2. Overview
Session 1
Session 2
English Vs Japanese
Using Power Point
Handling Questions
Structuring your Presentation
Chunking it Right
Body Language
Session 3
Session 4
Analogy and Metaphor
Technical Vocabulary
Presentation Practice
2011/10/4
Francesco Bolstad
2
3. Quick Hints #1
for controlling your state
• Clothes
• Practice
• Think of a Time You Have Done This Before
(Anchoring)
• Be Early
• Resources
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
3
4. Today’s Session
• Review Last Week
• Using Analogy and Metaphor
• Technical Vocabulary
- The difference between a presentation and a
paper
• Example Presentation and/or Students’
Presentations
• Question Time
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
4
8. Example topic
Level of Detail
Big Picture
Details
• Life on Earth
• Sensing
• Cellular VS
Organism
• Ion Channels
• TRP Channels
• TRP A1
• Inflammatory
Mediators
• NO, H2O2
Target Audience
Everyone
Biologists
Microbiologists
TRP Channel
Specialists
TRP A1 Specialists
9. Know your Audience
What are the judges
looking for?
• Content
– New Ideas
– Relevance
• Presentation
– Pronunciation
– Accuracy and Fluency
– Body Language
• Slides
– Format
– Spelling and Grammar
2011/10/4
Francesco Bolstad
9
10. Types of Questions
• Basic to the understanding of the topic.
– Must be answered!
• Difficult or long questions about the topic.
– Give a quick answer (showing that you know the answer) then
offer to talk more after your presentation.
• “What if Questions” Unrelated questions or
questions that ask you to guess about the future.
– Leave the question for later.
– Remember to be polite.
12. Describing Objects
and
Defining Concepts
• “Defining in a general sense is simply
pointing out the unique,
distinguishing properties of a
concept in a particular context”
Giving Academic Presentations
Susan M. Reinhart
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
12
13. Metaphor is a Natural Process
Bouba and Kiki
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
13
14. Metaphors in Science
The Cell
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula,
meaning "a small room". The descriptive term
for the smallest living biological structure was
coined by Robert Hooke in a book he
published in 1665 when he compared the cork
cells he saw through his microscope to the
small rooms monks lived in.
"... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and
porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular
[..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores
I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any
Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . ." –
Robert Hooke describing his
observations on a thin slice of cork.
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
14
15. The Cell Metaphor
Monk’s Cell
2011/10/12
Honeycomb Cell
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
Cork Cell
15
17. City model, cell structure, cell
function
• Construction Site: ribosome - builds new structures
• Transport Company: endoplasmic reticulum - carries
materials from place to place
• Power Plant: mitochondrion - produces power
• Food Processing Plant: chloroplast - produces food
• Waste Disposal Plant: lysosome - disposes of waste
• City Hall: nucleus - controls rest of cell
• Storage Tanks: vacuole - stores food and water
• Gate: cell wall or cell membrane - controls what enters
and leaves cell city
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
17
18. Other Metaphors in Science
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Metaphors
Flowing Water
Wave
Wall
Highways
Blueprint
Police Force
A Peach
Camera
Computer
2011/10/12
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scientific Concept
Electricity
Sound/light/radio
Cell (wall/membrane)
Blood Vessels
DNA
Immune System
Layers of Earth
Eye
Brain
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
18
19. Metaphor Topics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Life
Learning a language
The economy
A nuclear reaction
Love
Being a student
University entrance exams
Kyoto University
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
19
20. Technical Vocabulary
• How is a presentation different to a paper?
– Time
– Audience
– Control
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
20
23. Key issues identified in conserving elephant
populations
• Enfroceable Property Rights
• Biodiversity
• Externalities
Introduction
23
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
24. The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the
availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property
rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns
Ban on ivory
Ban on rhino horn
P ($)
S (poaching)
S (poaching)
P ($)
p2
p2
S (before ban)
S (before ban)
p1
p1
D1
D2
q2
q1
D2
Q
q2 q1
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
24
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
D1
Q
25. The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because
substitutes were unavailable
Ban on Rhino Horn
S (poaching)
P ($)
Ban on ivory
P ($)
p2
S (poaching)
p2
S (before ban)
S (before ban)
p1
p1
D1
D2
q2
q1
Q
q2
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
25
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
D1
D2
Conclusion
q1
Q
26. The transfer of property and management rights to
farmers will internalize externalities and increase the
number of elephants.
