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Punctuation marks
Punctuation marks
1.              Apostrophe
   Apostrophes are used in three different ways:
i. in possessive nouns
ii. in contractions
iii. to make letters, signs, symbols, and numbers plural
Possessive Nouns.
“To possess” means “to own.” So possessive nouns
     show ownership.
A. Singular Possessive Nouns.
   Add „s to make any singular noun Possessive.
e.g.
    The bird‟s wings were green and blue.
    Monica‟s hat blew across the street.
B. Plural Possessive Nouns.
  If the last letter of a plural noun is s, just add an
  apostrophe to make the noun possessive.
  If the last letter of a plural noun is not s, add „s to
  make the noun possessive.
Plural nouns that                Possessive forms
end with the letter s         (add just an apostrophe)
    babies                        babies‟
   teachers                             teaches‟
     girls                                girls‟
Plural nouns that don‟t        Plural possessive forms
end with the letter s              (add „s)
      children                       children‟s
       geese                             geese‟s
       men                               men‟s
Contractions.
 Use an apostrophe in a contraction to show where
   the missing letter or letters used to be.
 “To contract means to shorten.” The two words being
   contracted are usually
   a pronoun + a verb (I + will= I‟ll) or
   a verb + “not” (did + not= didn‟t).
           common contractions.
can‟t=cannot                    she‟ ll=she will
doesn‟t=does not                we‟d=we would/had
he‟s=he is                we‟re=we are
I‟d=I would/had           we‟ve=we have
mightn‟t=might not              would‟ve=would have
needn‟t=need not                you‟re=you are
Use apostrophe to make letters, numbers, symbols
signs, and punctuation marks plural.
    Sometimes when you are writing, you have to
   make something plural that isn‟t a word.
Add „s to make a letter plural.
 e.g.
   Your a‟s look just like your u‟s because you don‟t
   close the tops.
   Her handwriting is weird. She dots her e‟s and
   crosses her b‟s.
 Add „s or just s to make a number or a decade plural.
      with an apostrophe:
e.g. In the late 1960‟s, American astronauts went to
   the moon.
      Does your phone number have 4‟s or three?
without an apostrophe:
   In the late 1990s, people looked forward to the
 twenty-first century.
   Please cut out more 6s for the math bulletin
 board.
  Add „s to make a symbol, sign, or punctuation
 mark plural.
   There are too many #‟s, &‟s, and !‟s on this
 poster.
   The math teacher says I make my =„s crooked.
Punctuation marks
2.            Capital letters.
 Capitalize the first word in a sentence.
  The bunny ate too much, got dizzy, and fell off
 the sofa.
 Capitalize the pronoun „I‟.
 He had the nerve to say that I sang off key-I,
 who took singing lessons with Madame Margo
 for five years!
 Capitalize proper nouns.
  Roslyn Penn
  Columbia Prep School
  Rocky Mountains
 Capitalize proper adjectives.
  Proper adjectives come from proper nouns.
Proper Noun                Proper Adjective
America                    American
Boston                     Bostonian
Florida                    Floridian
Nigeria                    Nigerian
Norway                     Norwegian

Capitalize important titles, even if the person‟s
 name is not mentioned.
The President of United States went to the
 circus.
The Prime Minister forgot his hat at the
 conference.
Capitalize abbreviation of titles after someone‟s
name.
  Martin Luther King, Jr
  Esther Brill, Ph.D.
  John Ken, M.D
Capitalize the days of the week and month of the
year.
    Monday, Sunday,           Friday, etc.
    January, April,           may etc.
Capitalize the first word in every line of poetry.
Birds, birds everywhere,
In the trees and in my hair;
Birds are fowl, but some are fair;
A bird is sitting in my chair!
Punctuation marks
3.                   Colons. (
    A colon looks like two periods, one on top of
 the other.
 Use a colon between the chapter and verse
 numbers when referring to the parts of the Bible.
 Genesis 1:7 (These refers to the book of
 Genesis, Chapter 1, Verse 7).
