Diorama

DEFINITION

1. A three-dimensional miniature or life-size scene in which figures, stuffed wildlife, or other
objects are arranged in a naturalistic setting against a painted background.
2. A scene reproduced on cloth transparencies with various lights shining through the cloths
to produce changes in effect, intended for viewing at a distance through an aperture.

Diorama
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This article is about the display. For other uses, see Diorama (disambiguation).

Near life-size diorama of the Monpa people at the Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar,
Arunachal Pradesh, India

The word diorama [ˌda əˌr ˌmə] can either refer to a nineteenth
ɪ ɑ -century mobile theatre
device, or, in modern usage, a three-dimensional full-size or miniature model, sometimes
enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum. Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of
related hobbies such as military vehicle modeling, miniature figure modeling, or aircraft
modeling.

Contents
1 Etymology
2 The modern diorama
o 2.1 Full size dioramas
o 2.2 Miniature dioramas
3 Historic dioramas
o 3.1 The Daguerre Dioramas
o 3.2 The Gottstein Dioramas
o 3.3 The Denny Stokes dioramas
o 3.4 Other dioramas
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

DEFINITION


[edit] Etymology
The word "diorama" originated in 1823 as a type of picture-viewing device, from the French
in 1822. The word literally means "through that which is seen", from the Greek di- "through"
+ orama "that which is seen, a sight." The diorama was invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé
Daguerre and Charles Marie Bouton, first exhibited in London September 29, 1823. The
meaning "small-scale replica of a scene, etc" is from 1902.[1]

Daguerre's diorama consisted of a piece of material painted on both sides. When illuminaated
from the front, the scene would be shown in one state and by switching to illumination from
behind another phase or aspect would be seen. Scenes in daylight changed to moonlight, a
train travelling on a track would crash, or an earthquake would be shown in before and after
pictures.

[edit] The modern diorama
The current, popular understanding of the term "diorama" denotes a partially three-
dimensional, full-size replica or scale model of a landscape typically showing historical
events, nature scenes or cityscapes, for purposes of education or entertainment.

First use of dioramas in a museum is in Romania by professor Grigore Antipa in 1907.

Miniature dioramas are typically much smaller, and use scale models and landscaping to
create historical or fictional scenes. Such a scale-model based diorama is used, for example,
in Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry to display railroading. This diorama employs a
common model railroading scale of 1:87 (HO scale). Hobbyist dioramas often use popular
scales such as 1/35 or 1/48.

Sheperd Paine, a prominent hobbyist, popularized the modern miniature diorama beginning
in the 1970s.[citation needed]

[edit] Full size dioramas

A diorama in the Museum of Natural history in Milan (Italy).

Modern museum dioramas may be seen in most major natural history museums. Typically,
these displays use a tilted plane to represent what would otherwise be a level surface,
incorporate a painted background of distant objects, and often employ false perspective,
carefully modifying the scale of objects placed on the plane to reinforce the illusion through
depth perception in which objects of identical real-world size placed farther from the
observer appear smaller than those closer. Often the distant painted background or sky will be
painted upon a continuous curved surface so that the viewer is not distracted by corners,
seams, or edges. All of these techniques are means of presenting a realistic view of a large

DEFINITION


scene in a compact space. A photograph or single-eye view of such a diorama can be
especially convincing since in this case there is no distraction by the binocular perception of
depth.

Carl Akeley, a naturalist, sculptor, and taxidermist, is credited with creating the first ever
habitat diorama in the year 1889. Akeley's diorama featured taxidermied beavers in a three-
dimensional habitat with a realistic, painted background. With the support of curator Frank
M. Chapman, Akeley designed the popular habitat dioramas featured at the American
Museum of Natural History. Combining art with science, these exhibitions were intended to
educate the public about the growing need for habitat conservation.[2]

[edit] Miniature dioramas

Miniature diorama of a knocked-out Panther tank

A 1/700 scale diorama of Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū based on the left photo captured
during the Battle of Midway

Miniature dioramas may be used to represent scenes from historic events. A typical example
of this type are the dioramas to be seen at Norway's Resistance Museum in Oslo, Norway.

Landscapes built around model railways can also be considered dioramas, even though they
often have to compromise scale accuracy for better operating characteristics.

