This is for the computer science students those who want a guide for understanding the concepts

1. Classes and Objects in C++
Data Types
• Recall that C++ has predefined data types,
such as int
• int x; // Creates a specific instance of an
// integer named x
• C++ also predefines operations that can
be used on integers, such as + and *
Classes
• Sometimes, a programmer will want to
define a custom "thing" and the operations
that can be performed on that "thing"
• A class is the definition
• An object is a particular instance of a class
• Classes contain
– data, called members
– functions, called methods
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2. Class Declaration
class Class_name
{
public:
member (data) definitions
method (function) definitions
private:
member (data) definitions
method (function) definitions
};
// order of public and private can be reversed
// data is seldom public
// note semicolon after }
Public and Private
• Public members and methods can be
accessed from outside the class and
provide the interface
• Private members and methods cannot be
accessed from outside the class
Data Hiding
• Recall that many programmers can each write a
small piece of a large program
• Need to have some way to define how other
programmers can use your stuff
– Public methods are the only way for any other code to
access the class
• Need to have some way to keep other
programmers from messing up your stuff
– Private methods and members cannot be accessed
from outside the class
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3. Reusability and
Changeability
• Writing programs is expensive, so
organizations try to reuse code and avoid
changing it
• If classes are well written, they can be
reused in several programs
• Also, the internals of a class can be
rewritten - as long as the interface does not
change, programs that use that class do
not need to be changed
Example 1
Create a counter. Other parts of the
program should be able to increment the
counter and read the counter
class Counter {
public:
// constructor to initialize the object - note no function type
Counter ( ) {
currentcount = 0;
};
// increment the counter
void count( ) {
currentcount++;
};
// get the current value of the counter
int readcounter( ) {
return currentcount;
};
private:
int currentcount;
};
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4. Constructors
• Constructors are methods that initialize an
object
– Must have same name as the class
– Declaration is odd - no function type
Counter ( ) { ..... }
– Not required, but should be used when data
needs to be initialized
– Never explicitly called - automatically called
when an object of this class is declared
Destructors
• Destructors are methods that clean up
when an object is destroyed
– Must have the same name as the class, but
with a ~ in front
– No function type in declaration
~ Counter ( ) { ..... }
– Also not required, but should be provided if
necessary to release memory, for example
– Never explicitly called - automatically called
when an object of this class is destroyed
Creating an Object
• To create an instance of class counter
(called an object) declare it as you would
any other variable
Class_name object_name(s);
– This automatically calls the constructor
method to initialize the object
Counter my_counter;
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5. Using an Object
• Using a public method is similar to a
function call
object_name.method_name (arguments)
my_counter.count( );
int current = my_counter.readcounter( );
Using an Object
• Common error - using the class name
instead of the object name
Counter.count ( );
// WRONG!
my_counter.count ( ); // RIGHT!
• Common error - trying to use private
members or methods outside the class
cout << currentcount ; // WRONG!
cout << my_counter.readcounter ( ); // RIGHT!
Putting It All Together
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
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6. class Counter {
public:
// constructor to initialize the object
Counter ( ) {
currentcount = 0;
};
// increment the counter
void count( ) {
currentcount++;
};
// get the current value of the counter
int readcounter( ) {
return currentcount;
};
private:
int currentcount;
};
int main ( )
{
// declare two objects
Counter first_counter, second_counter;
// increment counters
first_counter.count( );
second_counter.count( );
second_counter.count( );
//display counts
cout << "first counter is " << first_counter.readcounter( ) << endl;
cout << "second counter is " << second_counter.readcounter( ) << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
first counter is 1
second counter is 2
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7. Global Scope
• Anything declared outside of a function,
such as the class in this example or a
variable, can be used by any function in
the program and is global
• Anything declared inside a function can
only be used in that function
• Usual to declare classes to be global
• Global variables are bad programming
practice and should be avoided
Function Prototypes in
Class Declarations
• In the previous example, the functions
(methods) were completely declared within
the class declaration
• Often more readable to put only function
prototypes in the class declaration and put
the method implementations later
• use class_name::method_name when
declaring the methods
• This is the usual convention
class Counter {
public:
Counter ( );
void count( );
int readcounter( );
private:
int currentcount;
}
Counter::Counter ( ) {
currentcount = 0;
}
void Counter::count ( ){
currentcount ++;
}
int Counter::readcounter ( ){
return currentcount ;
}
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8. Identifying Classes
• Often, it is not immediately obvious what
the classes should be to solve a particular
problem
• One hint is to consider some of the nouns
in the problem statement to be the
classes. The verbs in the problem
statement will then be the methods.
