bÿNÖW(t‹ºNO Qú

v„RªR›ÿkcf/`óbŠb—bNågee‡[f[ž•õv„e°v„~ÏšŒ_R~³R0 “N”VÛ
e‡ ”e°
[fO ~ßN-S»ÿgeQE[žTŒN0[Ìe°e‡[fv„O ~ß0€á˜Î_:ŒN†NåY'OS•Ð R¨
N:N-_Ãv„—iT}e‡[f•ÐR¨f/•ÛU€Nf/T&[šN† “N”VÛ N~ßÿb@Œ
”v„O

f/ “T&[š”ÿSs•ÄNÊN:kbv„Y'OS•ÐR¨O•q6f/NÍq6l¡gNÎSÍ^SÍ ^ú



“•ÛU”ÿf/c “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[f
u1“^l–6~§ ”bŠ[ƒv„˜†[ügCN¤~ÙN†[ƒv„~çb•€0 4 _ˆf>q6ÿ€á˜Î
†}
q6Nå
“N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fv„O ~ßv„cMSk€•êEÿOFNÖ[ù “N”VÛ
•D ”•ÐR¨f/

N§–6~§˜†[üv„e‡S—iT}•ÙN*‹¤‹ÆÿRf/l¿ˆ-N†•êw¿yËv}Någeb@gv„ Qq
N§QZNºTŒ]æ•üNºXëv„N‚,wlÕ
0
1W(TN^tv„^tRÿkÛlýNW(0e°lN;N;NI‹º0‘ÌSt[ù “N”VÛ
”

e°e‡[f•ÐRÖN†[ŒQhNTNŽNåRMQqN§QZNºv„šØ^¦‹ÄN÷ÿNÖyð
“N”VÛ
”
N:_zïv„e°lN;N;NIe‡Sf/ “eàN§–6~§˜†[üv„NºlY'Ov„SÍ^SÍ
^ú
v„e‡S0 ”Và€ “N”VÛ
”e°e‡S•ÐR¨N_f/ “W(QqN§N;NIv„e‡S``ó
ÿ

SsQqN§N;NIv„[‡[™‰ÂTŒy>O—iT}‹º
”˜†[üNv„e°lN;N;NIv„e‡S•ÐR¨ 0
•Ùh7Ngeÿb—bNågeQqN§QZvôc¥SÂN^v^úg„v„e°v„e‡Ss°Œaÿb
N:
“N”VÛ
”Någev„e‡S•;•‘SÑUv„_Åq6~Ógœ0NÖ•Øu(pípÈv„SãT;šØ^¦
•^

blN†œ••ÅÿbŠœ••ÅN:Œa_•v„ 0^tNã]æ•üe‡‚z•ÐRï‚bìN: “VôR•N
3 ”
“SÍVôR•
”v„e—N‰ÿ œ••Å_S^txn[žu(•Ç“VôR•N$[Wÿ•£f/u(ge
5 ” b
bß2 0^tNãg+“—iT}e‡[f ”‹ºN‰N-R• y>{I[ùNÖv„byR$e;Qûv„ÿs° W(

kÛlýNbŠ•ÙN*‹ÍN_SeöSÑuW(l_‰•‚ÏS:v„Q›N‹ˆLR¨€T|û•wgeÿœ• •Å
N:e×^v„]æ•üe‡[f•ÐR¨~³QeN†etN*—iT}e—N‰N‹Nv„ƒVôN-ÿ_ˆ•êq6W0
_u3QúN†g1`;SøNäTŒœ•`;SøNäv„N$e/Q›–v„‹ôlÕ0 kÛlýN†}q6zÙ
6 W(

kÔ€á˜ÎšØ_—Yv„e?l»•wp¹TŒt‹º•wp¹N`;~ÓN† “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßÿ
^vNN_bŠ[ƒNb—bNågev„e°v„e‡S‰Äƒ~ßN•wgeÿOFNÖv„~Ó‹ºN€á˜Î
v„~Ó‹ºf/NTv„0—b[ùbN‰ÿ€á˜Î_:ŒN†e‡[f•ÐR¨_Å˜{^&N† “e°e‡‚z

^•O ~ß”•p•Û“bN‰b@f>y:v„um;[Æg—
”ÿY‚gœl¡gN†•ÙN*O ~ß
ÿ
“e‡‚z•ÐR¨[ùbN‰v„gR¡1_R0bKeà[ø”Á ”0 7€kÛlýNRf/zÙW(b
N‰
b@‰•lBv„zËW:Nÿfô_:Œv„f/Y‚OUbŠe‡[f•ÐRë9• be‡SQ›–v„s° [ž

—‰•0W(Qà^tTSÑˆhv„0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0N-ÿkÛlýN N
|ûRe‡‚z``óSÊQv‹º•ðv„QúSÑp¹ÿ•wNŽQv0_Š0•èRÿSsQsNŽN$ ga
b~¿TŒN$e/Q›–v„‹º•ð0 8 N:N†•¾R0•ÙN*—‰•ÿkÛlýN[ùe°e‡Sv„ N;

‰•OSs°€wå‹ÆR[Pv„•DN§–6~§^`'TŒk'Sv„e‡[fˆhs°h7_ÿ•N W0
•ÛˆLN†byR$09 NÖT&[šN† ”e°e‡Sv„NN*‘Í‰•hQÆ --‰•e¹e‡
“N”VÛ S
j!_ÿ^úzË•wSæNN*hQÆ --N-VýY'OÿN;‰•f/N-VýQœlÿv„—‰•0 NÖ

_:Œwå‹ÆR[PU/g€ÌSÛ•ê]ñv„eYQ{ÿmñQeR0]åQœY'ON-S»e9• ``ó 0
•1€Îcbš¨ÿbMgSï€ý•^”e°v„e‡S‰Äƒ0NÖN:wå‹ÆR[PcQúN†N$ga •
_„ÿN0eàgaNöW0T]åQœQuY'O[fN`ÿN:]åQœQugR¡ÿNåY'Ov„` `ó

‰•lBTŒ[¡•Žr1Y}ON:•ê]ñv„]åOvîhÿNŒ0eàgaNöb•QebN‰ÿNR N:



_ˆf>q6ÿu1NŽbN‰v„‰Äj!NmñR;`'ÿ “N”VÛ n
”Någev„e°e‡S•
e9SØN†RMN–6kµNåT/„™N:N;‰•ry_•v„‰Äƒÿ^vW([ž•õN-•n_bbe°v„
NåbN‰N:N;‰•ry_•v„‰Äƒ0kÛlýNW(•ÙNeögSÑˆhv„0e°lN;N;NI‹º0
0

0wÛvþ‹º000[ž•õ‹º000W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0{I„WO ÿ
NÎe?l»0Tò[f0e‡S{ITN*e¹—b[ù•ÙNe°v„e‡S‰ÄƒPZN†mñR;€[Œ et
v„‹º•ðÿ^vNNÎ•ÙNs°[žQúSÑcÐQúN†—iT}v„vîhTŒNûR¡0NÎe‡[fSò v„