DEFINITION


Hobbyists also build dioramas of historical or quasi-historical events using a variety of
materials, including plastic models of military vehicles, ships or other equipment, along with
scale figures and landscaping.

In the 19th and beginning 20th century, building dioramas of sailing ships had been a popular
handcraft of seamen. Building a diorama instead of a normal model had the advantage that
the model was protected inside the frame and it could easily be stowed below the bunk or
behind the sea chest. Nowadays, such antique sailing ship dioramas are valuable collectors'
items.

One of the largest Dioramas ever created[citation needed] was a model of the entire state of
California built for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915 and that for a long
time was installed in San Francisco's Ferry Building.

[edit] Historic dioramas
[edit] The Daguerre Dioramas

Ground-plan of the Diorama Building, London 1823, by A. Pugin and J. Morgan (illustration
reproduced from Gernsheim 1968, p 21)

The Diorama was a popular entertainment that originated in Paris in 1822. An alternative to
the also popular "Panorama" (panoramic painting), the Diorama was a theatrical experience
viewed by an audience in a highly specialized theatre. As many as 350 patrons would file in
to view a landscape painting that would change its appearance both subtly and dramatically.
Most would stand, though limited seating was provided. The show lasted 10 to 15 minutes,
after which time the entire audience (on a massive turntable) would rotate to view a second
painting. Later models of the Diorama theater even held a third painting.

DEFINITION


The size of the proscenium was 24 feet (7.3 m) wide by 21 feet (6.4 m) high (7.3 meters x 6.4
meters). Each scene was hand-painted on linen, which was made transparent in selected
areas. A series of these multi-layered, linen panels were arranged in a deep, truncated tunnel,
then illuminated by sunlight re-directed via skylights, screens, shutters, and colored blinds.
Depending on the direction and intensity of the skillfully manipulated light, the scene would
appear to change. The effect was so subtle and finely rendered that both critics and the public
were astounded, believing they were looking at a natural scene.

The inventor and proprietor of the Diorama was Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (1787–
1851), formerly a decorator, manufacturer of mirrors, painter of Panoramas, and masterly
designer and painter of theatrical stage illusions. Daguerre would later co-invent the
daguerreotype, the first widely used method of photography.

Daguerre opened a second Diorama in Regent's Park in London in 1823, a year after the
debut of his Paris original. The building which exhibited the diorama, was designed by
Augustus Charles Pugin, father of the notable English architect and designer Augustus Welby
Northmore Pugin. The show was a popular sensation, and spawned immediate imitations.
British artists like Clarkson Stanfield and David Roberts produced ever-more elaborate
dioramas through the 1830s; sound effects and even living performers were added. Some
"typical diorama effects included moonlit nights, winter snow turning into a summer
meadow, rainbows after a storm, illuminated fountains," waterfalls, thunder and lightning,
and ringing bells.[3] A diorama painted by Daguerre is currently housed in the church of the
French town Bry-sur-Marne, where he lived and died.[4][5]

Daguerre diorama exhibitions (R.D. Wood, 1993)

Exhibition venues : Paris (Pa.1822-28) : London (Lo.1823-32) : Liverpool (Li.1827-32) :
Manchester (Ma.1825-27) : Dublin (Du.1826-28) : Edinburgh (Ed.1828-36)

The Valley of Sarnen :: (Pa.1822-23) : (Lo.1823-24) : (Li.1827-28) : (Ma.1825) :
(Du.1826-27) : (Ed. 1828-29 & 1831)
The Harbour of Brest :: (Pa.1823) : (Lo.1824-25 & 1837) : (Li.1825-26) :
(Ma.1826-27) : (Ed. 1834-35)
The Holyrood Chapel :: (Pa.1823-24) : (Lo.1825) : (Li.1827-28) : (Ma.1827) :
(Du.1828) : (Ed.1829-30)
The Roslin Chapel :: (Pa.1824-25) : (Lo.1826-27) : (Li.1828-29) : (Du.1827-28) :
(Ed.1835)
The Ruins in a Fog :: (Pa.1825-26) : (Lo.1827-28) : (Ed.1832-33)
The Village of Unterseen :: (Pa.1826-27) : (Lo.1828-29) : (Li.1832) : (Ed.1833-34 &
1838)
The Village of Thiers :: (Pa.1827-28) : (Lo.1829-30) : (Ed. 1838-39)
The Mont St. Godard :: (Pa.1828-29) : (Lo.1830-32) : (Ed.1835-36)

