Ecologically Smart Cities with Urban Ecosystems Services
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Presented on 2 March 2016 at the Smart Cities Innovation Summit (Securing Long Term Sustainability) in Singapore
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Ecologically Smart Cities with Urban Ecosystems Services
- 1. Ecologically Smart Cities with Urban Ecosystems Services Smart City Innovation Summit 2 March 2016 (Jeffrey Milstein)
- 2. Smart Cities According to Some Major Brands Verticals: Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand D Brand E Technology Infrastructure Buildings/ Home Mobility/ Transportation Energy Water Waste Gov./ Planning/ Integration Public/ Social Services Safety Health Education/ Culture Sports/ Leisure Citizen © Sylvain Remy, 2016
- 3. Factors of Urban Value Creation (Barton & Grant, 2006)
- 4. Cities consume lots of External Resources Natural capital Anthropogenic resource demand Rural area Urban centre (based on Ferrão & Fernández, 2013)
- 5. Air, Water, Sand… Annual consumption of sand: 15 billion tons Our most used commodity after air and water Cement production (UNEP)
- 6. Ecosystems: inside the city too
- 7. Two major trends pushing urban ecosystems to the fore • The rise of megas – Giant urban areas interspersed with (semi-)rural areas • Natural disasters in urban areas
- 8. Natural Resources Goods & Services Ecosystem Services © Sylvain Remy, 2016 (based on Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner For The Environment, New-Zealand, 2002) • Traditional economics • Environmental economics
- 9. Ecosystem Services: more than “greening”, ornamentation, or resource management
- 10. • Biodiversity • Community gardens • Forests • Green facades • […] • Residual green space • Riparian buffers • Street trees (large/small) Vegetation • Biodiversity • Wildlife Ani- mals • Dark skies • Natural light • Rain Atmo- sphere Soil • Aquifers • Coastal waters • Contained bodies • Waterways Water • Cultural heritage values • Scenic beauty • […] • Visual quality • Wildlife sighting & viewing Cultural • Air filtration • Fuel source • Food production • Water filtration Provisioning • Carbon sequestration • Groundwater replenishment • Light pollution reduction* • […] • Thermal insulation • Heat-island effect reduction • Windbreak Regulating Natural capital Services (Disservices) • Faster patient recovery • Mental health • […] • Respiratory/cardiovascula r diseases risk reduction Health • Disaster risk reduction • […] • Retail sales Eco- nomics • Road surface savings • […] • Stormwater utility savings • Water supply expansion Infra. Benefits Urban Ecosystem Services • Aural, Psychological, Visual, Thermal, Wind comfort Well- being • […] • Sense of place/belonging • Crime deterrence Social • Aesthetic appreciation • […] • Study performance Cul- ture + + + © Sylvain Remy, 2016
- 11. Urban Natural Assets Pay Off Natural capital • Not inventoried • Undervalued (Pittsburgh’s urban forest: $1.13 billion) • Appreciation over time Economies • 1% increase in green infra. reduces urban floods economic loss by 6.4% (Korea Env. Institute, 2011) • Mature trees add up to 15% to residential property value (Thériault et al.,2002) • Willingness to pay up to 12% more for goods and services on tree-lined streets in big cities (Wolf, 2014) • Biophilic landscapes could save US$1.7 billion in incarceration costs in NYC (Terrapin BG, 2012) R.O.I. • High potential: 200% annual ROI on trees (Pittsburgh City, 2011) • Incremental: small steps can yield large benefits • High leverage: • More people, more value • Assets “multi-task” • For rapidly developing cities as well as highly developed cities Strategic • 2.5 billion people will move into cities by 2050 • World: US$1 trillion/year gap for basic infrastructure worldwide (World Economic Forum, 2014) • Southeast Asia: US$150 billion annual infrastructure gap to 2030 (McKinsey, 2014) © Sylvain Remy, 2016
- 12. Ecologically Smart? (Sun City Palm Desert Riverside County, California) (dailyoverview.tumblr.com, 2015)
- 13. Singapore’s ABC Waters: Substituting multi- purpose green infrastructure for storm-water management, leisure, health, … (worldlandscapearchitect.com) Kallang River ABC Restoration, 2012
- 14. walkonomics.com (2011) optimises walking route beauty & comfort based on open and crowd-sourced city data (dirt.asla.org)
- 15. Copenhagen Harbour Baths (2002) (canadianindenmark.wordpress.com)
- 16. Paris’s 200k street trees RFID tagging (2006) + open-data mapping (2014) (opendata.paris.fr)
- 17. Research: EDF and ESSEC are working towards urban ecosystems valuation • Describe and understand the benefits of urban ecosystem initiatives in Singapore: – Model the relations among subsystems and with the built environment – Integrate the value of ecosystem services into the simulation of the urban system – Advise developers, governments and the public on the value created • From a cost approach – Environmental Impact Assessment • To a value creation approach – Ecosystem Services Valuation
- 18. Thank You Sylvain Remy remy@essec.edu 5 Nepal Park, Singapore 139408 3 Avenue Bernard Hirsch, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France (Schuiten)
Notes de l'éditeur
- http://gizmodo.com/these-colorful-patterns-are-famous-la-and-nyc-neighborh-1720087748
- A Accenture, B Cisco, C IBM, D Frost & Sullivan, E Schneider Featured: http://www.cas-ag.eu/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Building-Managing-Intelligent-City.pdf http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/industries/docs/scc/whitepaper_cisco_scc_idc.pdf http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/overview http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity http://blog.schneider-electric.com/smart-grid/2013/08/18/so-what-is-the-smartness-quotient-of-your-city Others: http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/author.asp?section_id=219&doc_id=524053 http://www.citiesoftomorrow.eu/en/2014/05/07/smart-cities-cities-of-the-future
