1. I NDUST RI AL DI SAST ER
MA N A G E ME N T
a wa r e n e s s

2. PREPAREDENESS
MITIGATION
DISASTER
REHABILITATION RESCUE
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3. • Know the roots of fire safety- enjoy the fruits of
duty.
• Accident brings tears, fire safety brings cheers.
• Fires that are small, soon will be tall!
• Get out quick, before the smoke gets thick!
• Never hide, stay outside!
• Crawl down low, when it’s time to go!
• Never hide, stay outside!
• Fire defence is a self defence.
• Fire defence is a self defence.
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4. pnrao Fire at Sara-Sahara and Manish markets
4
9 August 2012 in Mumbai

5. FIRE HAZARD
• A fire hazard is a situation in which there is a greater
than normal risk of harm to people or property .
• Fire hazards are caused due to materials which catch
fire easily and produce toxic fumes when heated or
objects which block fire exits, such as blocked cooling
vents, or overloaded electric systems and threat
hazard to people.
• Fire due to equipment, LPG, oxy acetylene, oxygen,
hydrogen and other inflammable cylinders’ explosions.
• Burst of boilers or containers filled with molten metal.
• Fire can spread rapidly in insufficiently protected fuel
stores or areas with high pnrao
oxygen concentrations. 5

6. CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF FIRE
INCIDENTS:
• Irregularities in building codes and structures.
• Extent of damage as per intensity of disaster
and in over crowded localities and slums of low
lying areas.
• The current trend of the metro cities show an
increasing number of fire incidents in residential
buildings, markets, educational institutions,
theaters, railway stations, bus stands, function
halls, hotels, hospitals, circus, industries and
slums closer to rivers and sea coasts.
pnrao 6

7. Nuclear power plant Japan
11 Mar 2011
p
n
r
a
o pnrao pnrao 7

8. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
Fire incidents can be classified according to the material
that causes fire and Intensity of fire.
1. Class 'A' Fires:
• Fires involving solid materials like wood, rags, paper,
plastic, coal etc, normally with carbon compounds in
which combustion generally occurs with the formation
of glowing embers. These types of fires are most
common.
2. Class 'B' Fires:
• Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids.
i.e. fires occurring in vapor-air mixture over the surface
of flammable liquids, such as gasoline, oils, paints,
thinners, ghee, fats, petroleum products etc.
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9. 3. Class 'C' Fires:
• Fires involving liquefiable gases like Propane,
.
Butane, Methyl isocyanides, LPG, H2,
Acetylene etc.
4. Class 'D' Fires :
• Fires that occur in combustible metals such as
magnesium, titanium, sodium etc.
• These burning metals react with water and
water containing agent to produce heat and fire.
Electric fires are classified as per type of fire.
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10. Safety measures
• Sand is suitable for inflammable liquids and
combustible metal fires. (Class B and Class D type fires)
• Water suitable only for general fires ( Class A fires)
• Hydrants at suitable locations along with water jets
can ideally be used for.
• Powder filled Fire extinguishers can be used for
electric fires.
Fire Extinguishers types:
• Foam filled for fires other than electric and liquids.
• Powder filled for inflammable liquids and combustible
metal fires.
• Carbon di oxide (CO2) filled for electric fires.
• Special type cylinders forpnrao and oils.(newly introduced)
fats
10

11. pnrao 11

12. Colour code band
Classes A & B fires. Foam spray extinguishers are
not recommended for fires involving electricity
For paper, wood, plastic, liquids as paraffin, petrol, oil
etc.
Colour code band
Dry powder fire extinguisher
For Electric and liquid flowers
Solids such as paper, wood, plastic,
In flammable liquids such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.
FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane,
methane etc.
Special powders for alluminium, magnesium,
titanium etc.
pnrao 12
when used indoors, powder can obscure vision

13. Colour code band
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire
Extinguishers
Suitable for the following types of fires:
Flammable liquids
Electrically energised equipments.
pnrao 13

14. pnrao 14

15. I NDUST RI AL DI SAST ER
MA N A G E ME N T
F I RE HAZ ARDS
pnrao 15

16. Types of Industrial Disasters
Energy industry disasters Manufacturing industry disasters
Mining industry disasters Food industry disasters
pnrao 16

17. Present scenario
Most of the industries are facing with various problems as :
• Primarily industries have been located beyond city
dwelling but during course of time human migration
surrounded industries with hutments and even permanent
structured dwellings creating rows of colonies posing
threats to human population and live stock. Relocation steps
are in progress.
• Some industries have no environmental and other safety
clearances but they are still functioning.
• Multiple industry location concept should ensure
segregation of hazard prone and vulnerable industries and
be located aloof from human habitation.
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18. Disaster Preparedness
• Hazard, risk & vulnerability assessment
• Response mechanisms
• Preparedness plans
• Coordination
• Information management
• Training & rehearsals
• Planning
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19. Prevention and Preparedness
• Provision of personal identification system, bio matric etc. at
main gate.
• Road clearance for Ambulance, fire brigade and other relief.
• Adequate working space in the industrial units.
• Strong store rooms for storing inflammable solids or liquids.
• Equipment control room and safety alarming system.
• PA system connecting all locations.
• Fire extinguishers, water jets, water hydrants and hose at suitable
places.
• CCTV/GPS for surveillance. Inter communication system with
all rooms. Efficient communication system be developed.
• Dump yards with separate type of waste dumped.(Waste
management)
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• Up dated Disaster management plan with maps.