[edit] The Gottstein Dioramas

DEFINITION


Until 1968 Britain boasted a large collection of dioramas. These collections were originally
housed in the Royal United Services Institute Museum, (formerly the Banqueting House), in
Whitehall. However, when the museum closed, the various exhibits and their 15 known
dioramas were distributed to smaller museums throughout England, some ending up in
Canada and elsewhere. These dioramas were the brainchild of the wealthy furrier Otto
Gottstein (1892–1951) of Leipzig, a Jewish immigrant from Hitler‟s Germany, who was an
avid collector and designer of flat model figures called flats. In 1930, Gottstein‟s influence is
first seen at the Leipzig International Exhibition, along with the dioramas of Hahnemann of
Kiel, Biebel of Berlin and Muller of Erfurt, all displaying their own figures, and those
commissioned from such as Ludwig Frank in large diorama form. In 1933 Gottstein left
Germany, and in 1935 founded the British Model Soldier Society. Gottstein persuaded
designer and painter friends in both Germany and France to help in the construction of
dioramas depicting notable events in English history. But due to the war, many of the figures
arrived in England incomplete. The task of turning Gottstein‟s ideas into reality fell to his
English friends and those friends who had managed to escape from the Continent. Dennis
(Denny) C. Stokes, a talented painter and diorama maker in his own right, was responsible for
the painting of the backgrounds of all the dioramas, creating a unity seen throughout the
whole series. Denny Stokes was given the overall supervision of the fifteen dioramas.

1. The Landing of the Romans under Julius Caesar in 55 B.C.
2. The Battle of Hastings.
3. The Storming of Acre. (figures by Muller.)
4. The Battle of Crecy. (figures by Muller.)
5. The Field of the Cloth of Gold.
6. The Queen Elizabeth reviewing her troops at Tilbury.
7. The Battle of Marston Moor.
8. The Battle of Blenheim. (painted by Douchkine.)
9. The Battle of Plessey.
10. The Battle of Quebec. (engraved by Krunert of Vienna.)
11. The Old Guard at Waterloo.
12. The Charge of the Light Brigade.
13. The Battle of Ulundi. (figures by Ochel, and Petrocochino - pseudonym of Paul
Armont.)
14. The Battle of Fleurs.
15. The D-Day landings.

Krunert, Schirmer, Frank, Frauendorf, Maier, Franz Rieche and Oesterrich were also
involved in the manufacture and design of figures for the various dioramas. Krunert (a
Viennese), like Gottstein an exile in London, was given the job of engraving for ‘The Battle
of Quebec’. Unfortunately, the ‘death of Wolfe’ was found to be inaccurate and had to be re-
designed. The names of the vast majority of painters employed by Gottstein are mostly
unknown, most lived and worked on the Continent, among them Gustave Kenmow, Leopold
Rieche, L.Dunekate, M.Alexandre, A.Ochel, Honey Ray and, perhaps Gottstein‟s top painter,
Vladimir Douchkine (a Russian émigré who lived in Paris). Douchkine was responsible for
painting two figures of the Duke of Marlborough on horseback for ‘The Blenheim Diorama’,
one of which was used, the other, Gottstein being the true collector, was never released.

DEFINITION


Denny Stokes painted all the backgrounds of all the dioramas, Herbert Norris, the Historical
Costume Designer, whom Dr. J.F. Lovel-Barnes introduced to Gottstein, was responsible for
the costume design of the Ancient Britons, the Normans and Saxons, some of the figures of
‘The Field of the Cloth of Gold’ and the Elizabethan figures for ‘Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury’.
Dr. J.F. Lovel-Barnes was himself responsible for the ‘Battle of Blenheim’ diorama, selecting
the figures, and arrangement of the scene. Due to World War II, when flat figures became
unavailable, Gottstein completed his ideas by using Greenwood and Ball‟s 20mm figures. In
time a fifteenth diorama was added, using these 20mm figures, this diorama representing the
‘D-Day landings’. When all the dioramas were completed, they were displayed along one
wall in the Royal United Services Institute Museum. When the museum was closed the
fifteen dioramas were distributed to various museums and institutions. The greatest number
are to be found at the Glenbow Museum, (130-9th Avenue, S. E. Calgary, Alberta, Canada):
RE: 'The Landing of the Romans under Julius Caesar in 55 BC', 'The Battle Of Crecy', 'The
Battle of Blenheim', 'The Old Guard at Waterloo', 'The Charge of the Light Brigade at
Balaclava'.

