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Webinar - 9 May 2008 Case Study - Photovoltaics
Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Site > Where
Site > Global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m 2  year) Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007 http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ 1300 kWh/m2 per year
Site > Electricity from PV systems Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007 http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ (1100 kWh/kWp year)
Site > The house
Site > The house Area: 356 m 2 Electricity consumption: 5.500 kWh/year
Site > The house Orientation Roof area (South): 95 m 2
Site > Area for installation Orientation: South Area: 45 m 2 Slope: 19°
Design criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Design criteria > Incentivising tariffs 0,44 0,4 0,36 P > 20 kW  0,46 0,42 0,38 3 kW < P ≤ 20 kW  0,49 0,44 0,4 1 kW  ≤ P  ≤ 3 kW  Integrated Partially integrated Not integrated Incentivising Tariffs (€/kWh)  PV System Capacity (kWp)
Design criteria > Contract Type and Energy usage PV energy Contract Type No sale Partial sale Complete sale Net Metering Energy sale
Design criteria > Contract Type and Rated Power PV system Net metering ≤  20kW Sale contract > 20kW
Design criteria >  Contract Type and PV energy value PV energy Used Net metering Used Sale contract To grid To grid Energy Energy 0,4  €/kWh 0,12-0,18  €/kWh 0  €/kWh 0,12-0,18  €/kWh 0,1  €/kWh
Design criteria > PV System size ,[object Object]
PV system components (PV SC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PV SC > System overview Grid Energy measurement Coupling point Main Switch Load Interface Int. Protection PV energy measurement PV System switch Inverter PV modules
PV SC >  PV Generator, module features
PV SC >  PV Generator, module features
PV SC > PV Generator Module Diode 407,40 Vmpp @ STC (V) 344,73 Vmpp, min @ Ta, max (V) 460,74 Vmpp, max @ Ta, min (V) 9,91 Isc, max (A) 562,94 Voc, max @ Ta, min (V) 2940 System rated peak power (W) 1 Arrays 14 Modules
PV SC > PV Generator > constructive aspects PV module Roof underlay Tiles Orientation : -5° (South 0, East -90, West 90) Slope : 19°
PV SC > PV Generator > Final result
PV SC > Inverter, MPPT I V PV generator Inverter T cell, min T cell, max MPP MPP
PV SC > Inverter, efficiency Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2 MPPT adjustment efficiency Source: Photon International www.photon-magazine.com
PV SC > Inverter, efficiency Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2 Overall efficiency Source: Photon International www.photon-magazine.com
PV SC > Inverter
PV SC > DC & AC Cables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cross section: 4, 6 mm 2 Formation: 1X 0,6/1 kV
PV SC > DC & AC Cables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection Inverter PV modules Meter QS 2 QP1 To load Grid Existing electrical installation QS 1
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection Inverter PV modules Meter QS 2 QP1 To load Grid Existing electrical installation QS 1
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection 0,3 Rated residual current B Residual current type 6 Breaking capacity C Curve Magnetic release type C Curve Termical release type 25 32 16 Rated current QS 1 QS2 QP1
PV SC > Metering ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],On way meter Two way meter Near the inverter
PV SC > Earthing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PV SC > Overvoltage protection Direct lightning strike Building LPS ? PV system increases strike frequency? Class 1 LPS New risk assessment LPS integration Risk assessment No No No Yes Yes Yes
PV SC > Overvoltage protection Indirect lightning strike SPD SPD SPD PV System
Tests and Inspections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tests and Inspections > On site inspections Inverter Rack Cables Modules Yes Yes Plate damage Yes Yes Fan Yes Yes Connections Yes Yes Operation and alarm signalling No Yes Inverter proper installation Yes Yes Plate damage Yes Yes Earthing conductors damage Yes No Fuses Yes No Water/corrosion Yes Yes Terminal installation No Yes Rack proper installation Yes Yes Circuit identification Yes No Mechanical and fault stresses No Yes Cables type and installation Yes Yes Plate damage Yes No Boxes damage Yes Yes Earthing conductors damage Yes No Frame corrosion Yes Yes Module damage Yes Yes Module installation Periodic inspection Acceptance Type
Bill of materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Investment analysis > Energy cost Environment and energy. 2006. (epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu) Calculation made on the basis of variation average index for domestic energy cost calculated for 2000-2006 (source Eurostat)   Average: +0,26% / year 0,29 20 0,19 1 Electric energy (€/kWh) (VAT excluded) Year
Investment analysis > Cash Flows 5,4% Rate of return +7684,4€ NPV 2% Discount rate €  14.543,93  -€ 1.220,01  -€ 21.080,36  -€ 23.181,31  Cash flows €  1.931,33  -€  764,79  €  2.100,96  Balance -€  100,00  -€ 2.881,76  -€  100,00  -€ 23.181,31  Total €  -  €  -  €  -  Insurance €  -  -€ 2.781,76  €  -  Maintenance -€  100,00  -€  100,00  -€  100,00  Operative         Costs €  2.031,33  €  2.116,97  €  2.200,96  Total €  1.234,57  €  1.356,50  €  1.524,15  Incentives €  796,77  €  760,47  €  676,80  Energy savings €  -  €  -  €  -  Energy sale         Incomes 20th 12th 1st 0   Year
Investment analysis > Cash Flows
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Photovoltaics Case Study

  • 1. Webinar - 9 May 2008 Case Study - Photovoltaics
  • 2.