 Luke 3:15
  Psalms 22:17
  Use a colon after the greetings (salutation) to a
 formal or business letter.
  Dear Board of Directors:         Dear Editor:
  Dear Madam:                      Gentlemen:
  To Whom it May Concern:           Dear Sirs:
Capitalize the names of languages.
 French         Spanish          Latin
Capitalize the names of all the planets in solar
 system, including Earth (but not sun and moon).
 Jupiter, the largest planet, has many moons.
 There is more water than earth on the planet
 Earth, so our planet should be named Ocean.
Use a colon after headings in a memo.
To: Lanre
From: John
Date: July 19, 2000
Use a colon to separate the hours from the
 minutes when you write the time of day.
   2:17a.m                 8:05p.m
   6:19p.m
   Use a colon to separate a heading or an
 introductory label from the words that follow it.
 HEADLINE: Man falls Into Eyeglass Machine,
 Makes Spectacle of himself.
Punctuation marks
4.            Commas. (,)

   Put a comma between independent clauses
 of equal value when there are three or more,
 and they don‟t have commas in them.
 Katie bought the food, Tommy cooked the
 meal, and Essie washed the dishes.
Put a comma after the close of any letter
(personal or business, friendly or not).
Sincerely yours,          Love,
Best regards,              Warmest wishes,
Put a comma after the greeting of a personal
letter.
Dear Aunt Paula,          Hi, Max,
Put a comma to avoid confusion (by making the
reader pause slightly).
Shortly after, the carnival shut down.
Miriam rolled on, on her new roller skates.
Use commas to set off appositives.
 An appositive is a noun that comes after another
 noun(or noun phrase) and gives additional
 information about it. An appositive can come in
 the middle or end of a sentence.
 e.g.
        noun        appositive


  Dr. William, the headmaster of our school,
 never shouts.                          noun



  One appositive who never shouts is Dr. William,
       person
 the headmaster of our school.
Use commas to set off expressions or words
that brake the flow of thought at the beginning
or in the middle of a sentence.
 Well, I didn‟t realize he was seven feet tall
when I said I would go out on a date with him.
 At that time, however, the goat still lived in the
house.
Punctuation marks
5.        Exclamation points. (!)
   Exclamation points are sometimes called
 exclamation marks.
 Use an exclamation point at the end of an
 exclamatory sentence that is full of strong
 feelings (like joy, fear, anger or surprise).
 She loves me! She loves me! Who is she?
 I‟m going to be a banana in a television
 commercial!
 Put an exclamation point after a strong
 interjection at the beginning of a sentence.
    Yicks! The pickle truck turned over in the
 middle of town.
Punctuation marks
6.               Hyphens. (-)
  A hyphen is a short, horizontal line.
  Use a hyphen to connect parts of some
 compound nouns.
   son-in-law
   self-awareness
   tractor-trailer
  Use a hyphen with –elect.
   Mayor-elect,
   Governor-elect,
   President elect.
Put a hyphen in a compound word between a
prefix and a proper noun or an adjective.
  mid-July festival
  pro-Middle East peace
 Use a hyphen to join the parts of a fractions when
it is written out as words.
 two-fifths
 three-sixteenths
 five-eights
Use hyphens when you spell out a word for
emphasis.
 I want this filthy, that‟s f-i-l-t-h-y, room cleaned up
immediately!
When I say no, I mean no! N-o.No!
Put hyphen after some prefixes like ex-,self-,
and all-,expecially if the last letter of the
prefix is the same as the first letter of the
word it‟s connected to.
 anti-inflammatory ex-mayor
 re-elect                   pro-feminist
 all-loving
Punctuation marks
7.                Periods. (.)
 Put periods at the end of a sentence that
 states a fact, makes a comment, or expresses
 an opinion.
  Tuesday is the best day because I eat lunch
 early.
  A guppy is a little fish, but it can have
 hundreds of babies.
 Put a period at the end of a mild command or a
 request.
     Please stop doing that.
    Will you pass the peas, please.
Put a period after abbreviations.