The state of these dioramas is one of debate; John Garratt (The World of Model Soldiers)
claimed in 1968, that the dioramas “appear to have been partially broken up and individual
figures have been sold to collectors”. According to the Glenbow Institute (Barry Agnew,
Curator) “the figures are still in reasonable condition, but the plaster groundwork has suffered
considerable deterioration”. Unfortunately, there are no photographs available of the
dioramas. ‘The Battle of Hastings’ diorama was to be found in the Old Town Museum,
Hastings, and is still in reasonable condition. It shows the Norman cavalry charging up
Senlac Hill towards the Saxon lines. „The Storming of Acre’ is in the Museum of Artillery at
the Rotunda, Woolwich. John Garratt, in the "Encyclopedia of Model Soldiers", states that
„The Field of the Cloth of Gold’ was in the possession of the Royal Military School of Music,
Kneller Hall; however, according to the Curator, the diorama had not been in his possession
since 1980, nor is it listed in their Accession Book, so the whereabouts of this diorama is
unknown.[6]

[edit] The Denny Stokes dioramas

Very little is known about Dennis C. Stokes, (d.1989), except that he lived in Ealing in
London, 1956/57, and was the subject of a 1957 Pathe Film documentary, which narrated his
creation of five of his own miniature military dioramas.[7] According to issue one of the
Journal of the British Flat Figure Society (1986);

The five known Denny Stokes dioramas, as depicted and narrated by Pathe film 1957. (See
here:[1])

1. Scotland after the '45 rebellion:
2. The Battle of Quebec:
3. The D-Day Landing:
4. Fur trading station in Canada:
5. Hunting scene from Luis 14th:

DEFINITION


Scotland after the '45 rebellion

This is a miniature diorama, part of a collection of Mr. Denny Stokes from London. The main
subject of Mr. Stokes' dioramas is military history. He uses all sorts of materials to depict the
events from military history in greatest detail possible. (L/S) of fairy tale landscape: a castle,
little boat, mountains in the fog - all in shades of blue. (C/U) shot of the detail - entrance into
the castle with opened gates and people inside. (C/U) shot of another details - a little boat,
soldiers marching, a man and his horse... Voiceover talks about what this represents:
"Scotland after the '45 rebellion, showing the English troops occupying a castle, and the
opposing Highland rebels of Bonnie Prince Charlie."

This „Scotland after the '45 rebellion,‟ is the only one of his depicted dioramas, which can be
seen, during the filming of this Pathe documentary, as being finished in January 1957. This
diorama was never commissioned for a museum, but was designed and created for his
personal collection, and remained in his possession as such, until his death in 1989. With the
exception of its appearance on this Pathe film in 1957, this rare diorama had never appeared
in any public exhibition, until exhibited (without provenance or film), as part of a larger
collection of model soldiers, cavalry, and other dioramas, exhibited at the Soldiers Life
Exhibition, Newcastle upon Tyne Discovery Museum, between 1998-1999.[8]

Two dioramas depict the scaling of the Heights of Abraham at Quebec by General Wolfe and
the East Yorkshires in 1759, and of the D-day landing at Colleville-Sur-Orne, which were
both, commissioned for, and can be seen at, the "East Yorkshire Regiment Museum".
Another diorama represents a fur trading station in Canada, with a canoe in a river,
wigwams, log cabins, and background mountains. Another depicts a hunting scene of Luis the
14th, showing people on horses, and a deer in the woods, the whereabouts of both these are
unknown.

[edit] Other dioramas

This photorealistic diorama of the Battle of Midway was created during World War II on the
basis of information then available.

