Cbse class 12 biology syllabus 2013-14 - http://cbse.edurite.com/cbse-biology/cbse-biology-syllabus-for-class-12.html

1. w
w
w
.edurite.com
114
5. Study of mitosis in onion root tips cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent
slides.
6. Studyofdifferentmodificationsinroot,stemandleaves.
7. Studyandidentificationofdifferenttypesofinflorescence(cymoseandracemose)
8. Studyofimbibitioninseeds/raisins.
9. Observationandcommentsontheexperimentalsetupforshowing:
a. Anaerobicrespiration
b. Phototropism
c. Apicalbudremoval
d. Suctionduetotranspiration
10. Studyofhumanskeletonanddifferenttypesofjoints.
11. Studyofexternalmorphologyofcockroachthroughspecimens/models.
CLASS XII
(THEORY)
(180 Periods)
Syllabus - Biology (XII)
One Paper Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70 Marks
Unit Title Marks
6. Reproduction 14
7. GeneticsandEvolution 18
8. BiologyandHumanWelfare 14
9. BiotechnologyanditsApplications 10
10. EcologyandEnvironment 14
Total 70
1. Reproduction
Reproduction in organisms: reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for
continuation of species; asexual reproduction modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual
reproduction;modes-binaryfission,sporulation,budding,gemmule,fragmentation;vegetative
propagationinplants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plant: flower structure; development of male and female
gametophytes;pollination-types,agenciesandexamples;outbreedingdevices;pollen-pistil
interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and

2. w
w
w
.edurite.com
115
embryo,developmentofseedandformationoffruit;specialmodes-apomixis,parthenocarpy,
polyembryony;Significanceofseedandfruitformation.
HumanReproduction:maleandfemalereproductivesystems;microscopicanatomyoftestis
andovary;gametogenesis-spermatogenesisandoogenesis;menstrualcycle;fertilisationembryo
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation
(elementaryidea);parturition(elementaryidea);lactation(elementaryidea).
Reproductivehealth:needforreproductivehealthandpreventionofsexuallytransmitteddiseases
(STD);birthcontrol–needandnethods,contraceptionandmedicalterminationofpregnancy
(MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT
(elementaryideaforgeneralawareness).
II. Genetics and Evolution (45 Periods)
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism - incomplete
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes
andgenes;Sexdetermination-inhumans,birdsandhoneybee;linkageandcrossingover;sex
linkedinheritance-haemophilia,colourblindness;Mendeliandisorderinhumans-thalassemia;
chromosomaldisordersinhumans;Down'ssyndrome,Turner'sandKlinefelter'ssyndromes.
Molecularbasisofinheritance:searchforgeneticmaterialandDNAasgeneticmaterial;Structure
ofDNAandRNA;DNApackaging;DNAreplication;Centraldogma;transcription,genetic
code,translation;geneexpressionandregulation-LacOperon;Genomeandhumangeneome
project;DNAfingerprinting.
Evolution:originoflife;biologicalevolutionandevidencesforbiologicalevolution(paleontology,
comparativeanatomy,embryologyandmolecularevidence);Darwin'scontribution,modern
synthetictheoryofevolution;mechanismofevolution-variation(mutationandrecombination)
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
Hardy-Weinberg'sprinciple;adaptiveradiation;humanevolution.
III. Biology and Human Welfare (35 Periods)
Healthanddisease:pathogens;parasitescausinghumandiseases(malaria,filariasis,ascariasis,
typhoid,pneumonia,commoncold,amoebiasis,ringworm);Basicconceptsofimmunology-
vaccines; cancer, HIVandAIDs;Adolescene, drug and alcholol abuse.
Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,
Biofortification,ApiculatureandAnimalhusbandry.
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment,energygenerationandasbiocontrolagentsandbiofertilizers.
IV. Biotechnology and ItsApplications (30 Periods)
Principlesandprocessofbiotechnology:geneticengineering(recombinantDNAtechnology).
applicationofbiotechnologyinhealthandagriculture:humaninsulinandvaccineproduction,
genetherapy;geneticallymodifiedorganisms-Btcrops;transgenicanimals;biosafetyissues-
biopiracy and patents.

3. w
w
w
.edurite.com
116
V. EcologyandEnvironment 35 Periods
Organismsandenvironment:habitatandniche,populationandecologicaladaptations;population
interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth,
birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Ecosystems:patterns,components;productivityanddecomposition;energyflow;pyramidsof
number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession;
ecologicalservices-carbonfixation,pollination,oxygenrelease.
Biodiversityanditsconservation:conceptofbiodiversity;patternsofbiodiversity;importance
ofbiodiversity;lossofbiodiversity;biodiversityconservation;hotspots,endangeredorganisms,
extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Environmentalissues:Airpollutionanditscontrol;waterpollutionanditscontrol;agrochemicals
andtheireffects;solidwastemanagement;radioactivewastemanagement;greenhouseeffect
and global warning; ozone depletion; deforestation; any three case studies as success stories
addressingenvironmentalissues.
Practicals
Maximum Marks : 30 60 Periods
A. List of Experiments
1. Studypollengerminationonaslide.
2. Collectandstudysoilfromatleasttwodifferentsitesandstudythemfortexture,moisture
content,pHandwaterholdingcapacityofsoil.Correlatewiththekindsofplantsfoundin
them.
3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity
andpresenceofanylivingorganisms.
4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
5. Study of plant population density by quadrate method.
6. Study of plant population frequency by quadrate method.
7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
8. StudytheeffectofdifferenttemperaturesandthreedifferentpHontheactivityofsalivary
amylaseonstarch.
Study/observation of the following (Spotting)
1. Flowersadaptedtopollinationbydifferentagencies(wind,insect).
2. Pollengerminationonstigmathroughapermanentslide.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. testis and T.S. ovary through
permanentslides(fromanymammal).
4. Meiosisinonionbudcellorgrasshoppertestisthroughpermanentslides.
5. T.S.ofblastulathroughpermanentslides.

4. w
w
w
.edurite.com
117
6. Mendelianinheritanceusingseedsofdifferentcolour/sizesofanyplant.
7. Study prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue,
blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
8. Exerciseoncontrolledpollination-emasculation,taggingandbagging.
9. IdentificationofcommondiseasecausingorganismslikeAscaris,Entamoeba,Plasmodium,
ringwormthroughpermanentslidesorspecimens.Commentonsymptomsofdiseasethat
theycause.
10. Twoplantsandtwoanimalsfoundinxericconditions.Commentupontheirmorphological
adaptations.
11. Plants and animals found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological
adaptations.