 Ms. Diana,
 Mrs. Addison,
 Powell, Capt. (captain) Lew
 Dr. Sherman, Gen.(General)
 44 B.C.(or B.C.E)
 Smith & Co. (company)
 the science dept, (department)
Put a period after initials in people‟s names.
 Susan B. Anthony
 E.B. White
 Michall J. Fox
Punctuation marks
8.            Question marks. (?)
   Put a question mark at the end of a direct
 question.
   Is your name Miss Kleiman?
   How many miles are there in a light-year?
   What is your father‟s name?
 When you are not positively sure of a fact, put
 a question mark inside a pair of parentheses
 after the fact.
 Someone in his family-his great-great-
 grandfather(?)-was the general during the War
 of the Dancing Toads.
Punctuation marks
9.             Quotation marks. (“ ”)
   Put quotation marks around all the parts of a direct
   quotation.
1. at the beginning of a sentence:
 “Your homework for tomorrow is to build a medieval
   castle out of sugar cubes,” said the history teacher.
2. in the middle of a sentence:
   The history teacher said, “Your homework for
   tomorrow is to build a medieval castle out of sugar
   cubes,” and the class cheered.
3. at the end of a sentence:
   The history teacher said, “Your homework for
   tomorrow is to build a medieval castle out of sugar
   cubes.”
4. that is split up in a sentence:
 “Your homework for tomorrow,” said the history
  teacher, “is to build a medieval castle out of
  sugar cubes.”
  Put quotation marks around the titles of:
  songs: “My Old Kentucky Home”
  chapters in a book: “The Neighbors from
  outer space”
  Poems: “The road Not Taken”
  Speeches: “I Have a dream”
Punctuation marks
10.             Semicolon. (;)
   A semicolon looks like a period on top of a
 comma.
 Put a semicolon before certain conjunctions or
 other connecting words and phrases that join
 independent clauses in a compound sentence.
 Carlos was rich; however, he took the subway
 to work.
 Ladi paid for the gas; therefore, she should get
 to drive.
Punctuate the following sentences correctly.
1. tunde is traveling tomorrow
2. how long do we have to wait for the
  commencement of the program
3. ann went to the market and bought tomatoes
  magi onions groundnut oil and pepper for her
  home economic practicals
4 adebayo has five children tunde joy kemi rita
  kunle who are all in the same school
5. wow what a beautiful hat that is.
6. marys friend has travelled abroad
7. Paula unlike her sister is a good athlete
8. Aishat wrote to her mother in abuja, Here we
  are materially well off, but spiritually deprived.
9. how do you want the money the banker asked
  the man
10. Oh I forgot to return the borrowed book to the
  library

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Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptxPlant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
 

Punctuation marks

  • 3. 1. Apostrophe Apostrophes are used in three different ways: i. in possessive nouns ii. in contractions iii. to make letters, signs, symbols, and numbers plural Possessive Nouns. “To possess” means “to own.” So possessive nouns show ownership. A. Singular Possessive Nouns. Add „s to make any singular noun Possessive. e.g. The bird‟s wings were green and blue. Monica‟s hat blew across the street.
  • 4. B. Plural Possessive Nouns. If the last letter of a plural noun is s, just add an apostrophe to make the noun possessive. If the last letter of a plural noun is not s, add „s to make the noun possessive. Plural nouns that Possessive forms end with the letter s (add just an apostrophe) babies babies‟ teachers teaches‟ girls girls‟ Plural nouns that don‟t Plural possessive forms end with the letter s (add „s) children children‟s geese geese‟s men men‟s
  • 5. Contractions. Use an apostrophe in a contraction to show where the missing letter or letters used to be. “To contract means to shorten.” The two words being contracted are usually a pronoun + a verb (I + will= I‟ll) or a verb + “not” (did + not= didn‟t). common contractions. can‟t=cannot she‟ ll=she will doesn‟t=does not we‟d=we would/had he‟s=he is we‟re=we are I‟d=I would/had we‟ve=we have mightn‟t=might not would‟ve=would have needn‟t=need not you‟re=you are
  • 6. Use apostrophe to make letters, numbers, symbols signs, and punctuation marks plural. Sometimes when you are writing, you have to make something plural that isn‟t a word. Add „s to make a letter plural. e.g. Your a‟s look just like your u‟s because you don‟t close the tops. Her handwriting is weird. She dots her e‟s and crosses her b‟s. Add „s or just s to make a number or a decade plural. with an apostrophe: e.g. In the late 1960‟s, American astronauts went to the moon. Does your phone number have 4‟s or three?