Painters of the Romantic era like John Martin and Francis Danby were influenced to create
large and highly dramatic pictures by the sensational dioramas and panoramas of their day. In
one case, the connection between life and diorama art became intensely circular. On 1
February 1829, John Martin's brother Jonathan, known as "Mad Martin," set fire to the roof
of York Minster. Clarkson Stanfield created a diorama re-enactment of the event, which

DEFINITION


premiered on 20 April of the same year; it employed a "safe fire" via chemical reaction as a
special effect. On 27 May, the "safe" fire proved to be less safe than planned: it set a real fire
in the painted cloths of the imitation fire, which burned down the theater and all of its
dioramas.[9]

Nonetheless, dioramas remained popular in England, Scotland, and Ireland through most of
the nineteenth century, lasting until 1880.

A small scale version of the diorama called the Polyrama Panoptique could display images in
the home. and was marketed from the 1820s.[10]

[edit] See also
Model military vehicle
Model figure
Nativity scene
Cosmorama
Cyclorama
Moving panorama
Myriorama
Panorama
Panoramic painting
Planetarium
Armor Modeling and Preservation Society
Model railroading

[edit] Notes
1. ^ diorama - Word Origin & History - Online Etymology Dictionary - Dictionary.com.
Retrieved 1 November 2011.
2. ^ Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of
the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York 2006.
3. ^ Lionel Lambourne, Victorian Painting, London, Phaidon Press, 1999; p. 156.
4. ^ (French) All about Daguerre's diorama in Bry
5. ^ (French) About the diorama on Bry's official website
6. ^ Journal of the British Flat Figure Society: Issue One – April 1986. The Gottstein
Dioramas - England‟s Flat Heritage. by Jan Redley
7. ^ Pathe film archives. http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=106
8. ^ Newcastle Evening Chronicle. April 22, 1999.(p3. by P Spillar) Model army of
Stephen McDermott at the Discovery Museum.
9. ^ Lambourne, p. 157.
10. ^ Science & Society Picture Library: the collections of the Science Museum, the
National Railway Museum and the National Museum of Photography, Film &
Television

DEFINITION


,

[edit] References
Helmut and Alison Gernsheim, L.J.M. Daguerre, The History of The Diorama and the
Daguerreotype, Dover Publications, 1968.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dioramas

R. D. Wood's Essays on the early history of photography and the Diorama
The world's largest collection of antique sailing ship dioramas
World War II Dioramas in 1:35 scale
A tutorial on how to make a miniature diorama

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DEFINITION


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DEFINITION


How to Make a Diorama
This tutorial will show you how to make a
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DEFINITION


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DEFINITION


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DEFINITION


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DEFINITION


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DEFINITION


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making including painting tips and a video. Rubble Diorama
amcoat
e terrain A Wizards Tower Diorama that I also made a video game of! This is a tutorial on
aking using foam to make dioramas. Here is where the tutorial starts and here is the video
make that also shows about a minute of footage with me playing the video game. I have
re Trees to get into the tower, get the fire staff, and slay the dragon.! Fun, multi-discipline
Make project.
ock and
olds A Motorized Drawbridge I used the motor from a ten dollar remote control car to
ze a automate the drawbridge. It goes up and down. Neat project and I show you how to
dge on do it. I also have a video that shows it in action. Motorizing a Diorama Tutorial
orama
oam to How to Make a Dinosaur Diorama - This is an active diorama - The meteor
diorama flashes across the sky and the volcano erupts. Easy to make and teaches about the
make theories of dinosaur extinction. Nice learning shoebox diorama. The Active
oking Dinosaur Diorama
using cork
e Shoebox
a Ideas for
Castle inside a lightbulb diorama
This is a creative little diorama that has a castle and a dragon right inside the
lightbulb. I also show you how to add a tiny light to the tower of the castle and the
based
easy way to hollow out the light bulb. Lightbulb Diorama
a with
om start
h A user submitted creative suggestion. Being creative when using materials to
reat WW2 make landscapes. This diorama landscape came out superb. I have more pics and
a trench suggestions on being creative with your diorama making here. Creative Diorama
tips with Making

make 300 Diorama - The battle of Thermopylae: This diorama is a big 2 feet by 3 feet
models- and has a lot of great stuff including lights and sounds. Here is the tutorial on how I
cks and made it and in how you can make a big and dramatic diorama The 300 Diorama
ues Step by step
at some
a buildings Halo and Xbox Diorama: I didn't make this diorama but I do show some great tips
make on how you can make one like this The Halo Dioama

