2. What are we going to talk about
today?
• What exactly is PLAGIARISM?
• Tips on fostering a culture of honesty and
academic integrity
• (following slides loosely based on a plagiarism
webinar of “2013 webinar series of
plagiarismadvice.org”)
3. What we want to look at in this session is :
the meaning and context of plagiarism,
the nature of plagiarism by students,
how do students perceive plagiarism,
how big a problem is student plagiarism,
why do students cheat,
what challenges are posed by digital plagiarism and
is there a need to promote academic integrity?
Plagiarism is common and getting more so (particularly with increased
access to digital sources, including the Internet),
there are multiple reasons why students plagiarise and that students often
rationalise their cheating behaviour and downplay the importance of
plagiarism by themselves and their peers.
develop cohesive frameworks for dealing with student plagiarism that are
based on prevention supported by robust detection and penalty systems
that are transparent and applied consistently.
4. According to Wikipedia…
• “Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining
(stealing) and publication" of another author's
"language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the
representation of them as one's own original work.[1][2] The
idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and
unclear rules.[3][4][5][6] The modern concept of plagiarism as
immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only
in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic
movement.
• Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach
of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like
expulsion.
• Plagiarism is not a crime per se but in academia and
industry it is a serious ethical offense,[7][8] and cases of
plagiarism can constitute copyright infringement.”
5. Responsible scholarship
• Plagiarism is a complex issue
• Not only one definition, description and meaning exist.
• All universities treat plagiarism differently, according to their own needs and occurrences.
– Some have clear guidelines, some have hidden guidelines, some try to avoid the issue.
• For a students responsible scholarship means to find out exactly what is required in the academic world.
• It is important to understand and comprehend fully the steps, procedures, practices and processes.
• Best practice, fairness and seeking continuous advice are essential
• Students should be introduced to the concept of a.s.a.p. in their academic career as a fundamental policy.
• Vocabulary: responsible, accountable, procedures, best practice, fairness, continuous
advice, essential, fundamental, ownership, straightforward, ethical, honest, assertive, self-reliant, self-
leadership, learning improving
• REDUCES : dishonesty, problems, cheating, defensiveness, policing, victimhood and plagiarism,
6. Why do students plagiarise (even
when they know it’s wrong) ?
8. • It is important at this stage to understand that
PUNISHMENT is not necessarily the best way
to deal with plagiarism.
• Develop a CULTURE of honesty and promote
integrity rather than punish dishonesty.
• Educators, supervisors, professors, academics
do NOT feel like policing students, catching
them and punishing them.
9. Plagiarism from then to now has
merely changed in the format
• Conventional
• Copy by hand or on person from someone
else and submit as your own
• Work on an assignment with others when
instructor asked for individual work
• Copy or paraphrase from a book magazine
journal a few sentences without citation
• From a friend or another student : obtain
or purchase a complete paper and submit
it as your own
• Digital
• Copy from instant messaging or e-mail
and submit as your own
• Same but work online via email or instant
messaging, when instructor asked for
individual work
• Paraphrase or copy form the internet a
few sentences or papagraphs without
citation
• From an internet website: obtain or
purchase a complete paper and submit as
your own
15. Goals: students should focus on
developing competence
• Engage : in own interests and passions
• Elaborate : make connections b/w learning and the
world outside
• Emphasize : focus on self-referenced efforts, learning
and improvement
• Empower : develop a sense of control over your
product
• Evaluate : expect personalized and private assessment
from your supervisor
• TAKE OWNERSHIP
16. Bloom’s taxonomy of learning
• 3 DOMAINS of learning
– Cognitive : mental skills (knowledge)
– Affective ; emotional skills ( attitude or self)
– Psychomotor (manual or physical (skills)
(Bloom, 1956)
17. A quick guide to referencing
Paraphrasing
Why
referencing is
so important
Building a
complete
reference
Different
referencing
styles
Patchworking
sources
Good research
techniques
22. UCT US WITS Oxford Stanford Purdue Lafayette,Indiana
Guide to committees of
assessors
No documents on
Plagiarism available for
outside staff and students
It is your responsibility to familiarise
yourself with all guidelines on
plagiarism. The Department
practices a no-tolerance approach to
plagiarism. Any evidence of
plagiarism will be dealt with by
disciplinary measures that may
result in the expulsion of the student
from the course as well as the
university. "Academic Good Practice" (Through the office of the ombud) Research and Citation
Plagiarism in postgraduate
research courses: A guide
to examining bodies
One very formal policy
document, no explanation to
students
Why does plagiarism matter? What Is Plagiarism?
Using Research
Avoiding plagiarism: a
guide for staff members
Why should you avoid plagiarism?
The definitions and rules on plagiarism can
be difficult to ascertain, especially when
taking into consideration factors such as
your audience or environment. To that end,
on May 22, 2003, the Board on Judicial
Affairs adopted the following statement:
Writing with Statistics
Avoiding plagiarism: a
guide for students
What to avoid
Strategies for Fair Use
Senate Policy on
Referencing Conventions
and Declaration Regarding
Plagiarism
What happens if you are
suspected of plagiarism?
For purposes of the Stanford University
Honor Code, plagiarism is defined as the use,
without giving reasonable and appropriate
credit to or acknowledging the author or
source, of another person's original work,
whether such work is made up of code,
formulas, ideas, language, research,
strategies, writing or other form(s). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and
Summarizing
Proposal to Amend the
Standard Plagiarism
Declaration
Does this mean that I shouldn’t
use the work of other authors?
Paraphrase Exercises
Does every statement in my essay
have to be backed up with
references?