SÑUgewÿbN‰e‡S‰Äƒv„^úzË†}q6N “N”VÛ
”e°e‡SO ~ßgw@gÐ
N›
~çb•TŒSÑUv„Qs|ûÿOF[ƒkÕzßNf/T/„™e‡S_Åq6v„•;•‘~Ógœÿ€f/ b
N‰YR›v„|—fÓµˆ-v„N§riÿb@Nåÿ[ƒN€ýNNRMNe‡S‰ÄƒSÑuN÷ P<

‰Â_õNv„Q²z•0kÛlýNW(0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0N-[ù•D N§
–6~§wå‹ÆR[Pb@Ov„N%S‰by‹ÄÿN€ýNf/•ÙyÍe‡SQ²z•v„SÍf 0Vàkd ÿ
•êbN‰_YËÿN-Výe‡[fSòv„SÑU•Çz[ž–EN_bbN†N$yÍO ~ßÿ “N”VÛ
”

e°e‡[fv„T/„™e‡SO ~ßTŒb—bNågev„bN‰e‡SO ~ß0kÛlýNv„e‡‚z `
`óSÊQv_qTÍNv„b—eålN;h9cnW0TŒTgev„‰ãe>S:e‡‚z•ÐR¨ÿkcf/ge
•ê
NŽbN‰v„OY'[ž•õ0bNìW(‹¨‹º 1949^tNåTv„_SNãe‡[fv„n•mAeöÿ
N

€ýNlèaR0N$yÍe‡[fO ~ßv„_qTÍ0[ƒNìgeöf/NåN’vøêQEb€kÔ•ƒ N
•ôv„e¹_0geöRNåN’vøQ²z•Nå•ôSÖNãv„e¹_ge_qTÍ_SNãe‡[fÿ•Ù 1
g„bN†_SNãe‡[fv„yÍyÍryp¹SÊQv•©‹ÁSÑUv„•Çz 0

NŒ0N-Vý_SNãe‡[fv„RgSÊQvSÑUi‚
Qµ

N-Vý 0N~ªe‡[fSògTyÍRge¹lÕTŒ‰Â_õ0NåbN*Nºv„xzv
2 _Ã
_—ÿb—b^”‹åf/NN*‘Í‰•v„Rg0–dN†e‡SN÷P<~Óg„Nu1SUNv„wå ‹Æ
R[PT/„™e‡SSÖTRbN†Vý[¶gCR›a‹Æ_b`0wå‹ÆR[Pv„s°[žbe— |¾

yÔ ~ßNåSÊl•ôe‡S_b`NRY)Nv„h<@YÿW(W0Wßv„R^NN_vø ^”
NŽe?l»h<@€RN:NY'S:WßÿQqN§QZc§R6v„b—eålN;h9cnW0TŒ‰ãe>
S:
v„e‡[f0VýlQZ~ßl»S:v„e‡[fNåSÊl¦–wS:v„k–lW0e‡[fÿ ÿ
1949^tNåT

e‡[fv„Wúg,h<@l¡gSØSÿSêf/W0Wßv„—byïSØSN†ÿQqN§QZc§R6v„
W0
WßbiY'R0etN*Y'–FÿVýlQZc§R6v„W0Wß•)R0Sðn~R›ÿ€VÞ_RRMv„
™™n/0o³•èW0S:v„e‡[fNÍq6^&ggÐyÍk–lW0e‡Sv„ry_•0kcY‚[ùb— b

NåTv„e‡[fSò^”‹åRY4xzv‰ãe>S:e‡[f0Vý~ßS:e‡[fTŒl¦–wS:e‡[f N



1949^tNåTv„Y'–FW0S:v„e‡[fSòN:xzv[ùŒaÿg,Ž«f/N[Œ et

v„ÿNkdvøQsv„Rg‰Â_õÿN_Sêgvø
[ù v„aNI0b@Någ,eYgPv„e‡[f
Sò
RgSêf/NyÍgC[œv„PZlÕÿSêf/RRQúNN*Y'•ôv„e‡[fRO€Ìfo
ÿ

{,N–6kµÿ 1949--1978^t
1949^t 7 gÿN-SNQhVýe‡[f‚zg/]åO€NãˆhY'Oÿ{€yð “{,N k!
e‡NãO”ÿSì_0•Ùk!Y'Ov„ryp¹NKNf/ÿ••gˆ«Ry»W(N$N*W0 S:

ÿVýlQZ~ßl»S:TŒQqN§QZ˜†[üNv„‰ãe>S:ÿv„e‡[f]åO€~ÈNŽ “O^ ”ÿ
N_1f/‹ôÿ “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fv„be—O ~ßTŒbN‰N-_bbv„‰ãe>S:e‡S
O
~ßW(vîhN•ôv„RMcÐNTmAN†ÿ^vNkc_xnzËN†kÛlýNv„0W(^ö[‰ e‡

‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0b@‰Ä[šv„N-Výe‡‚ze°e¹TN:QhVýe‡‚z]åOv„e¹T ÿ
•Ùk!Y'Oˆ«N‚,v„e‡[fSò„WOyðN: “_SNãe‡[fv„OY'_zï ”0 1949 ^t
10gN-SNNºlQqTŒVýv„bzËh_×N†N-Vý•••¾SJN*N~ªv„bN‰@—bv„
~Ó

g_ÿ={¡W(Sðn~mwáN$¸•Ø[ùÙw@N$N*e?l»eL[ùv„e?gCÿ={¡N-Vý '
Y
–Fv„QqN§QZe?gC••gYW(Q·bv„Z€ÁNKNÿN^¦•ØSwQeN†•»Výv„Q›N‹
Q²z•ÿb—•ŽcôgbN‰ÿÿOFN-VýWW0NY'‰Äj!v„Q›N‹kfˆÅQ²z•f/~Ó g_

N†ÿN-Vý•ÛQeN†TŒ^sv„~ÏmN^ú‹¾eög0kÛlýNW(N-QqNJNŒN-QhO
N
]ò~ÏcQúÿ–•w@QhVý—iT}v„€ÜR)ÿQqN§QZv„]åO‘Í_Ãu1NagQ•lyûR0
WÎ
^ÿ_Å˜{u(g•Y'v„RªR›S»[fO{¡tWÎ^TŒ^ú‹¾WÎ^0OFf/ÿe‡S‰Ä ƒ

v„_bb`;f/kÔ~ÏmNWúx@v„SØ—i‰••ab_—YÿbN‰W(bTv„y>Oum; N-
uYNv„_qTÍ‰•kÔNºNìb@O0‹¡v„••NE_—YN_mñ•Ü_—YÿkÛlýNv„•ÙN
g
vÊTJ‹ëÿ[ž–EN‰•R0NSA^tTv„N-QqSANJNN-QhObMˆ«wkccÐR0‹®

N‹eåzNge0€W(_Seöÿ_SŽ«^&x]pßv„NºNìNÎN‹TŒ^s^ú‹¾NåTÿe‡ S
_ÃtN_ˆ•êq6W0OÝuYw@bN‰eöNãv„uÕ•ùÿ[žu(t`'TŒrÂpíe?l»oÀ`Å
v„
YGY™~ÓTÿ‚ñ–ÄN;NI`Å~êv„šØ^¦SÑblÿNŒQC[ùzË`~ôj!_v„fn•M^”u( ÿ

