ATUS - A Toolkit for Usable Security

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With the increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) and the transformation of economic activities in computer networks, IT security is becoming more and more important. The use of secure IT systems are the basis for a user to protect his privacy, i.e. his right to informational self-determination. However, users can only work safely, secure, and protect their privacy, when the ICT systems are usable according to the user's expertise and preferences. The team ATUS (A Toolkit for Usable Security) argues that security and usability needs to be extended from HCI to HCI+ with comprehensive user interfaces and security mechanims for control and transparency of personal data processing. Identity management as a security application assists users in enforcing their balanced security requirements. It allows a context-dependent actions under different roles. The project team ATUS presents with the iManager a prototype for identity management on a mobile personal device of the user.

Science

Priority Programme of the German Research Foundation
“Security in Information- and Communicationtechnology”
10
48
42
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Problem Category I Problem Category II Problem Category III Problem Category
IV
Citations
Prof. Dr. Günter Müller
Rafael Accorsi, Maike Gilliot,
Sebastian Höhn, Sven Wohlgemuth
Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg
Institute of Computer Science and Social Studies
A Toolkit for Usable Security
Department of Telematics
www.telematik.uni-freiburg.de
e-mail: atus@iig.uni-freiburg.de
Secure Delegation of RightsPartial Identities
HC+I
control
Dynamic Systems
Controllability
Observability
observe
Does Usability Matter? Dynamic Systems: Loss of Control
Take Machine-to-Machine Communication into Account
• Comprehensible User Interfaces
• Controlling Use of Data
• Observing Use of Data
Approach: Extend HCI to HC+I
PC I: Usability Problems, No Effects on Security
PC II: Security Relevant, Security Concept is Comprehensible and Familiar
PC III: Security Relevant, Security Concept is Unknown
PC IV: Technical Security Problems
Secure Logging
13: Show one-show credential(attributes, proxy, restrictions)
12: Request patents, establish pseudonym12: Request patents, establish pseudonym
9: Show proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions),
establish pseudonym
11: Return one-show credential(attributes, proxy, restrictions)
10: Verify delegation(proxyCredential, policy), log delegation
4: Request proxyCredential(attributes, proxy, policy), establish pseudonym
5: Show credential(attributes, user)
7: Return proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions)
8: Forward proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions)
2: Query for attributes
3: Decide delegation request
1: Request patents, establish pseudonym
iManager
+ anonyme
Credentials
Alternative
zur
Weitergabe
von
kMaxkMax
6: Add entry (TID, attributes, pseudonym, credential, policy)
to delegation list
iManager
+ anonyme
Credentials

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Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

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Theoretical predictions and observational data indicate a class of sub-Neptune exoplanets may have water-rich interiors covered by hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Provided suitable climate conditions, such planets could host surface liquid oceans. Motivated by recent JWST observations of K2-18 b, we self-consistently model the photochemistry and potential detectability of biogenic sulfur gases in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptune waterworlds for the first time. On Earth today, organic sulfur compounds produced by marine biota are rapidly destroyed by photochemical processes before they can accumulate to significant levels. Domagal-Goldman et al. suggest that detectable biogenic sulfur signatures could emerge in Archean-like atmospheres with higher biological production or low UV flux. In this study, we explore biogenic sulfur across a wide range of biological fluxes and stellar UV environments. Critically, the main photochemical sinks are absent on the nightside of tidally locked planets. To address this, we further perform experiments with a 3D general circulation model and a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN 2D) to simulate the global distribution of biogenic gases to investigate their terminator concentrations as seen via transmission spectroscopy. Our models indicate that biogenic sulfur gases can rise to potentially detectable levels on hydrogen-rich water worlds, but only for enhanced global biosulfur flux (20 times modern Earth’s flux). We find that it is challenging to identify DMS at 3.4 μm where it strongly overlaps with CH4, whereas it is more plausible to detect DMS and companion byproducts, ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6), in the mid-infrared between 9 and 13 μm. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet atmospheres (487); Exoplanet

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ATUS - A Toolkit for Usable Security

1. Priority Programme of the German Research Foundation “Security in Information- and Communicationtechnology” 10 48 42 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Problem Category I Problem Category II Problem Category III Problem Category IV Citations Prof. Dr. Günter Müller Rafael Accorsi, Maike Gilliot, Sebastian Höhn, Sven Wohlgemuth Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg Institute of Computer Science and Social Studies A Toolkit for Usable Security Department of Telematics www.telematik.uni-freiburg.de e-mail: atus@iig.uni-freiburg.de Secure Delegation of RightsPartial Identities HC+I control Dynamic Systems Controllability Observability observe Does Usability Matter? Dynamic Systems: Loss of Control Take Machine-to-Machine Communication into Account • Comprehensible User Interfaces • Controlling Use of Data • Observing Use of Data Approach: Extend HCI to HC+I PC I: Usability Problems, No Effects on Security PC II: Security Relevant, Security Concept is Comprehensible and Familiar PC III: Security Relevant, Security Concept is Unknown PC IV: Technical Security Problems Secure Logging 13: Show one-show credential(attributes, proxy, restrictions) 12: Request patents, establish pseudonym12: Request patents, establish pseudonym 9: Show proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions), establish pseudonym 11: Return one-show credential(attributes, proxy, restrictions) 10: Verify delegation(proxyCredential, policy), log delegation 4: Request proxyCredential(attributes, proxy, policy), establish pseudonym 5: Show credential(attributes, user) 7: Return proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions) 8: Forward proxyCredential(TID, attributes, proxy, restrictions) 2: Query for attributes 3: Decide delegation request 1: Request patents, establish pseudonym iManager + anonyme Credentials Alternative zur Weitergabe von kMaxkMax 6: Add entry (TID, attributes, pseudonym, credential, policy) to delegation list iManager + anonyme Credentials

ATUS - A Toolkit for Usable Security

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