20. • The Incident Command System (ICS) is a part of Disaster
management system used to organize emergency response and
was designed to offer a scalable response to incidents of any
magnitude.
• The system is designed to grow and shrink along with the
incident, allowing more resources to be smoothly added into the
system when required, and also the smooth release of resources
when no longer needed
• ICS is interdisciplinary and organizationally flexible to meet the
following management challenges:
• Meet the needs of incidents of any kind or size.
• Allow personnel from a variety of agencies to mold rapidly into
a common management structure.
• Provide logistical and administrative support to operational staff.
• cost effective by avoiding duplication of efforts.
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21. Incident Action Plan ( IAP)
• The consolidated Incident Action Plan ( IAP) is a very
important component of the Incident Command System
which reduces freelancing and ensures a coordinated
response.
• Location of hospitals with telephone numbers and number
of beds available , X-Ray facilities and operation facilities,
Position and capacities of heavy cranes , Helicopter
availabilities, Suitable schools/colleges/community centers
to rehabilitee affected persons on immediate basis , duties
and responsibilities should clearly be incorporated through
Disaster Management plans.
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22. Rescue strategy
• Protect your customers, infra structure, management records and
systems against potential threats. Electronic date vaulting,
monitoring and interfacing data.
• Organise a system to indicate levels of alert to alert customers
and staff in time and it will also help expiate positive help as
per requirement from all agencies .
• Minimize disruption and operational losses.
• Manage the recovery operation in an organized and effective
manner with cooperation of government, non government
agencies and other stake holders. System integration with all
agencies specially essential service agencies.
• Restore and build back confidence of customers, investors, and
stakeholders to maintain brand image and reputation of the
organisation. pnrao 22
• Fully observe survival procedures.

23. Rescue
Event management. Functioning :
• Control room coordinating external and internal agencies.
• Round the clock assistance system in well identified booth.
• PA system to alert people of the event.
• Display of help line numbers and essential services
numbers at suitable places for quick requisition of help.
• Help from NGOs, NSS, NCC, Scouts, guides, NYC can be
requisitioned
• Communication with STD facility for contacting relatives
of victims
• Identification of exit doors , emergency doors.
• Road clearance for emergency services.
pnrao 23
• .

24. • Special attention to ladies, children and elders.
• Adequate water and food arrangements by keeping stock
lasting for more than three days.
• Collecting addresses and phone numbers of victims.
• First aid to injured.
• Hospitalization of seriously injured.
• Hospital wise list of injured and information to media.
• Detailed casuality list display at suitable place and in media.
• Securing dead.
• Media management: authentic information should be given
to media by responsible and nominated official only.
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25. Constraints in rescue operations
As per various findings of enquiry reports/recomondations and
research aftermath disaster all over the world it was found that
there are many constraints in rescue operations:
• Delay in reaching rescue material by the agencies is due to
procedural lapses like approval by higher management, delay in
inspection, account constraints etc.
• Non procurement of items well in advance.
• Lack of independence in sending the material to site of disaster,
even though material is ready but awaiting for orders.
• Delay due to ‘who to do first?’ tendency by Non government
agencies.
• Multiple agencies acting separately.
• Unwanted and non user-friendly rescue material reaching the
site of disaster. pnrao 25

26. MITIGATION
• Hazard mapping
• Hazard risk and vulnerability analysis
• Land use planning. Relocation of damaged unit to safer
location.
• Community participation programs.
• Community preparedness with training.
• Internal and external functioning surveillance.
• Holistic approach through technical up gradation.
• Waste water management and rain water harvesting for
storing water in sumps for emergency usage.
• GIS,GPS
• Procurement of failsafe equipments only.
pnrao 26

27. • Power supply and communication normally fails during fire.
Standby power supply as generators, invertors, solar panels
can be used.
• Water sump with hose and hydrants for instant use on fire.
• Wireless or microwave communication can be used
• Sufficient number of walkie talkies.
• Mobile phone accessibility through advanced technology.
• Use Safety slogans, posters, banners, stickers, glow signs
boards, seminars etc. freely to develop awareness in staff.
• HRD: resourceful utilisation of human element
through knowledge sharing and welfare programs.
• Display of Disaster management plans, readily available to
employees, management and rescue teams.
pnrao 27

28. OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES
• Implementation of committees reports with financial
implications of reports.
• Strengthening surveillance by upgrading technology.
• Judicious enquiry system for disasters with recommendations.
• Implementation of learning from past strategies.
• Safety awareness programs for employees and officers.
• Replacement of old electric wiring with standard concealed
wiring.
• Auto response to faults with technically upgraded systems.
• Adequate fire safety equipments as all types of fire
extinguishers, smoke detectors and fire detectors with alarms.
• Oxygen masks to safeguard from smoke.
• Wet cloth or wet tissue paper can absorb smoke to some extent
pnrao 28
if put on nose.