NåSÊleÏN;NIr1VýN;NIpí`ÅS`e/‘Mv„`Å~êÿ[ù‰•e¹e‡Sv„g,€ý`'v„ bÒ
e¥ÿ{I{I0•ÙyÍyÍbN‰e‡S_Ãtry_•^vl¡gW(bTQàSA^tN-_—R0h9 g,
0 `'v„e9SØ

W(•ÙyÍe‡SlVôv„R6~¦Nÿe‡[f‰Â_õu1Q›N‹•h•S•lQee?l»•h•S ÿ
N$Q›[ù–5v„`~ôj!_QwOSW0ˆhs°N:rG—b_:Œ–6~§e—N‰v„eYgaj!_0
W(
e‡[fY•èÿ••ÇN|ûRv„e?l»byR$•ÐR¨ÿe9• TŒbyR$wå‹ÆR[Pv„ “

•DN§–6~§
”yïg•`'ÿRªR›[žs°^ú‹¾ “Ne/[ŒQhe°W‹v„eàN§–6~§e‡‚z
Y'



”v„‹¾`ó 11ÿW(e‡[fQ…•èÿR‰•lBe‡[fSØb “etN*—iT}g:Vhv„
N
N*~Äb•èR ”ÿ1PÏ “Ÿ••nN‡ºN”‰ ”v„Qs|û120•ÙN›e‡‚z``óTŒ e?
{Vÿ•ýSïNåNÎ•ÙNeögv„bN‰e‡S‰ÄƒN_—R0‰ã‘Ê0W(Tgev„e‡[f Sò

xzvN-ÿgNxzv€bŠ•ÙNeöggN›•ÝSÍe‡‚zRO‰Ä_‹v„s°Œa_R TŽ
NŽ_SeöN-QqQZQ…N^¦S`N;mAW0OMv„ ”ÿOFf/ÿe?l»•ï~¿
“g•]æ•ï~¿ ^v
Nf/N;‰ÂQízz‹¾`óQúgev„ÿ[ƒSÍf N†N[šS†SògaNöNy>Oe‡S_Ãt N

•ï~¿R6[š€``óa`Åv„b•T0_SeöbN‰e‡S_Ãtfn•M[XW(v„ry_•NKN ÿ
Y‚gœNÎ•£Neöge‡[fby‹Äv„‹íŠge‰Â[ßÿQEe¥N†bN‰_Ã`v„‹ÍlGQà NN
Oï™–Sïbþÿ‹øY‚“O^ ”0 “€ÜR)0 “b_y ”0 “cÒ~¢e× “bÔ
” ”0

v}e×”0 “e‡‚zY'Q› ”0 “‘ÍY'˜˜gP ”0 “•‚’vôc ”0 “srÂ•Ûe; ”0
“_†ÇQúm”{I{Iÿe‡[fROƒ·_—bRŸˆ«yðN: “bSTÍN†
b@”ÿOTÁg
Re°ˆ«yðN: “gz•x4 ”ÿfôeà˜{~ß‹¡PÏ “be—”0 “e—N‰“kfVh”
”0

N|{Q›N‹‹ÍlGv„O•u(˜‘s‡0W(bN‰e‡S_Ãte/‘MNv„e‡[f‰Â_õÿ•ê q6
~Ù_SNãe‡[fROTŒby‹Äv„N;mA^&gemñR;v„_qTÍ
0
NÎe‡[fROv„e¹—bgewÿ_Seöv„Y'YepO[¶W(Q›N‹€ÜR)v„Ÿ‚N
ÿ

xn[žgb•TbN‰e‡S_Ãtv„yïg•`'ÿNÖNìpí`ÅkL‹´eöNã|¾y^ÿ•ÙN eö
gbN‰e‡S‰ÄƒW(e‡[f‰Â_õNv„ˆhs° --‹øY‚•ê‰É_:Œe‡[fROv„e?
l»
vîv„`'TŒe?l»RŸR)`'ÿ•ê‰É•Ðu(beöN$Q›[ù–5v„NŒQC[ùzË`~ôj!_ ge

g„`ROÿSseLb–5„%~Ý[ùRfÿÿ•ê‰É_:Œ‚ñ–ÄN;NITŒ—iT}NP‰Â N;
NIÿ{I{Iÿ•ýNTz^¦W0W(NN›N;‰•RON-OSs°Qúge0OFNkdTeö ÿ
bNìNÍ‰•lèaR0_SNãwå‹ÆR[PO ~ßv„YgB`'ÿSs_SNãe‡[fSòSÑUN- Í
N

gNga “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fv„O ~ß‚å–•‚åf>W0[XW(w@ÿe/‘Mw@wå‹ÆR[P
[ù
y>O•#NûTŒe‡[ft`óv„•ýlB0gxzv€kÔ•ƒN†N-Výe‡[fNRM‚Ï€Te‡ [f
NåTcQúN†•ÙN‘Í‰•v„s°Œaÿ “[ùNŽ‚Ï€Te‡[fge‹ôÿf/Sö•[[•0^[•
0

–?•ks›bXZ0ƒ(~ôXT€6Z0^e¯cw~³QK{Ib@Nãˆhv„O ~ßÿNN*Qs _Ã
Nº`'0Nºv„|¾y^Xƒ•Gv„O ~ß0€[ùNŽN-Výe‡[fge‹ôÿRf/Ym;
VÛ ‘N”
’O[¶v„ ‘T/„™’•#NûTŒ ’a‹ÆÿNåSÊ‘Í^ú•£yÍ‘Í‰Æe‡[f•ê Ž«
‘e‡Nº

N÷P<v„zËW:0
”13•ÙNO ~ßgR›W0e/cN†O[¶Nìu(TyÍ‚zg/bKlÕge ˆh
•¾[ùy>Ov„byR$`'wlÕÿNåSÊ[ùe‡[fw[ž`'v„•ýlBÿryR+P<_—cÐQú v„
f/ÿ_SNãe‡[fSòNg‹¸Ywkcg‚zg/N÷P<v„OTÁÿzßf/N§uW(O[¶ ˆ«

NQlkcW0ReY:N†Q™OgCR›NåTÿNÍq6b±w@[ùe‡[fv„p½r1ÿW(yØ[Ær¶
`
NROQúgev„0•ØgNyÍP<_—NcÐv„ROs°Œaf/ÿ•Ùeögg‹¸YO[¶ ÿ
ryR+f/NÎ‰ãe>S:e‡[fv„O ~ßNb•••wgev„O[¶ÿNÖNì[ùN-VýQœgQv„y>

Oum;r¶QµNåSÊQœlv„e‡S_Ãtgw@mñR;v„t‰ãÿ[ùN-Výl•ôe‡S _b



“l
•ô–•_b~Óg„
”v„‚zg/bKlÕÿO•OTÁW(N:N;mAa‹Æ_b`gR¡v„Teöÿ fò
b˜W0O •¾Qúw[žv„y>OOá`oÿOSs°N†[ÌNŽuT}R›v„‚zg/ry‚r0SïNå‹ô ÿ

_SNãe‡[fSòNv„•ÙN$N*O ~ßW(ry[šv„S†Sòs¯XƒN•ý•w•Çyïg•v„Ou(0
•Ø^”‹åcQúÿNåbN‰N:N;‰•ry_•v„e‡S‰ÄƒSÊQve‡S_ÃtNTŒ ^s
eög~ÏmN^ú‹¾v„Nvø•^”`'ÿW(N”QmSA^tNãNf/l¡g_•wgQsVý[¶ Q³