P ($)
MSC = MCG + MDF
MSC = MCG + MCF
MDF = MCF
MDF
P2
P3
MCG
P1
0
MCG
MBG
MSB
Q2 Q3
Q2
MSC … Marginal Social Cost
MCG … Marignal Cost of Government
MDF … Marginal Damage to Farmer
MBG … Marginal Benefit of Government
Introduction
26
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Q1
Q (Number of Elephants)
MCF … Marginal Cost of Farmer
MSB … Marginal Social Benefit
Conclusion
27. Total revenue and cost ($)
The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure
profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable
elephant population
TC
TR
EMSY
Effort
Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110
Introduction
27
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
28. Currently management of elephant populations are
nationalized and uncoordinated
“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be
better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
ban, but until demand for ivory can be
restrained and various monitoring and regulation
measures are put into place it is premature for
CITES to permit ivory sales”
Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.
Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309
Introduction
28
The Ban
Key Economic Terms
Conclusion
30. Ivory trade ban and elephant
conservation
by
Francis Bolstad
Environmental Economics
And the Ivory trade ban
31. Agenda
• Background
• The Ban
• Key Economic Issues
• Conclusion
The elephant picture in the left corner is adapted from IFAW annual report fiscal year 2003
31
32. African and Asian elephants have different identifying
features, as …
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm
Introduction
32
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
33. Elephant populations dropped by half between 1976 1989, this lead to listing on CITES
Appendix I thus prohibiting trade in elephant products.
http://www.cites.org
Asian Elephant
African Elephant
http://www.cardamom.org/ images/
elephant_large.jpg
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm
Introduction
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
33
34. Ban opponents argue that the trade of elephant
products will lead to increased funding for wildlife
conservation and compensation for E-H conflict.
Trade of elephant products
Efficient Markets
Supply
Price ↓
Poaching and Smuggling ↓
Income from sales ↑
Wildlife
Conservation ↑
Introduction
34
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Elephant – Human
Conflict
Conclusion
35. Ban proponents argue that the trade of elephant
products will endanger the wildlife conservation
efforts through fuelling demand.
Trade of elephant products
Demand ↑
Supply ↑
Poaching and Smuggling ↑
Elephant Population ↓
Tourism
Revenues ↓
Introduction
35
The Ban
Funds for
Wildlife
Conservation ↓
Key Economic Issues
Biodiversity ↓
Conclusion
36. Anti-ivory campaigns have been effective in
decreasing demand. However an illegal trade has
remained to meet intrinsic demand
-
International authority as supervisor
-
Intrinsic demand for ivory products still exists
-
The ban pushes trade underground
+ Anti-ivory campaigns have been very successful, especially in
the Western World
Introduction
36
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
37. Key issues identified in conserving elephant
populations
• Enfroceable Property Rights
• Biodiversity
• Externalities
Introduction
37
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
38. The increased numbers of elephants under the ban
has come at a high cost
-
Increasing cost of enforcing anti-poaching laws and anti-ivory campaigns
-
Decreasing revenue from ivory sales and hunting
• Continuing uncompensated damage to crops
+ Increase in overall elephant numbers
Introduction
38
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
39. The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the
availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property
rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns
Ban on ivory
Ban on rhino horn
P ($)
S (poaching)
S (poaching)
P ($)
p2
p2
S (before ban)
S (before ban)
p1
p1
D1
D2
q2
q1
D2
Q
q2 q1
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
39
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
D1
Q
40. The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because
substitutes were unavailable
Ban on Rhino Horn
S (poaching)
P ($)
Ban on ivory
P ($)
p2
S (poaching)
p2
S (before ban)
S (before ban)
p1
p1
D1
D2
q2
q1
Q
q2
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
40
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
D1
D2
Conclusion
q1
Q
41. The transfer of property and management rights to
farmers will internalize externalities and increase the
number of elephants.
P ($)
MSC = MCG + MDF
MSC = MCG + MCF
MDF = MCF
MDF
P2
P3
MCG
P1
0
MCG
MBG
MSB
Q2 Q3
Q2
MSC … Marginal Social Cost
MCG … Marignal Cost of Government
MDF … Marginal Damage to Farmer
MBG … Marginal Benefit of Government
Introduction
41
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Q1
Q (Number of Elephants)
MCF … Marginal Cost of Farmer
MSB … Marginal Social Benefit
Conclusion
42. Total revenue and cost ($)
The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure
profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable
elephant population
TC
TR
EMSY
Effort
Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110
Introduction
42
The Ban
Key Economic Issues
Conclusion
43. Currently management of elephant populations are
nationalized and uncoordinated
“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be
better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
ban, but until demand for ivory can be
restrained and various monitoring and regulation
measures are put into place it is premature for
CITES to permit ivory sales”
Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.
Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309
Introduction
43
The Ban
Key Economic Terms
Conclusion
44. Questions
This is your chance to ask specific
questions about your presentation !
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
44
45. The Structure of Humor
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
45
46. Why are Jokes Funny?
A story within a story.
The twist
Revealing the truth
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
46
47. Other Types of Humor
• Self Depreciation
2011/10/12
Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
47