  • 7. without an apostrophe: In the late 1990s, people looked forward to the twenty-first century. Please cut out more 6s for the math bulletin board. Add „s to make a symbol, sign, or punctuation mark plural. There are too many #‟s, &‟s, and !‟s on this poster. The math teacher says I make my =„s crooked.
  • 9. 2. Capital letters. Capitalize the first word in a sentence. The bunny ate too much, got dizzy, and fell off the sofa. Capitalize the pronoun „I‟. He had the nerve to say that I sang off key-I, who took singing lessons with Madame Margo for five years! Capitalize proper nouns. Roslyn Penn Columbia Prep School Rocky Mountains Capitalize proper adjectives. Proper adjectives come from proper nouns.
  • 10. Proper Noun Proper Adjective America American Boston Bostonian Florida Floridian Nigeria Nigerian Norway Norwegian Capitalize important titles, even if the person‟s name is not mentioned. The President of United States went to the circus. The Prime Minister forgot his hat at the conference.
  • 11. Capitalize abbreviation of titles after someone‟s name. Martin Luther King, Jr Esther Brill, Ph.D. John Ken, M.D Capitalize the days of the week and month of the year. Monday, Sunday, Friday, etc. January, April, may etc. Capitalize the first word in every line of poetry. Birds, birds everywhere, In the trees and in my hair; Birds are fowl, but some are fair; A bird is sitting in my chair!
  • 13. 3. Colons. ( A colon looks like two periods, one on top of the other. Use a colon between the chapter and verse numbers when referring to the parts of the Bible. Genesis 1:7 (These refers to the book of Genesis, Chapter 1, Verse 7). Luke 3:15 Psalms 22:17 Use a colon after the greetings (salutation) to a formal or business letter. Dear Board of Directors: Dear Editor: Dear Madam: Gentlemen: To Whom it May Concern: Dear Sirs:
  • 14. Capitalize the names of languages. French Spanish Latin Capitalize the names of all the planets in solar system, including Earth (but not sun and moon). Jupiter, the largest planet, has many moons. There is more water than earth on the planet Earth, so our planet should be named Ocean.
  • 15. Use a colon after headings in a memo. To: Lanre From: John Date: July 19, 2000 Use a colon to separate the hours from the minutes when you write the time of day. 2:17a.m 8:05p.m 6:19p.m Use a colon to separate a heading or an introductory label from the words that follow it. HEADLINE: Man falls Into Eyeglass Machine, Makes Spectacle of himself.
  • 17. 4. Commas. (,) Put a comma between independent clauses of equal value when there are three or more, and they don‟t have commas in them. Katie bought the food, Tommy cooked the meal, and Essie washed the dishes.
  • 18. Put a comma after the close of any letter (personal or business, friendly or not). Sincerely yours, Love, Best regards, Warmest wishes, Put a comma after the greeting of a personal letter. Dear Aunt Paula, Hi, Max, Put a comma to avoid confusion (by making the reader pause slightly). Shortly after, the carnival shut down. Miriam rolled on, on her new roller skates.
  • 19. Use commas to set off appositives. An appositive is a noun that comes after another noun(or noun phrase) and gives additional information about it. An appositive can come in the middle or end of a sentence. e.g. noun appositive Dr. William, the headmaster of our school, never shouts. noun One appositive who never shouts is Dr. William, person the headmaster of our school.
  • 20. Use commas to set off expressions or words that brake the flow of thought at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. Well, I didn‟t realize he was seven feet tall when I said I would go out on a date with him. At that time, however, the goat still lived in the house.