{V€v„lèa0 1956^tN>ˆLv„N-Qq{,Qkk!QhVýNãˆhY'OÿQl_[£^Y' ‰Ä
j!v„`%˜Îf´–è_v„–6~§e—N‰Wúg,~Óg_ÿNÊTNûR¡N;‰•f/SÑUy>OuN§
R›0W(kdRMTÿkÛlýNcÐQúN†“v~‚±ŸPe>ÿv~[¶N‰ž# “SÌv~e¹”ˆ ”0
”v„

_ˆff>ÿ•ÙNe¹”ˆf/N:•^”TŒŒetTŒ^seöge‡S^ú‹¾€cÐQúv„ÿN b
N‰e‡S‰Äƒ[ŒQhNT0NåTTh`ige0–HkÅ{IN-QqšØ~§[˜TX[ùwå‹ÆR
[P
•î˜˜TŒe‡‚z]åO•ØSÑˆh•ÇN|ûRv„‹²‹ÝÿOVþ~ kc_Seö•Šge•ŠN%‘Í v„

e‡S‰ÄƒN~ÏmN^ú‹¾v„Nvø•^”`'ÿNåSÊQZTŒe?^œNwå‹ÆR[Pv„}' _
Qs|û0OFW(_Seö•:NOQZQ…lN;v„`ÅQµNÿ•ÙN›RªR›•ýl¡gN§uY*Y' v„
yïg•eHgœÿg~È[ü•ôN†bŠQ›N‹OSR6g•zït`óSv„e‡SY'—iT}v„rSÑ 0

NÎ1966^tR01976^tv„e‡SY'—iT}ÿO•e‡[f•mS×zzRMv„R«–¾ÿNå_€
v„e‡[fSò•ý “e‡—i
”SUrìRN:NN*–6kµ0Y‚gœNå_SeöQl_SÑˆhv„
e‡
[fRON:O•cnÿ•Ùh7v„Rgf/SïNåv„0OFg,eYgPW(•Q™•ÇzN-_•Û N†

“oW(RO ”v„i‚_õON:SÂqgÿN_1f/‹ôÿW( “e‡—i
”RMTŒ ”
“e‡—i
_SN-ÿN-VýY'–Fv„_SNãe‡[fNvô[XW(w@oW(v„ROÿSbìS†k!e?l» •Ð
R¨N-ˆ«ReY:N†Q™OgCR›v„wå‹ÆR[PÿNÍq6W(u({ˆh•¾Q…_Ãv„t`óNK
kL

TŒa`ÅNuLÿY‚N”QmSA^tNã~ÿSŸ0fþSS0r[lI0zFeæ0Un{Iv„‹×kL 0
_ N-fSv„–•{0N0[P`zv„ece‡0lˆNÎe‡TŒP…–÷{INºv„[¶Nf{I{Iÿ= {¡
NÖNìv„N*Nº•m•G0``óP>TTŒRO˜Îh<^vNNh7ÿOFNÍq6OÝcN†N yÍ

•Þ•/v„wå‹ÆR[P|¾y^0•ÙN›ROe‡g,W(_Seöv„s¯XƒNf/NSï€ýSÑˆhv„ ÿ
OFNÍq6OÝuYN†NN*eöNã_%•³sÍ•5v„e‡[fXð—óÿ•óNŽ[ƒNìf/W( ”
“e‡—i
NKRM•Øf/W( ”g•ôROÿQv[ž^vl¡g[ž•(`'v„S:R+0Y‚gœNÎ
“e‡—i •Ù

h7v„‰Ò^¦ge€[ße‡[fSòv„‹Ýÿ•£NHÿ “e‡—i
”RMTŒ ”N-v„e‡
“e‡—i
[f
NÍq6SïNåwOf/NN*•ƒY'v„e‡[fSò–6kµ 0

{,NŒ–6kµÿ1978^t --1989^t
_SNãe‡[fSòv„{,NŒ–6kµNKb@Nåf/NÎ
1978^t{—•w€Nf/ “e‡—i
”~Ó
g_v„1976^tÿVàN:1e‡[fv„wkc “Y‚Ï ”ge‹ôÿf/Nå•ÙN^t 8 g_ YË

v„ “O$uÕe‡[fN:h_×v„0_Seö``ó˜†WßSÑ•wv„ “[ž•õf/hÀšŒwt
” v„



”v„‹¨‹ºTŒzTNNEW(e?l»NxnzËN†N-Qq{,SANJNN-Qh O
R6[šv„ “QhQZ]åO‘Íp¹•lyûR0y>ON;NIs°NãS^ú‹¾ ”v„Q³[šÿh_×
w@
b—bNåge_qTÍN†N-Výe‡S^úg„VÛSA^tv„bN‰e‡S‰Äƒˆ«T&[šÿN-Vý
w

kc•ÛQeN†TŒ^s~ÏmN^ú‹¾eöNãÿ``ó‰ãe>•ï~¿Ne9—i_e>•ï~¿vø•…vø
b
W0c¨R¨TŒOÝ‹ÁN†N-VýTs°NãSvîhSÑUv„S†Sò•Ûz0W(e‡[fSòSÑU
N
kÔ•ƒgaNIv„f/ 1979^t 1 0gN-Výe‡[f‚zg/]åO€{,VÛk!NãˆhY'
O

ÿ{€yð{,VÛk!e‡NãOÿv„Sì_ÿ•“^sNãˆhN-QqN-Y.R0O•ôy]•žÿ W(
–•ðQZ[ùe‡‚z]åOv„˜†[üeöfxncÐQúN† “N‰•j*R ^rm‰
^v ”v„a‰Áÿ
Nb•‹¤e‡‚zROf/NyÍYgBv„|¾y^R³R¨ÿQZ “Nf/‰•lBe‡[f‚zg/NÎ
^

NŽN4eöv„0QwOSv„0vôc¥v„e?l»NûR¡ÿ€f/h9cne‡[f‚zg/v„ry_•TŒ SÑ
U‰Ä_‹ÿ^.R©e‡‚z]åO€ƒ·_—gaNögeNe-~Aƒce‡[f‚zg/N‹N0 ”14}'
c¥w@ÿ
198 0^tN-QqN-Y.kc_cÐQúN†T+NI
kÔ

•ƒ[½lÛv„ “e‡‚zN:NºlgR¡ÿN:y>ON;NIgR¡ ”v„`;e¹”ˆÿgeSÖNã kÛ
lýNW(0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0N-_:Œv„ “e‡‚zN:]åQœQugR¡
”
TŒ
“e‡‚zN:e?l»gR¡ ”v„SãS÷0 151984^t€áT/zËNãˆhN-QqN-Y.Qú^-
{,

VÛk!O[¶NãˆhY'OeöSÑˆhy]‹Íÿ™–k!NåyÑ[fv„`^¦`;~ÓN†S†SòNQZ ˜†
[üe‡‚z]åO[XW(v„•:p¹ÿ^vOQúN† “RO•êu1 ”v„‹¸‹ú0N 16={¡•Ù
k!ONãOv„•ï~¿Tge^vl¡gwkcW0•/_{ÿOFNÎ•ÙN|ûRv„e‡‚ze?{V v„