Example 2
• Write a program that manages a
checkbook. The user should be able to
set the original account balance, deposit
money in the account, remove money
when a check is written, and query the
current balance.
Example 2
class CheckBook
public methods are init, deposit, check, and query
Pseudocode for main program
display menu and get user choice
while user does not choose quit
Set starting balance: get the amount, call init
Deposit: get amount, call deposit
Write a check: get amount, call check
Balance: call query, display balance
display menu and get user choice
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9. Example 2 Program
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
Class Declaration
class CheckBook{
private:
float balance;
public:
CheckBook ( );
void init (float);
void deposit (float);
void check (float);
float query ( );
};
//constructor
// set balance
//add deposit
//subtract check
//get balance
Class Method
Declarations
CheckBook::CheckBook ( ) {
balance = 0;
}
void CheckBook::init (float money) {
balance = money;
}
void CheckBook::deposit (float money) {
balance = balance + money;
}
void CheckBook:: check (float money){
balance = balance - money;
}
float CheckBook:: query ( ){
return balance;
}
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10. Menu Function
int menu ( ) {
int choice;
cout << "0: Quit" << endl;
cout << "1: Set initial balance" << endl;
cout << "2: Deposit" << endl;
cout << "3: Deduct a check" << endl;
cout << "4: Find current balance" << endl;
cout << "Please enter your selection: ";
cin >> choice;
return choice;
}
int main ( )
{
int sel = menu ( ); // get initial user input
float amount;
CheckBook my_checks; // declare object
// loop until user enters 0 to quit
while (sel != 0) {
// set initial balance
if (sel == 1) {
cout << "Please enter initial balance: ";
cin >> amount;
my_checks.init(amount );
}
// deposit
else if (sel == 2) {
cout << "Please enter deposit amount: ";
cin >> amount;
my_checks.deposit (amount):
}
// checks
else if (sel == 3) {
cout << "Please enter amount of check: ";
cin >> amount;
my_checks.check (amount);
}
// balance inquiry
else if (sel == 4) {
cout << fixed << setprecision(2);
cout << "The balance is " <<
my_checks.query ( ) << endl;
}
// get next user choice
sel = menu ( );
} // end while
return 0;
}
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11. Example 3
• Write a class Can that calculates the
surface area, volume, and weight of a can
surface area = 2p r(r+h)
volume = p r2h
weight (aluminum) = 0.1oz/in2 of surface
area
weight (steel) = 0.5 oz/in2 of surface
Class Can
class Can {
private:
float radius, height;
char material; // S for steel, A for aluminum
public:
Can (float, float, char);
float volume ( );
float surface_area( );
float weight ( );
};
Methods
// constructor has arguments
Can::Can(float r, float h, char m){
radius = r;
height = h;
material = m;
}
float Can::volume( ) {
return (3.14 * radius * radius * height);
}
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12. Methods
float Can::surface_area ( ){
return ( 2 * 3.14* radius * (radius + height));
}
float Can::weight ( ) {
if (material == 'S')
return ( 0.5 * surface_area( ));
else
return (0.1 * surface_area( ) );
}
Main
int main ( ) {
Can popcan(1, 5, 'A');
cout << "Aluminum popcan is about 5 inches high and 1
inch in diameter." << endl;
cout << "Volume is " << popcan.volume( ) << " cubic
inches" << endl;
cout << "Surface area is " << popcan.surface_area ( )
<<" square inches" << endl;
cout << "Weight is " << popcan.weight ( ) << " ounces"
<< endl;
return 0;
}
Output
Aluminum popcan is about 5 inches high
and 1 inch in diameter.
Volume is 15.7 cubic inches
Surface area is 37.68 square inches
Weight is 3.768 ounces
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13. C++ has built-in classes
• Recall that to create an input file, use
// class definition in fstream
#include <fstream>
// class is ifstream, object is input_file
ifstream input_file;
//close is a method of ifstream
input_file.close ( );
String Class
#include <string> //class definition here
// class is string, object is my_name
string my_name;
// Can set the object directly
my_name = "Joan";
// methods
cout << my_name.length( );
//4
//substring of length 2 starting from character 0
cout << my_name.substr(0, 2);
//Jo
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