DEFINITION


wire
A guest artist has combines his love of painting with the art of Diorama making. He
make
has put together a nice tutorial on how to take a painting and transform it into a
a diorama
shadowbox style diorama. But this isn't as far as he goes. He also shows us some
a Tip -
really nice trick of the eye techniques for making the diorama extra special
models
Dioramas from your paintings Ocean Diorama. It's a porthole view underwater
ns
called finding Atlantis Ocean Diorama Desert/Egyptian Diorama A visitor to my
CTS
website, gentleman from Israel, sent me some pictures of his dioramas and they are
just fantastic! Fantasy Dioramas
Miniatures
Shoebox Diorama I have completed the shoebox diorama tutorial. It is a fire
or Projects breathing dragon and a knight. You can check it out here. Shoebox diorama

het! Shadowbox Diorama. You can hang it on the wall. It looks great and is a nice way
to display your miniatures. Shadowbox diorama
t
Rainforest Diorama - This diorama is a teaching tool that shows the ecosystem of
astle the rainforest. All the artwork is done so you can print and color it. -Rainforest
Diorama
video
New Video - I have made a video of my 6 foot medieval castle with working
waterfall diorama. Video of a medieval castle diorama
ard
Make a cemetary Diorama
ard This is a nice spooky diorama with
d gravestones, a creepy fence and a small
mausoleum. I show lots of tips on using
ckets everyday materials like popsicle sticks and
toothpicks. I also have a video with this
diorama tutorial. Cemetary Diorama
Shoebox

fantasy
How to make rubber molds for your
diorama. A great way to make rocks,
assical cliffs, cliff formations and castle walls.
Easy to do with latex rubber. You just
brush it on. How to make rubber molds
ssons

ate

Pinata

DEFINITION


volcano

How to Make Miniature Trees for
Dioramas and Model Railroads. I show
you the traditional method using Woodland
rojects Scenics materials and I show you some
improvised methods using wire and
materials found around the house. How to
make miniature trees
and

Channel
How to make trenches in a Military or
low Me battlescene diorama.. This is a quick and
easy video tutorial that gives you the basics
change of how I make diorama trenches.

, unless
ted are A Polymer Clay Diorama - This is a very
01-2012 creative diorama submitted by a web
ing and visitor. The fairy is made from polymer
tle.com clay which is a very creative way to make
figures and characters. Check out this
diorama and how it was made Polymer
Clay dioramas

visiting my Painting Miniatue Tutorial is complete! I have just begun a new tutorial on how to
e is Will and paint miniatures. Painting Miniatures Tutorial
uestions
ke to
ou can

me
-
How to Build Dioramas

DEFINITION


From Graves to Caves:: Modeling Your Diorama!

I will teach you all the tricks and techniques you need to build a landscape just like this one.
But I encourage you to be creative! Don't just copy this landscape. Use these tips and
techniques to design and build your own landscape.

Many of the materials used in this tutorial were purchased in a hobby shop. They are the
same materials that amateur train landscape builders use. You can purchase and use these
materials but I also offer many alternative solutions that you can employ. This will increase
your creativity, increase your skill and decrease the cost of the diorama.

We will go step by step through the whole process from design, landscape building and
creating the rocks and foliage.

Want to take your diorama making to new heights of realism? I have put
together a selection of materials you can buy from amazon.com. These are
great materials that hobbyists use to make really life like dioramas. The
trees you see here are one of the kits. They look real don't they?

Woodland scenics Trees and more at Amazon.com They have all the
materials you could need.

All materials in this tutorial are copyrighted© including writing and photographs. All Rights are reserved. If you
would like to reprint any portion of this then contact the author. Will . -You may freely add a link to this page
from your website.

Considerable time and effort has gone into the creating of this tutorial. You can show your appreciation and
thanks by making a website a link to this page or to my home page at www.stormthecastle.com is greatly
appreciated. If you have any comments or suggestions please drop me an email. comments to will

Just paste this text into your website:

DEFINITION


<a href="http://www.stormthecastle.com">Storm The Castle - Creativity with an Edge</a>

Information about Medieval Castles and Medieval Weapons & Swords

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