- http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/7863/2/The_health_map_2006_JRSH_article_-_post_print.pdf Barton, H. and Grant, M. (2006) A health map for the local human habitat. The Journal for the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 126 (6). pp. 252-253. ISSN 1466-4240 The natural environment encompasses all other types of factor. 5) Ecosystems: human in the centre, Maslow pyramid like, relative importance of ecological vs social vs economic (or another split: nature vs technology vs information)
- http://web.mit.edu/arch/website-pdfs/pubs/BT-fernandez-sample-chapters.pdf
- http://na.unep.net/geas/getUNEPPageWithArticleIDScript.php?article_id=110 https://theurbaneecologist.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/sand-wars
- http://wildlifeofsg.com/index.php/category/birds/myna http://singapore.coconuts.co/2015/02/23/photo-essay-soundscaping-singapore-fading-wilderness-botanical-orchestra http://prunenurture.com/2012/11/fun-gardening-time-for-our-little-gardener-to-be The rise of Megas makes the role of natural capital more obvious and acute “From Louisiana’s disappearing coastal wetlands (which once buffered New Orleans) to Manhattan’s Lower East Side (which was recently inundated by Hurricane Sandy), people are waking up to the fact that cities are composed of human technology (buildings, roads, sewers, power lines) intermingled with ecological systems (streams, wetlands, trees, wildlife).” (http://www.climatecentral.org/news/cities-ecosystems-anthropocene-18262)
- http://www.china-food-security.org/data/maps/pop/pop_1_s.htm http://www.irinnews.org/report/97814/better-urban-planning-needed-to-dodge-disasters From Louisiana’s disappearing coastal wetlands (which once buffered New Orleans) to Manhattan’s Lower East Side (which was recently inundated by Hurricane Sandy), people are waking up to the fact that cities are composed of human technology (buildings, roads, sewers, power lines) intermingled with ecological systems (streams, wetlands, trees, wildlife). http://www.climatecentral.org/news/cities-ecosystems-anthropocene-18262
- http://www.smartgrowthbop.org.nz/media/1345/Creating-Our-Future-June-2002.pdf (p7)
- Based on the UN’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, created to analyze the impact of our actions on ecosystems and their benefits to us, ecosystem services are grouped into four major categories: provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. The first two are broken up into items we consume: food, water, fiber, wood, and medicine, and the systems that produce these items: pollination, decomposition, water purification, irrigation and carbon storage. The latter are less specific, but measure how ecosystems impact our culture, ideas, and recreation, and the services that support the ecologies, such as photosynthesis, nutrient creation, and water cycles. http://www.archdaily.com/773258/ecosystem-services-what-they-are-and-why-we-need-them
- Tree-lined business and retail districts encourage patrons to linger and shop longer. https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/pdf/renaturing/debrief_european_conference_renaturing_cities_milan_it_presidency.pdf it was pointed out that green facades contribute to a reduction of 5.5°C in the outside temperature of the building. Green facades also decrease by 50 - 70% the amount of energy needed for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). http://gizmodo.com/we-should-be-planting-more-trees-purely-for-selfish-hu-1728767102 http://gizmodo.com/trees-can-make-an-urban-stroll-better-for-your-mental-h-1719747050 http://thoughts.arup.com/post/details/180/cities-need-large-trees http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-is-a-tree-worth https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/07/09/scientists-have-discovered-that-living-near-trees-is-good-for-your-health http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kbenfield/distressed_city_neighborhoods.html http://depts.washington.edu/uwbg/docs/sites/EcoSysValue_Wolf.pdf
- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041612000204 http://www.citylab.com/tech/2012/04/green-infrastructure-could-cities-save-billions/1832 "The thing about ecosystem services is that you really need to look where people are because, by definition, in order to have an ecosystem service you need to have people benefiting from the natural environment. "So things like parks often have enormous value in terms of ecosystem services, just because they are used by so many people. And it has been shown that there are really strong health benefits from even walking around parks. "So in these areas, there are these places that may not be overly impressive in terms of biodiversity but have these huge human benefits." http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-14804551 While it can be easy to dismiss measures that will add new costs and protocols to building design, especially by those footing the bill, solutions that benefit ecosystem services need not be overly expensive, and many tools to implement such changes already exist. The Exeter/Hokkaido study suggests street plantings, permeable roads and pavements, green walls and green roofs as several small tools which can create large positive benefits to ecosystem services, and even break down the simplified “land sharing vs land sparing" dichotomy. http://www.archdaily.com/773258/ecosystem-services-what-they-are-and-why-we-need-them
- http://dailyoverview.tumblr.com/post/115769115819/the-lush-fairways-of-the-sun-city-palm-desert
- worldlandscapearchitect.com/kallang-river-bishan-park-singapore-atelier-dreiseitl
- http://dirt.asla.org/2015/07/23/walkonomics-what-makes-the-best-route
- https://canadianindenmark.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/summer-in-copenhagen-2
- http://www.paris.fr/arbres http://opendata.paris.fr/explore/embed/dataset/arbresalignementparis2010/?tab=map&static=false&datasetcard=false&location=12,48.85878,2.3479
- http://www.la-galerie.ch/schuiten