1. FACTORS AFFECTING

2. INTRODUCTION
• Previously,identifiying the effective second
language learning strategies of language
learners is a topic that has received many
positive attention in the field of second
language acquisition. Recently, research has
focused on the factors that affect strategy
use. Attention has been focused in these
areas largely because effective strategy use
and the factors affecting strategy use are
said to contribute to the language
learner's success in language learning.

3. FACTORS AFFECTING LLS
For my presentation, I have choose FIVE
factors out of TEN. These factors included :
•Age
•Cultural background
•Gender
•Career choice
•Motivation

4. • Different age give different effects
• Based on research:
 Young children
(Wong-Fillmore, 1979) : showed that cognitive
and social strategies
 primary school children
(Purdie and Oliver 1999 ) :metacognitive strategies
 Secondary school student
( Omally et al (1985a, 1985b) ) : cognitive , metacognitive

5.  high school EFL students (Kaylani (1996) ) :
metacognitive strategies
• The study showed different grades or levels of study
were employed different strategies
• Studies by some researchers that mentioned above
provide evidence that age does have an effect on LLS
use.

6. • Bedell's (1993) study cited in Oxford, et. al. (1995) -
learners from various cultural backgrounds use
certain types of strategies at different levels of
frequency
• Asian student (Politzer and McGroarty (1985)) :
memorization strategies and rule-oriented
strategies.
- a questionnaire to 18 Asian learners (mainly Japanese) and 19 Hispanics
(Latin American speakers of Spanish)

7. - Asian students scored lower than the Hispanic learners on the scale of good
language behaviors.
- classroom and social behaviors are apparently more a part of the Western
rather than the Asian repertoire
•Taiwanese students (Oxford (1994) ) :
more structured, analytic, memory-based, and
metacognitively oriented than other groups.
•Spanish learners
( McGroarty (1987) cited in Oxford, et. al. (1995) ) : use traditional
strategies such as using a dictionary to learn new words.

8. • Study found that females reported a greater use of certain
strategies than males.
• Ehrman and Oxford (1988) found that females used
more strategies than males on four SILL factors: general
strategies, authentic language use, searching for and
communicating meaning, and self-management
strategies.
• Eg : formal practice strategies , general study
strategies and conversational input elicitation strategies

9. • On the other hand, other studies show that
males had a greater use of certain strategies
than females.
• Tran’s (1988) study of immigrant Vietnamese aged
from 40 to 92, in the USA revealed that males made
greater use of strategies to learn and to improve their
English language skills
• Above reasons were the results of the socialization of
females and males.

10. • The choice of a certain occupation or field
of specialization has been associated with strategy
choice.
• The study of Politzer and McGroarty (1985), has
shown that learners who were majors in engineering
or other physical sciences scored lower than did
majors from social sciences and humanities
background.
• However, no firm conclusion was drawn from this
study

11. • Motivation of language learners is said to be
influential on the selection and use of strategy in
various studies.
• The findings of the study showed that both
integrative and instrumental motivation had a
significant effect
• For example ,Oxford and Nyikos (1989), who studied
the effect of a number of factors on strategy
use, including motivation, found the latter as the
single most important factor influencing strategy use

12. •On the other hand,McIntyre and Noels (1996)
reported that compared with less motivated
learners, those who were substantially
motivated, tended to adopt more learning
strategies and used them more frequently.
•Finally, MacLeod (2002) found that
strategy use was not affected by the
participants’ particular motivational
orientation but, rather, by
motivational level.

13. There are many effects on Language Learning
Strategies,LLS. From what I have searched from the
books and the Internet based on researcher and
advocates of LLS, I have conclude that each person
gave different effects based on their age, cultural
background, gender , career choice and motivation.
However, does not meant that every one cannot
improve and master foreign laguages,as for me
English. Remember, practise make perfect !

14. • http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~fmsawa/fact
ors_affecting_strategy_use.htm
• http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/v1n12004/chamot.htm
• vol 11 no2 art rahimi riazi saif.pdf
An investigation into the factors affecting the use of
language learning strategies by Persian EFL learners
Mohammad Rahimi (Shiraz University) , Abdolmehdi Riazi (shiraz University) and
Shahrzad Saif (Université Laval)