ŒetN-SïNåwR0ÿNN*kÔ•ƒPeQhv„e‡[fs¯XƒkcW(•n_bbÿNyÍNå TŒ
^s~ÏmN^ú‹¾N:ry_•v„e°v„e‡S‰ÄƒN_kcW(R—2„‚½r¶` 0
_Sq6ÿNyÍe°v„e‡S‰Äƒv„_bbNON^˜Î˜zÿNÎbN‰e‡S‰Ä ƒ

•WuYNgev„_ÃtuÕ•ùN_NOzËR;mˆY1ÿ_:Œ “–6~§e—N‰
”v„NŒQC[ù
zË
`~ôj!_ON:NyÍS†Sòv„`~ô`ï`'O•q6W(_SNãy>Oum;N-SÑc%w@N [š
v„_qTÍÿ‹lY‚ÿ[ù “e‡—i
”Te‡[fSÑUv„etOSb1OQúmˆg•v„O0N÷ÿ

[ùwå‹ÆR[Pv„`;OS‹ÄN÷O•q6OÝuY
“•DN§–6~§”v„PO‰Áÿ[ù‰•e¹e‡
S
``óO•q6‘ÇSÖ`*`çTŒbÒ~Ýv„`^¦ÿO•q6^g•wu(]ò~Ïˆ«S†SòeY‹-‹Á f
f/•‹ïv„b@Œ “d•ÐR¨ ”v„e¹lÕge‰ãQ³e‡‚z``óv„•î˜˜ÿ{I{I0•Ù 1

Q³[šN†8 0^tNãv„e‡[fS†SòQEnáN†•Çn!eögv„ryp¹ÿe°v„NåTŒ^s~ÏmN
^ú‹¾N:N-_Ãv„e‡S‰Äƒ‹ÞuNåRM_Åq6O~ÏS†v„uÛ‚æv„e‡S‡SØTŒ•ê
b
e—N‰0W(e‡[fROTŒe‡[ft‹ºe¹—bÿQàNNNÎ
“O$uÕe‡[f•wÿkÏN
k! ”

e°v„ROTŒt‹ºv„c¢}"•ýO_•w_:pÈv„SÍTÍu•óN‰‹ºÿc¢}"TŒRe° `;
f/N[ŒU„v„ÿkÏNk!N‰‹ºv„aNIN_gY'NKRÿY}WONKR+ÿOF`;v„ ‹ô
geÿ 8 0^tNãv„e‡[fQEnáN†ug:RÃRÃv„Re°|¾y^TŒm;•Ãll
0

“N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßSÈnnW0`bYN†m;R›0kcY‚RM—bb@_u(•Ç
v„



“N”VÛ ~ßv„i‚bìÿf/
”O “Ym; ‘N”VÛ
„™
’O[¶v„ ‘T/
’•#NûTŒ ’a‹ÆÿNåSÊ‘Í^ú•£yÍ‘Í‰Æe‡[f•êŽ«N÷P<v„zËW:0
‘e‡Nº ”
T+
•ÙNt‹ºi‚bìS N†[ù“N”VÛ ~ßv„Y‘Ít‰ãÿkÔ•wb—beög€á
”O ˜Î

[ù “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßv„‘Í^ú•£yÍ‘Í‰Æe‡[f•êŽ«N÷P<v„etTÿO<fô c¥
•Ñ[¢‰Âv„w[ž0W(bv„t‰ãN-ÿ•Ù “T/„™•#Nû “e‡Nºa‹Æ”W(
”TŒ
“N”VÛ
”|¾y^‘Ì^vNf/gg:TNv„etOSÿ€f/OSs°N†wå‹ÆR[PNÎSä
Nã

XëY'Y+–6~§Ts°Nã•lW‹•ÇzN-v„N$yÍN÷P<SÖT0“T/„™•#Nû
”SÍf N†
wå‹ÆR[PW(•1y»N†O ~ß^™Xv„N÷P<SÖTTÿQv`~ôe¹_TŒN÷P<‰Â_õ
NÍ
q6l¿w@eQVýeQlv„`•ïW(SÑUÿNÖNìbŠvîh•lTlOÿOVþ••ÇT/ „™

v„•S•ïgeU$•wlOTŒeY€²lOÿu(lOv„R›‘Ïgec¨Rÿ>Ov„e9—iN •Û
ke0œ••ÅSïNå‹ôf/T/„™e‡Sv„gOY'v„Nãˆhÿœ••Åv„be—|¾y^Nvô Ÿ
‚w@N-Výwå‹ÆR[Pyïg•TNW0N:cMSk•ÙNQIƒcO ~ß€e—N‰0 ”
“e‡—i

~Óg_TÿS†=pL–¾v„wå‹ÆR[P~ÈNŽ‘’`Ÿ•Çgeÿ_YË‹¤wSÍ`QàSA^t ge
Vý[¶0leÏTŒ•ê]ñb@•p•Çv„•S•ïÿW(NÖNì_ÃpumñY†ðO]òNEv„ “N”VÛ
”
wå‹ÆR[Ps°[žbe—|¾y^SÈ_YËrSÑQúgeÿ€O[¶]ô‘Ñs‡QHSÑˆhSÍ
`

“e‡—i
”TŒ`;~Ó•êbeY‹-v„0–•`ó_U0ÿŸ‚N†NY'byN-—R^tO[¶
TŒ
e‡‚zt‹º[¶~ç_€_geW0SÑUTŒcMSk•ÙNO ~ß0“e‡Nºa‹Æ”N‹Ía
NI
kÔ•ƒj!|Êÿbv„t‰ãf/ce°e‡[fS†SòNSæYNbywå‹ÆR[PÿNÖNì[ù N-

Výy>Ov„s°r¶N_QEnáN†byR$|¾y^ÿOF[ùT/„™v„aNITŒ~ÓgœStcù‘
u
•ó`²‰Âv„`^¦ÿ•Û€e>_N†T/„™v„•ýlBÿ•l€W(l•ôxn[š•ê]ñv„]å O
—OMTŒNNN÷P<hQÆÿW(e‡[fROv„ ”NRˆhs°Qú[ùe‡[f‚z
“NN g/

g,OS‰Ä_‹ry_•v„‘Í‰ÆTŒc¢lB0bNìNå_€e‡[fSò„WO_ˆb•‹¤^vxzv •Ù
NO ~ßv„aNIN÷P<ÿOFW(“e‡—i
”Tv„ 8 0^tNãe‡[fRON-ÿNÍq6
g
NO[¶W(•ÙN˜†Wß_bÓQúe°v„bgœÿ€O[¶[Yr•v„‹ûNf–•{0lj fþ

yzv„‹ô{Iÿ•ýQwgmSSšv„leÏe‡Sry‚rTŒ•Že‡˜Îh<ÿ[ù_SNãO[¶ N§
u•Ç^•lÛv„_qTÍÿSïNåwPZf/•ÙN “N”VÛ ~ßv„Ym;0NÎS†Sòv„
”O SÑ
Uge‹ôÿ “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fO ~ßW(_SNãv„aNI^v—^Sêf/S†Sò|¾y^v„‘Ís°
ÿ