In considering the subject of plagiarism for
purposes of Stanford's Honor Code, it is also
imperative to consult the Intent/Reasonable
Person Standard. Documenting Electronic Sources
Does this only matter in exams? Avoiding Plagiarism
Unintentional plagiarism
It is also important to note, when in doubt
about whether something is or is not
plagiarism, a general rule would be to ask
the faculty member in charge. Overview
Plagiarism Quiz Is It Plagiarism?
Sources on Plagiarism Safe Practices
Bedford/St. Martins: “Strategies for
Teaching with Online Tools – Plagiarism” Plagiarism Exercise
Council of Writing Program Administrators:
“Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA
Statement on Best Practices” Best Practices for Teachers
23. Conclusions:
• We want to avoid academic misconduct at all costs. How can we
achieve that?
• Have CLEAR guidelines visible and UNDERSTAND them completely.
• Ask if anything is unclear.
• Reinforce by several and regular statements about self-respect and
honour
• Emphasize honesty in general and academic honesty in particular
• It is not about busting, policing and punishing at all.
• Be willing to sign an honour code or academic integrity pledge
• Understand the meaning and purpose of scholarship
• Be ready to DEFEND your thesis orally and answer tricky questions
about the content
Notes de l'éditeur
Ignorance: NOT ALL plagiarism is cheating ! Many people are truly ignorant and do not understand that they doing something illegal. Guidance on what exactly plagiarism is should be provided at all times and regularly with examples students can easily relate to..Irrelevant courses : Beating the system:Improving marksPoor time managementPoor learning environmentCultural differencesLow self-esteem: ;ow efficacy and sense of ability
Document style and layout : appearance, change in fonts, indentation, punctuation that do not make senseChanges in writing style : after some style changes might indicate text from another authorHard to find or out of date sources : obscure sources, sometimes just to fill the bibliography. Students should always be up-to-date with latest resources and research and reference accordingly. Sources should be checked That sources are actually available and how they were accessed.Failure to answer the question : Work should be consistent throughout and have the Research question in mind. If student is unable to talk about his/her work and justify their own argument, it is dubiousTuritin : leading plagiarism software against a vast database of student work, online sources and archived content. An originality report is sent on the value of the authenticity of a piece of workSpelling and phrases: a different way of spelling than in the local area is used is supicious. Word and meaning could change if copied.
Assess the process: start with research, notes, linking ideas, redrafting are as important as the end result. Submit work-in-progress, reports, comments, review notes which are all important factors to avoid PL…on the journey, make it a REGULAR feature!Offer constructive feedback : Expect a high quality feedback REGULARLY from your supervisor at all stages of the writing process, which will help you to stay motivated and address potential issuesMake it personal : Pick a research topic that is relevant to you! This will generate aunique piece of work and puts YOU in controlThink for yourself : Don’t “list” and “describe”. Use critical thinking to evaluate and synthesise the work of others. Find your unique voice! Remember Bloom’s taxonomy of learning!Encourage peer review: Let your work be reviewed by peers . Research shows that researchers are more likely to produce an original and well researched piece of work if “peer-pressure” is used. Peers are good in detecting unoriginal work!Use technology : live in the digital world. Use blogs and forums to generate debate. Use video and audio sources. Encourage contributions through Social Media.Be aware of changed assessments tactics..what counted last year as “good” writing and ideas, might be outdates this year.Nuture AI and AH commitment all the time
Model, Hierarchy,Level of AbstractionRemember : recall previous learnt informationUnderstand : comprehend and state the problem in one’s own wordsApply : use the material in a new situationAnalize : separates material into concepts, distinguishes between facts and implicationsEvaluate : make judgments about the value of materialCreate : build a structure, form a whole, create new meaning
Why referencing is so important : Avoid being accused of plagiarism. Also motiavates for wieder reading and more and more thorough research, which makes it ANYWAY more interesting for the reader. Attribute and achknowledge sources ALL the time.Paraphrasing : is a skill that can be learnt! It is NOT replacing words with synonyms, AND still needs to be referenced and be present in the reference list.Different referencing styles: Referencing standards, some are particular to certain subjects. Get clear guidance! Includes in-text-citation and bibliography. DIANNE will expand.Patchworking sources : Patchworking quotes form different sources, even if referenced correctly is NOT a good writing style. Turnitin demonstrates CLEARLY visually patchworking techniques and why it is so important to add your own thoughts and opinions.Good research techniques : Keeping track of sources and references all the time; Bookmarking webpages, manually taking notes on cards, highlighting text in different colours. Use reference management tool software.Building a COMPLETE reference: Author, year, title, chapter, Place of publication, volume or edition number, page numbers, URL or website, date information was accessed, Bill no, map sheet number
Relevant search terms : Write a list of search term and a list of synonymsAppropriate use of search engines : Key research and evaluation skills suffer because standard searches deliver low standard results. Google Scholar delivers peer reviewed results. Not ranked by popularity but by number of citations.Images : are also subject to copyright restrictions. Clicking on the image can determine its owner.Wikipedia: Starting point – GOOD source, HOWEVER< entries can be edited by anyone; question accuracy and reliabilityDatabases: continuous high standards, written and reviewed by expertsElectronic journals : high standards, peer-reviewed, latest research, wide subject area, expensiveEvaluate all sources : be critical especially where sources are located, learn how to evaluate, i.t.o.relevancy, reliability
10 Types of original work according to TurnitinClone : submitting another’s work word by word as one’s ownCntrl C: Text form a single source without alterationsFin-replace Changing keywords and titles, but retaining the essential contentRemix : Paraphrases from multiple sourcesRecycle: from writer’s previous work without citationHybrid : combination b/w perfectly cited sources and copies passages without citationMashup mixes copied materials from multiple sources404-error citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sourcesAggregator : proper citations but no original workRe-tweet : proper citations, but relies too closely to the text’s original wording or structure.