  • 22. 5. Exclamation points. (!) Exclamation points are sometimes called exclamation marks. Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence that is full of strong feelings (like joy, fear, anger or surprise). She loves me! She loves me! Who is she? I‟m going to be a banana in a television commercial! Put an exclamation point after a strong interjection at the beginning of a sentence. Yicks! The pickle truck turned over in the middle of town.
  • 24. 6. Hyphens. (-) A hyphen is a short, horizontal line. Use a hyphen to connect parts of some compound nouns. son-in-law self-awareness tractor-trailer Use a hyphen with –elect. Mayor-elect, Governor-elect, President elect.
  • 25. Put a hyphen in a compound word between a prefix and a proper noun or an adjective. mid-July festival pro-Middle East peace Use a hyphen to join the parts of a fractions when it is written out as words. two-fifths three-sixteenths five-eights Use hyphens when you spell out a word for emphasis. I want this filthy, that‟s f-i-l-t-h-y, room cleaned up immediately! When I say no, I mean no! N-o.No!
  • 26. Put hyphen after some prefixes like ex-,self-, and all-,expecially if the last letter of the prefix is the same as the first letter of the word it‟s connected to. anti-inflammatory ex-mayor re-elect pro-feminist all-loving
  • 28. 7. Periods. (.) Put periods at the end of a sentence that states a fact, makes a comment, or expresses an opinion. Tuesday is the best day because I eat lunch early. A guppy is a little fish, but it can have hundreds of babies. Put a period at the end of a mild command or a request. Please stop doing that. Will you pass the peas, please.
  • 29. Put a period after abbreviations. Ms. Diana, Mrs. Addison, Powell, Capt. (captain) Lew Dr. Sherman, Gen.(General) 44 B.C.(or B.C.E) Smith & Co. (company) the science dept, (department) Put a period after initials in people‟s names. Susan B. Anthony E.B. White Michall J. Fox
  • 31. 8. Question marks. (?) Put a question mark at the end of a direct question. Is your name Miss Kleiman? How many miles are there in a light-year? What is your father‟s name? When you are not positively sure of a fact, put a question mark inside a pair of parentheses after the fact. Someone in his family-his great-great- grandfather(?)-was the general during the War of the Dancing Toads.
  • 33. 9. Quotation marks. (“ ”) Put quotation marks around all the parts of a direct quotation. 1. at the beginning of a sentence: “Your homework for tomorrow is to build a medieval castle out of sugar cubes,” said the history teacher. 2. in the middle of a sentence: The history teacher said, “Your homework for tomorrow is to build a medieval castle out of sugar cubes,” and the class cheered. 3. at the end of a sentence: The history teacher said, “Your homework for tomorrow is to build a medieval castle out of sugar cubes.”
  • 34. 4. that is split up in a sentence: “Your homework for tomorrow,” said the history teacher, “is to build a medieval castle out of sugar cubes.” Put quotation marks around the titles of: songs: “My Old Kentucky Home” chapters in a book: “The Neighbors from outer space” Poems: “The road Not Taken” Speeches: “I Have a dream”
  • 36. 10. Semicolon. (;) A semicolon looks like a period on top of a comma. Put a semicolon before certain conjunctions or other connecting words and phrases that join independent clauses in a compound sentence. Carlos was rich; however, he took the subway to work. Ladi paid for the gas; therefore, she should get to drive.
  • 37. Punctuate the following sentences correctly. 1. tunde is traveling tomorrow 2. how long do we have to wait for the commencement of the program 3. ann went to the market and bought tomatoes magi onions groundnut oil and pepper for her home economic practicals 4 adebayo has five children tunde joy kemi rita kunle who are all in the same school 5. wow what a beautiful hat that is. 6. marys friend has travelled abroad 7. Paula unlike her sister is a good athlete
  • 38. 8. Aishat wrote to her mother in abuja, Here we are materially well off, but spiritually deprived. 9. how do you want the money the banker asked the man 10. Oh I forgot to return the borrowed book to the library