“N”VÛ ~ßf/Ne-SÑUv„ÿ[ƒ^”‹åS[¹_SNv„eöNã|¾y^ry_•TŒs°
”O [ž
aNI0OFW( 8 0^tNãÿu1NŽNºNìRRNÎ “e‡—i
”v„p~–¾‹°_Æ‘Ì‘’`Ÿ •Ç
geÿ—‰•g_:Y'v„|¾yÔ ~ßgee/cNÖNìSÍ`S†SòTŒSÂNs°[žv„bèNq SÍ

kcÿ “N”VÛ
”|¾yÔ ~ßbN†NÖNìgY}v„kfVh
0
–dN†
“N”VÛ
”NNã€O[¶W( “e‡—i
”T‘Íe°qSÑQúQ™Opí`ÅNåY
ÿ
•Ùeögv„e‡[f–ON;‰•f/u1N$NãO[¶g„bÿNNãf/W( •w 0^tNãb••
5

gev„O[¶ÿNÖNìf/W(QqTŒVýRgv„t`óN;NIlVôNkeQee‡[fROv„ ˜†



“SÌv~e¹”ˆ ”eögVàN:w[žW0ˆh•¾N†[ùy>
ObNº`'v„a`'‹¤‹ÆÿW( 1957^tv„ “SÍSó”•ÐR¨N-•mR0NQlkcv„by
R$
TŒbSQûÿ^vW(y>O^•Bn!•ÇN†‚æ–¾v„•gÿ “e‡—i •Ô
”~Óg_TNÖNì‘Í

e‡W[ÿbN: 8 0^tNãe‡[fROv„N-WZR›‘Ï0NÖNìv„RO‘ÌQEná[ùs°
[ž
e?l»um;v„^r˜„|¾y^TŒ[ùNº`'v„•^•ŽÿSïNå‹ôf/ “N”VÛ ~ßv„|¾
y^
”O
N;˜˜W(_SNãv„Q•s°0•ØgNNãf/W( “e‡—i
”N-b•••wgev„O[¶ÿNÖ
Nì

W(—R^teöNã•ÇeéW0~ÏS×N†ˆ«†ZO*v„t`óN;NIb@k:š—TŒa_v„`èuÛ
OS
šŒÿQvN-Y'YepNºfþW(“NqNNa ”N-aS×N†l•ôum;TŒl•ôe‡S
v„
q•–vÿb@Nå_SNÖNì_YËQ™Oeöÿ•êq6€q6W0NÎQœgQ~ÏšŒN-lrSÖRO
}

gPÿu1gRv„wå—R˜˜gPR0zTv„[ûh9e‡[fÿSÍf Qúe°v„l•ôSv„R O
•‹T 0
Y‚Ïv„ “N”VÛ ~ßN-•ØgNga “‘Í^ú•£yÍ‘Í‰Æe‡[f•êŽ«N÷P<
”O v„

zËW:
”ÿW( “e‡—i
”Tv„e‡[ft‹ºTŒe‡[fRON-ˆhs°_—SARyïg•0 e‡
[ft‹ºNgQsNŽ “e‡[fN;OS`' ”“‹ô_b_c¢}" ”“s°NãN;NIb€]ç”
{I•î˜˜v„‹¨‹ºÿ†}q6NbqŸÿStc¨R¨N†t‹ºuL[ùe‡[f•êŽ«N÷P<v„Qslè 0

vøkÔNKNÿe‡[fROv„aNIfôY'NN›ÿ‹¸YO[¶[ù‰•e¹s°NãN;NI` on
v„P’tÿY'Y'W0_bÓN†ˆhs°s°NãNºa`Åa‹Æv„‚zg/zz•ô0•wQH[ù‰• e¹
s°NãN;NIb€]çv„P’tg_b_N;NIv„RrˆÂaÿOFW(‹¸YO[¶v„[ž•õ N-

nnW0WqŸ•wgeÿe°v„‹íŠ_b_‡•QeN†leÏ‹íŠv„ˆh•¾~ÏšŒÿNf/ RJ
_1€f/N0[ÌN†s°Nãe‡[fv„‚zg/ˆhs°O ~ß0$QvW(s°Nã‹×kLv„ˆhs°_b _
e¹—bÿNå“e‡—i
”eögwå‹Æ—R^tv„W0N‹×kLN:n•Y4v„
R“g&€ç‹×”v„

OÿN “N”VÛ
”e°e‡[fN-v„s°Nã‹×O ~ß~ÓT•wgeÿR7e°N†‹×kL‹íŠ
v„
•Ž[fSŸRÿ`bYN*Nº‹Ý‹íW(‹×kL˜†Wßv„Ou(0•ÙN›†}q6f/ˆhs°b€]ç N
v„c¢}"ÿOF[ù 9 0^tNãe‡[fRON-v„SÙN‹‹Ý‹ív„e9SØTŒN*NºzËW:v„
Qú

s°ÿ•ýgw@N[šv„_qTÍ
0

{,N–6kµÿ 90^t
Nã

bŠ9 0^tNãv„e‡[fSUrìON:NN*e‡[f–6kµv„`ólÕ•ØN[ŒQhbqŸ ÿ
b@NåW(g,eYgPv„zà‚‚[‰c’Nÿ{,N0{,NŒ–6kµTS` 9 zàÿ{,N–6kµ
v„
e‡[fSêu(N†4 zàv„{Ç^Eÿ€NÿW(gPe™v„[‰c’Nÿ 8 0^tNãg+TŒ 0
9

^tNãRv„OTÁN_gNN’u(v„s°Œa0•Ùf/VàN: 9 0^tNãe‡[fON:N
N*
e°v„e‡[f–6kµv„ry_•N[ŒYÿY‚gœ‹ôÿ 8 0^tNãf/NN*W(e‡SN
bè
NqSÍkcv„•Çn!eöNãÿ 9 0^tNãbMnnf>s°Qúe°v„e‡Sm;R›TŒryp¹0 •Ù

yÍe°v„ryp¹ÿ[ù 2 0N~ªe‡[fge‹ôSêf/NN*>Xðÿ‹¸Y‘Í‰•bgœ•Ø N



`;v„ge‹ôÿ 8 0^tNãg+R0 0^tNãRÿN-Výy>OSÑuN†`%Rgv„•l
9

W‹ÿVý[¶~ÏmN˜†Wßv„e9—i_e>keOkcW(R _ëÿUFTÁ~ÏmNa‹ÆNe-n
•
R0TN*y>Oe‡S˜†Wßÿy>O~ÏmNOSR6N_–•NK•l•hÿ~ßl»N†N-Vý•ÑVÛ
SA
^tv„y>ON;NI‹¡R~ÏmNOSR6R •Ty>ON;NIv„^W:•QmNOSR6•lW‹0 W(

•ÙyÍ`Å_bNÿa‹Æ_b`v„h<@vø^”W0SÑuN†Œetÿ 8 0^tNãf/wå‹ÆR
[Pv„|¾‚ña‹ÆgN:m;•ÃgN:šØm¨v„eögÿOF•ÛQe 9 0^tNãNåTÿe?
l»
~ÏmNe‡Sv„YyÍSŸVàg„bN†[ùwå‹ÆR[Pv„N%û€šŒÿNÖNìW([¢‰ÂN¾
–