29. Geospatial Information System
a tool for Disaster Management
• GIS can be used as an important methodological tool for
Disaster management planning and.
• Natural disasters can not all together be eliminated but
impact can be reduced by implementing disaster
management plans to reduce risk.
• It provides resilence to natural disasters and help in post
disaster reduction
• It is an effective forecasting assessing ,monitoring and
communication system .
• Spatial information available can be disseminated to all
concerned Disaster management officials making
rescue operations easily pnrao quickly operative.
and 29

30. • It can be used as a training tool for disaster management
cycle .
• It is a reliable data provider for analyzing and studying
vulnerable locations and as a pre warning system.
• GIS data can effectively be used for monitoring, assessing
and mitigation.
• Its high resolution data can easily analyse natural hazards
speedily with cost effectiveness.
• Pattern and forthcoming impact of disasters can be easily
visualized as pre warning system.
• It can clearly identify vulnerable locations and help in
mitigation and preparedness well in advance.
pnrao 30

31. Union Carbide gas leak Industrial Disaster
Bhopal 1984
pnrao 31

32. R. Tyagarajan expert scientist report:
• There were cracks in the leaked tank and about 30% more
of liquefied MIC than permitted was stored.
• Another tank was found with 35 ton of MIC with similar
risk was neutralised deploying helicopter with water jets
and area was covered to arrest any leakage of gas or escape
for which production plant was started to produce pesticide.
• Clogged pipes were with rusted joints
• It was a disaster of low possibility with high consequence.
• Anderson, the than CEO claimed that it was a sabotage.
• Nitrogen layer was protective layer on top of MIC stored.
• Cooling systems failed.
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33. Michel Wright investigator from USA investigation :
• Vent gas scrubber unit was not sufficient to neutralise
Leaked MIC
• Pressure gauzes were faulty
• No refrigeration system was available
• Leakage caused due to cracks in the MIC storage tank
• Water canons to neutralise MIC was not suffecient
• Negligence on part of management was found.
• The plant ought to have been closed well in advance to avert
disaster
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34. individual safety precautions
If you are safe, you can protect your organisation.
• Wear your appropriate personal safety dress prescribed along
with other safety gadgets like gas mask, glows, gumboots and
other safety gadgets as prescribed.
• Observe all safety rules and sign boards displayed.
• Any fault or dangerous condition of machinery must
immediately be reported in writing to the superiors.
• All Switches must be kept off when not in use. For prolong non
usage of the systems the power chords must be removed.
• Do not shut down or restart machinery without proper
notification and acknowledgement.
• Undertake repairs only after obtaining permission,
acknowledgement and by putting danger and lockout boards.
pnrao 34
• Do not remove any danger board put on machinery maintained

35. • Notice for power shut down and restoration of power must be
done by giving due notification and acknowledgement.
• Oiling, greasing and maintenance of machinery must be down
after due shut down process.
• Maintance works including electric must be done by qualified
persons only.
• Inflammable liquids must not be kept un attended in workplace
rather they should be stored in well protected strong rooms.
• Check for cracks and corrosion in boilers, furnaces and
pipelines.Immediate repairs or replacements can save for
disasters.
• System check of filter appliances and accessories must be
done regularly done.
• Refregeration and cooling systems must be frequently
pnrao 35
checked.

36. • Check and arrest leakages of pipelines and joints.
• Use helmets where overhead movement of
machinery or parts take place and avoid staying
bellow them unless required to do so and be with
full protection.
• Do not use blowers for dusting your clothes.
• Keep premises clean of obstructions, litter and
inflammables
• Take guidance of safety related supervisor/officer
pnrao 36

37. SAFETY SECURITY
FAIL SAFE ADVANCED
EQUIPMENTS TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL
KNOW HOW
WELFARE
AMONGST
WORKERS
pnrao 37

38. Acknowledgement
Sources for further details
• http://www.mfs-fire extinguishers.co.uk/types.htm
• http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/celebratingsafely.asp
• http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/major-fire-in-sahara-market-in-
mumbai-153112
• http://www.nidm.gov.in
• http://www.iapa
• http://www.safetyrisk.com.au/safety-slogans/fire-safety-slogans/
• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_ten_facts_about_cyclones#ixzz1
G7Fl7W3R
• Guidance notes on fire safety at workplaces Hong Kong
• Disaster Management Future Challenges and Opportunities by Jagbir
sing. I.K. International. New Delhi.
• Prevalent safety rules must always be referred to.
pnrao 38

39. Thank you
P.N.Rao B.Sc.; M.A (Eco.); DRTM; DTEM
Life associate(244) IRT New Delhi
Safety course RSC Vadodara
Safety course IRITM Lucknow
STM(Safety) Gaz. Retired.
pnrao 39