  • 4. Site > Global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m 2 year) Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007 http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ 1300 kWh/m2 per year
  • 5. Site > Electricity from PV systems Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007 http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ (1100 kWh/kWp year)
  • 6. Site > The house
  • 7. Site > The house Area: 356 m 2 Electricity consumption: 5.500 kWh/year
  • 8. Site > The house Orientation Roof area (South): 95 m 2
  • 9. Site > Area for installation Orientation: South Area: 45 m 2 Slope: 19°
  • 10.
  • 11. Design criteria > Incentivising tariffs 0,44 0,4 0,36 P > 20 kW 0,46 0,42 0,38 3 kW < P ≤ 20 kW 0,49 0,44 0,4 1 kW ≤ P ≤ 3 kW Integrated Partially integrated Not integrated Incentivising Tariffs (€/kWh) PV System Capacity (kWp)
  • 12. Design criteria > Contract Type and Energy usage PV energy Contract Type No sale Partial sale Complete sale Net Metering Energy sale
  • 13. Design criteria > Contract Type and Rated Power PV system Net metering ≤ 20kW Sale contract > 20kW
  • 14. Design criteria > Contract Type and PV energy value PV energy Used Net metering Used Sale contract To grid To grid Energy Energy 0,4 €/kWh 0,12-0,18 €/kWh 0 €/kWh 0,12-0,18 €/kWh 0,1 €/kWh
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. PV SC > System overview Grid Energy measurement Coupling point Main Switch Load Interface Int. Protection PV energy measurement PV System switch Inverter PV modules
  • 18. PV SC > PV Generator, module features
  • 19. PV SC > PV Generator, module features
  • 20. PV SC > PV Generator Module Diode 407,40 Vmpp @ STC (V) 344,73 Vmpp, min @ Ta, max (V) 460,74 Vmpp, max @ Ta, min (V) 9,91 Isc, max (A) 562,94 Voc, max @ Ta, min (V) 2940 System rated peak power (W) 1 Arrays 14 Modules
  • 21. PV SC > PV Generator > constructive aspects PV module Roof underlay Tiles Orientation : -5° (South 0, East -90, West 90) Slope : 19°
  • 22. PV SC > PV Generator > Final result
  • 23. PV SC > Inverter, MPPT I V PV generator Inverter T cell, min T cell, max MPP MPP
  • 24. PV SC > Inverter, efficiency Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2 MPPT adjustment efficiency Source: Photon International www.photon-magazine.com
  • 25. PV SC > Inverter, efficiency Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2 Overall efficiency Source: Photon International www.photon-magazine.com
  • 26. PV SC > Inverter
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection Inverter PV modules Meter QS 2 QP1 To load Grid Existing electrical installation QS 1
  • 30. PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection Inverter PV modules Meter QS 2 QP1 To load Grid Existing electrical installation QS 1
  • 31. PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch & overcurrent protection 0,3 Rated residual current B Residual current type 6 Breaking capacity C Curve Magnetic release type C Curve Termical release type 25 32 16 Rated current QS 1 QS2 QP1
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. PV SC > Overvoltage protection Direct lightning strike Building LPS ? PV system increases strike frequency? Class 1 LPS New risk assessment LPS integration Risk assessment No No No Yes Yes Yes
  • 35. PV SC > Overvoltage protection Indirect lightning strike SPD SPD SPD PV System
  • 36.
  • 37. Tests and Inspections > On site inspections Inverter Rack Cables Modules Yes Yes Plate damage Yes Yes Fan Yes Yes Connections Yes Yes Operation and alarm signalling No Yes Inverter proper installation Yes Yes Plate damage Yes Yes Earthing conductors damage Yes No Fuses Yes No Water/corrosion Yes Yes Terminal installation No Yes Rack proper installation Yes Yes Circuit identification Yes No Mechanical and fault stresses No Yes Cables type and installation Yes Yes Plate damage Yes No Boxes damage Yes Yes Earthing conductors damage Yes No Frame corrosion Yes Yes Module damage Yes Yes Module installation Periodic inspection Acceptance Type
  • 38.
  • 39. Investment analysis > Energy cost Environment and energy. 2006. (epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu) Calculation made on the basis of variation average index for domestic energy cost calculated for 2000-2006 (source Eurostat) Average: +0,26% / year 0,29 20 0,19 1 Electric energy (€/kWh) (VAT excluded) Year
  • 40. Investment analysis > Cash Flows 5,4% Rate of return +7684,4€ NPV 2% Discount rate € 14.543,93 -€ 1.220,01 -€ 21.080,36 -€ 23.181,31 Cash flows € 1.931,33 -€ 764,79 € 2.100,96 Balance -€ 100,00 -€ 2.881,76 -€ 100,00 -€ 23.181,31 Total € - € - € - Insurance € - -€ 2.781,76 € - Maintenance -€ 100,00 -€ 100,00 -€ 100,00 Operative         Costs € 2.031,33 € 2.116,97 € 2.200,96 Total € 1.234,57 € 1.356,50 € 1.524,15 Incentives € 796,77 € 760,47 € 676,80 Energy savings € - € - € - Energy sale         Incomes 20th 12th 1st 0   Year
  • 41. Investment analysis > Cash Flows
  • 42.