Nå~ô|ûNåT/„™N;NITŒ|¾‚ña‹ÆN:N-_Ãv„wå‹ÆR[P‹Ý‹ígCR›ÿTeöW(
N;
‰ÂNN__YËSÍw•êŽ«v„|¾‚ña‹Æb@ˆhs°Qúgev„_Ã`mnŽ•TŒN÷P<†ZY„
v„
•:–w0ge•ê•ÙN$e¹—bv„SŸVàOÃbN†0^tNãRWúg,v„e‡Sry_•ÿwå
9 ‹Æ

R[PW(“QqT”r¶`Ncgv„NQCSv„e?l»y>Ot`óˆ«máSÿYQC
e‡
Sh<@W(N•ê‰ÉN-•n_bb0W(e‡[fRONROSs°N:O[¶e>_N†[• Y'
S†SòSÙN‹ÿ•lTN*NºSv„SÙN‹zËW:ÿryR+f/u1kd•pTN†[ùNŽl•ôzË W:

v„‘Íe°SÑs°NN;R¨‹¤T
0
e°e‡[fv„O ~ßW(9 0^tNãˆhs°Qúe°v„m;R›ÿW(T/„™e‡SS×R0•(u‘
v„eöNã‘ÌÿNyÍe°v„Và} StbN†_SNãe‡[fv„SÂqg0W( “N”VÛ
”Någe
v„

e‡[fS†SòNÿY'Yepeög•ýYNŽNyÍeöNã “QqT”v„r¶`ÿSsgÐyÍ
eö
NãN;˜˜e/‘MN†NN*eögv„``óe‡SÿY‚ “N”VÛ
”eögv„ “SÍ^SÍ^ú ”
TŒ
“N*`'‰ãe>
”ÿb—beögv„ “leÏeQN¡ ”ÿN”QmSA^tNãv„–6~§
“ e—

N‰
”{I0 “QqT”NOFi‚bìN†eöNãN;onÿ€NSï€ýbN:O[¶ˆh•¾•ê ]ñ
y>O‰Á‰ãv„N;‰•SÂqg0O[¶••Ç[ùeöNãQs•.‹Ív„–•ðÿN{¡‚zg/€ý R›
v„šØONÿQvROv„OTÁ•ýSï€ýˆ«eöNã‹¤Sï0OFW(•ÙyÍe‡Sr¶`NO [¶

|¾y^R³R¨v„rìR`'_ˆSï€ýOˆ«c©vÖÿO[¶v„N*Nº`'Và} ÿSbìN*Nº v„
|¾y^zËW:zÿ[¡•ŽbŠcáÿN€ýNN “QqT”g„b}'_ v„Qs|û0N “QqT”
[ùzËv„i‚_õf/ “eàT ”ÿb@Œ“eàT ”Nf/‹ôl¡geöNãN;˜˜ÿ€f/
c

NN*eöNã^v[Xw@YyÍN;˜˜ÿe‡S]åOTŒe‡[fRO•ýSÍf N†eöNãv„N •è
RN;˜˜ÿOFN€ý•¾R0 “QqT”r¶`0W(N-Vý 2 0N~ªe‡[fSòNÿ “eà
T ”v„e‡Sr¶`Qús°v„eö•ô—^^8wíf‚ÿ 3 0^tNãv„ “N¬m>
e‡ ”e‡NºW

[f0SWN¬[˜e¹ “leÏN;NI ”e‡[f0Nmw]æ•üe‡[f0mwm>•ýê‡[f0 Y'
Omˆ•9e‡[fÿNåSÊNSmAN¡e‡[f{IYyÍN’vø[ùzËv„e‡[fòn^vzËv„ h<
@ÿ•ÙN›e‡[fònNK•ô†}q6N_N’vøQ²z•TŒoÀpÈe—N‰ÿOFYË~ÈN€ýO•
e‡

W[~ßNbNyÍQqTXð—óÿ•ÙyÍh<@O<NNgp¹c¥•Ñ“eàT ”e‡Sr¶`
0



bNì€[ß 9 0^tNãv„e‡[fN–¾SÑs°[ƒb@T+gv„“eàT ”ry_•ÿ
™–
QHf/8 0^tNãe‡[fòn~¿`'SÑUv„e‡[fSò•pTˆ«bSx4N†ÿQús°N†eà
N;
on0eà[šT0eàQqTv„s°ŒaÿQàyÍe‡[f•pTTeö^v[Xÿˆh•¾QúYQC v„

N÷P<SÖT0Y‚[£O N;eË_‹v„e‡‚zOTÁÿ•^8f/Nåe?^œ•è•èv„~ÏmN•D R©
TŒVý[¶‹ÄYVŸR±gexn‹¤QvN÷P<ÿmˆ•9W‹v„e‡[fOTÁf/Nåƒ·_—Y'Oe‡
S
^W:v„OÃ•bRŸN:Qvvîhv„ÿ~¯e‡[fv„RORf/NåW[PQ…v„ˆL[¶‹¤ Sï

TŒgÐ|{‹û€•¤v„k"•ÎN:h_×0N_SïNå‹ôÿVý[¶gCR›a‹Æ_b`0wå‹Æ R
[Pv„s°[žbe—|¾yÔ ~ßNåSÊl•ôe‡S_b`NRY)Nv„h<@fôN:z3Vú 0
VàN:eàT ”e‡Sr¶`bågYyÍeöNãN;˜˜ÿg„bvø[ùv„YBk!v„Y
“ T

e‡S~Óg„ÿbMgSï€ýQús°e‡[fYyÍ•pTv„•êu1@—b0Qvk!f/O[¶v„ SÙ
N‹zËW:SÑuN†SØSÿNÎQqTy>Ot`ó•lTN*NºSÙN‹zËW:0 9 0^tNãg
‹¸YO[¶v„y>OS†Sò‰Âp¹—^^8c¥•ÑÿOFNÖNìStNåTNvøTv„e¹_ge b’

Q™^v[ÄbXNÖNìb@OSšŒR0v„eöNã|¾y^r¶ŒŒÿQàNNkÏNN*kÔ•ƒOyÀv„O
[¶
•ýbågNN*rìzËv„|¾y^NuLÿ€T|ûw@NÖNìN*NºuT}N-g–•yØv„~ÏšŒ 0
QvNÿu1NŽeöNã
“QqT”v„mˆY1ÿO•Nby—b[ù•êbv„O[¶W(_bÓN* Nº

_Ãtzz•ôe¹—bv„Q™O[žšŒ_—Nå[žs°0N*NºzËW:v„e‡[fSÙN‹OÃO•e‡[f
R
ONÎ[•Y'SÙN‹j!_N-dF•1Qúgeÿ•lTfô•4•Ñum;g,Ž«v„N*NºSÙN‹e¹_ ÿ
Nbyˆ«yðN: “e°uNã ”v„—R^tO[¶TŒYs`'O[¶^”•Ð€u 0

9 0^tNãv„e‡[fNÿO[f/NN*xŽrGN-v„NuLÿO[¶NìzÙW(NTv„
zË
W:NQ™Oÿgv„~ç~íWZcO ~ßv„|¾‚ñzËW:ÿgv„^r•ˆhy:‰•S»‹¤T ^
W:•QmNSÑUN-v„Qús°v„Y'Omˆ•9e‡Sÿgv„W(`€Y‚OUNÎl•ôv„zË W:

N‘Íe°SÑblwå‹ÆR[P[ùy>Ov„•#Nûÿb€•ØgNº•lTg•zïSv„N*Nº N
uLÿRþu;Qú_b‚rT_v„yÁNºum; ……eà‹º•ÙyÍ “eàT ”r¶`RwN S»
YNH–LuÿYNHm÷NqÿOF[ƒkÕzßO•e‡[fdF•1N†eöNã
“QqT”v„R6~¦
ÿ

W(y>Oe‡Szz•ôN-SÑQúN†rìzË[XW(v„Xð—ó0O[¶NìW(vø[ù•êu1•{g~
v„
s¯Xƒ‘Ì•nbqŸN†^NŽ•ê]ñv„RO˜Îh<ÿQ™Qú•Šge•ŠYv„OyÀOTÁ ÿ
‹øY‚s‹[‰_Æv„0SÔSÔv„eEN‹00Sò”Áuv„0bNW0W[00_ b•_×
v„

0_ÃpuSò00_ pœv„0N]g[ÓŠ00OYSNv„0‹¸N‰ÂSVˆ@‹°00—é
RŸv„0šlhe‹ÍQx0{Iÿ•ýX*yðf/N-Vý 2 0N~ªgTSA^te‡[fuLv„‘Í ‰•
e6ƒ·ÿN_f/g,N~ªe‡[f‚SðNv„N•S^„N%y^W#v„„=Û 0

1 kÛlýNv„SŸ‹Ýf/ÿ “O•šlQK`N;NIW(N-VýQwOSSÿO•NKW(QvkÏ
N
ˆhs°N-^&w@_Å˜{gv„N-Výv„ry`'ÿSsf/‹ôÿcqgN-Výv„ryp¹S»^”u([ƒ ÿ

bQhQZNŸ_…N†‰ã^vNŸ˜{‰ãQ³v„•î˜˜0mQk€¡_Å˜{^Ÿkbÿzzmb½Œav„
Œ



”--_•ê0N-VýQqN§QZW(l
eÏ
bN‰N-v„W0OM0ÿe60kÛlýN•–Æ0T‹¢g,ÿNºlQúrHy> 1968^trH ÿ

0 {, 500 ˜u
2 SÂ‰ÁTg—Q°0‹º
“leÏ_b_ ”v„N-_Ãn•lÉ0ÿSŸ•}‘Í^†0Y'Qlb¥
0
1940^t 3 g 24eå
0

3 _•ê€á˜Î0‹ºleÏ_b_•î˜˜0ÿe60€á˜Î‹Ä‹º–Æ0N-QŒÿNºl e‡
[fQúrHy>1984^trH0{, 215ÿ 216˜u
0
4 TNÿ{,
0 209˜u

5 _•ê0e°lN;N;NI‹º0ÿe60kÛlýN•–Æ0T‹¢g,ÿNºlQúrH y>
1968^trH ÿ
6 g1`;SøNäcg1_·ÿœ•`;SøNäNKœ••Å0•Ùf/kÛlýNW(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ Œ

ON‹²‹Ýeöv„SŸ‹Ýÿettbe‡z?SÑˆheöˆ«R 0SŸgPe™SÂ‰ÁOUQv‚³0 kÛ
lýNNKkL0ÿe60OUQv‚³e‡–Æ0{,NSwÿNºle‡[fQúrHy>^t ÿ 1983rH
0 {, 76˜u

7 Tlè 30{, 218˜u
0
8 kÛlýNv„SŸ‹ÝN:ÿ "bNì‰•b€ÜeLNºÿ™–QH‰•O•—`bK‘Ìbÿgªv„
Q›
–ÿOFf/NÅNÅg•ÙyÍQ›–f/NYv„ÿbNì•Ø‰•ge‡Sv„Q›–ÿ•Ùf/ •ê

]ñ0b€ÜeLNº_ÅNSïv„Ne/Q›–0 'N”VÛ
'Någeÿ•Ùe/e‡SQ›–1
W(
N-Vý_bb0 "SÂ‰Á0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0ÿe60kÛlýN•–Æ 0
T‹¢g,ÿNºlQúrHy> 1968^trHÿ{,
0 804˜u

9 W(0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0‘ÌÿkÛlýNNkbNk!W0bŠ •D
N§–6~§N^úW0N;0Y'•DN§–6~§^vzËW(N•wÿON:eàN§–6~§v„[ùzË—b
0
Y‚ÿ "•DN§–6~§QúŽ«v„NºNì`;f/~Ï•ÇyÍyÍe¹lÕÿN_~Ï•Çe‡[f‚zg/ v„

e¹lÕÿ˜}_:W0ˆhs°NÖNì•ê]ñÿ[£O NÖNì•ê]ñv„N;_ ÿ‰•lBNºNìcqg
•DN§–6~§wå‹ÆR[Pv„—bŒŒgee9• QZe9• ……eàN§–6~§f/N€ý•Á1
NuL
O`Nìv„ÿO•N†O`Nìÿ[ž–EN1f/O•N†Y'W0N;Y'•DN§–6~§ÿ1gN¡QZ N¡

Výv„Sq–i0 "{I0‰Á0kÛlýN•–Æ0T‹¢g,ÿNºlQúrHy> 1968^trH ÿ
0 {, 832˜u
10 SÂ–0N-Vý_SNãe‡[f0{,NQŒÿSNN-^ƒY'[f0N-Vý_SNãe‡[f 0

•Q™~ÄÿNmwe‡‚zQúrHy> 994^trHÿ{,N˜u
1 0
11 _•êkÛlýNW(Thbl•rTv„0e‡‚zb~¿Nv„NW:Y'•©‹º0Ne‡N- v„
Oîe9‹í0SÂ‰Ám*[P‹Úv„01956ÿv~‚±eöNã0ÿqNeY€²QúrHy> 1998^t

rHÿ "v~^tN-Výe‡[f`;|û "NNfÿ{,
0 258˜u



12 _•êkÛlýN0W(^ö[‰e‡‚z^§ŒONv„‹²‹Ý0ÿe60kÛlýN•–Æ 0
T‹¢g,ÿNºlQúrHy> 1968^trHÿ{,
0 82˜u
13 _•êm*[P‹Ú0 1956ÿv~‚±eöNã0ÿ{,
0 12˜u

14 _•ê•“^s0W({,VÛk!QhVýe‡[f‚zg/]åO€NãˆhY'ONv„y]•ž0
ÿ
•}0Nºleåb¥0 1979^t 10g 31eåÿ^ve6Qe0•“^se‡•0ÿNºlQú
rH
y>1983^trH 0

15 ‹åSãS÷ˆ«kc_[£^f/W( 1980^t 7gÿ0Nºleåb¥0O•cn•“^s
N
ThblW(Qàk!O‹®Nv„‹²‹ÝSÑˆhy>‹ºÿ0e‡‚zN:NºlgR¡ÿN:y>ON; NI
0 gR¡0

16 SÂ–€áT/zË0W(N-VýO[¶SOO{,VÛk!OTXNãˆhY'ONv„y]•ž0 ÿ
•} 1984^t 12g 30eå0Nºleåb¥0
0

------------------
g• S ||http://www.ebook007.com

0 000 0 000



Untitled

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

En vedette

En vedette (15)

Similaire à Untitled

Similaire à Untitled (17)

Plus de sugeladi

Plus de sugeladi (20)

Untitled