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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Essence of Sofosbuvir
SOVIHEP 400 MG
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Role of DAA's In HCV
Estimated 170 Million Persons With HCV
Infection Worldwide
•World Health Organization. Wkly Epid Rec .1999;74:425-427. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C:
Global Prevalence: Update. 2003. Farci P, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:103-126. Wasley A, et al. Semin
Liver Dis. 2000;20:1-16.
•Europe
•8.9 million
•(1.03%)•Americas
•13.1 million
•(1.7%)
•Africa
•31.9 million
•(5.3%)
•Western
Pacific
•62.2 million
•(3.9%)
•Eastern
Mediterranean
•21.3 million
•(4.6%)
•Southeast Asia
•32.3 million
•(2.15%)
Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
web study2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
IFN 6m IFN 12m IFN/RBV 6m IFN/RBV 12 m Peg-IFN 12m Peg-IFN/RBV 12m Peg-IFN/RBV/DAA
SVR(%)
2001
1998
2011
Standard
Interferon
+ Ribavirin
Peginterferon
1991
+ DAAs
Milestones in Therapy of CHC:
Average SVR Rates from Clinical Trials
Adapted from US Food and Drug Administration,
Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting, April 27-28, 2011, Silver Spring MD.
6%
16%
34%
42%
39%
55%
70+%
The Evolution of HCV Therapy
PegIFN/RBV
Protease inhibitor
Nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitor
Nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor
NS5A inhibitor
Host targeting agent
2002 2012 Beyond
Current status of HCV…
• Treatment of HCV infection is evolving rapidly.
• The approval in 2013 of two new directacting antivirals—
sofosbuvir (a polymerase inhibitor) and simeprevir (a
second-generation protease inhibitor)—opens the door for
an all-oral regimen, potentially avoiding interferon and its
harsh side effects.
• Other direct-acting antivirals are under development.
GOAL OF TREATING HCV:
A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE
• The aim of HCV treatment is to achieve a sustained
virologic response,
- defined as having no detectable viral RNA after completion
of antiviral therapy.
• SVR is associated with
1. better clinical outcomes,
2. lower morbidity and all-cause mortality,
3. improvement in liver histology
GOAL OF TREATING HCV:
A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE
• This end point has
traditionally been assessed
at 6 months after the end
of therapy, but recent data
suggest the rates at 12
weeks are essentially
equivalent
HCV Life Cycle and DAA Targets
Adapted from Manns MP, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6:991-1000.
Receptor binding
and endocytosis
Fusion
and
uncoating
Transport
and release
(+) RNA
Translation
and
polyprotein
processing
RNA replication
Virion
assembly
Membranous
web
ER lumen
LD
LD
ER lumen
LD
NS3/4
protease
inhibitors
NS5B polymerase
inhibitors
Nucleoside/nucleotide
Nonnucleoside
Each Drug Class Has Unique Features
NS3/4A
Protease
Inhibitors
NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors NS5A
Inhibitors
Cyclophilin A
InhibitorsNucleos(t)ide
Analogue
Non-
nucleos(t)ide
High efficacy
Low genetic
barrier to
resistance
Macrocyclic
or linear
Boceprevir
and
Telaprevir
already
licensed in
the US and
EU
Phase III:
BI 201335,
TMC435
Mimic natural
substrates of the
polymerase
Incorporated into
RNA chain
causing chain
termination
Broad genotypic
coverage
High genetic
barrier to
resistance
Phase III:
PSI-7977
Bind to several
different
allosteric
enzyme sites;
results in
conformational
change
Resistance
more frequent
than nucs
Several agents
in phase II
NS5A has role
in assembly of
replication
complex
Mechanism of
inhibition
under study
Phase III:
Daclatasvir
(BMS-790052)
Supports HCV-
specific RNA
replication,
protein
expression
Interacts with
NS2, NS5A,
NS5B
May regulate
polypeptide
processing,
viral assembly
Phase III:
Alisporivir
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-caP7g8bNY1E/UoEok96-TYI/AAAAAAAAK2s/J8w-sSYdXd8/s1600/newdda.PNG
Therapeutic Gain With DAAs
On-Treatment Viral Kinetics
HCVRNA
0 12 24 36 484
HCV RNA negative in blood
Weeks
First phase
Second phase
Ribavirin
PEG-Interferon
First phase
0 12 24 36 484
HCV RNA negative in blood
Weeks
On-Treatment Viral Kinetics
Improve both first and second phase kinetics
HCVRNA
Boceprevir /
Telaprevir
1. Increase efficacy
Second
phase
First phase
HCVRNA
0 12 24 36 484
HCV RNA negative in blood
Weeks
On-Treatment Viral Kinetics
Improve both first and second phase kinetics
1. Increase efficacy
2. Shorten treatment duration
Boceprevir /
Telaprevir
Nucleoside/tide Analog Polymerase
Inhibitors Are Chain-Terminators
AG C
UC GA CGGG
C
RNA chain
cannot be
elongated
NI Chain-terminator
3’
5’
5’
Template strand
Primer strand
NI
Sofosbuvir
• Approval Status: FDA approved December 6, 2013
• Indication for HCV Monoinfection and HCV-HIV Coinfection
- GT 1,4: Sofosbuvir + peginterferon + ribavirin (12 weeks)
- GT 2: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (12 weeks)
- GT 3: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (24 weeks)
• Additional Indication for HCV Monoinfection
- GT 1 (interferon ineligible): Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (24 weeks)
- HCC and awaiting transplant: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (up to 48 weeks)
• Class & Mechanism
- Nucleotide analog inhibitor of NS5B polymerase enzyme
• Dosing: 400 mg PO once daily with or without food
• Adverse Effects (AE) attributable to Sofosbuvir
- Fatigue, headache
Sofosbuvir
• Dosing in Renal Impairment
- No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate
renal impairment.
- No dose recommendation can be given for patients with severe renal
impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2)or with end stage renal disease due
to higher exposures (up to 20 -fold) of the predominant sofosbuvir metabolite
Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Sofosbuvir: Details of Key Phase 2/3 Studies
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve
Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 4 & 6
Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7.
Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6
ATOMIC Trial: Design
N =14
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily
Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
Peginterferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly
Cohort A
n = 52
GT 1
GT4
GT6
SOF + PEG + RBV
SOF + PEG + RBV
SOF + PEG + RBV SVR24
SVR24
SVR24
Cohort B
n = 125
Cohort C
n = 155
SOF
SOF + RBV
0 12 48Week 24 36
Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6
ATOMIC Trial: Results, by Cohort (Regimen)
ATOMIC: SVR 24 by Cohort (Regimen)
Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7.
89 89 87
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cohort A Cohort B Cohort C
Patients(%)withSVR24
46/52 97/109 135/155
Patients with Genotype 1, 4, or 6
The rates of sustained virologic response were very high
and were not significantly different among the three groups:
89%, 89%, and 87%, respectively
Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6
ATOMIC Trial: Results, by Cohort (Regimen)
ATOMIC: SVR 24 by Genotype
Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7.
88
82
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
GT 1 GT 4 GT 6
Patients(%)withSVR24
264/300 9/11 5/5
Notes: (1) No patients with Genotype 5 enrolled in study
(2) All patients with Genotype 4 or 6 received 24 weeks of SOF + PEG + RBV
(3) The 2 patients with Genotype 4 and failure resulted from lost to follow-up at end of treatment
Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6
ATOMIC Trial: Implications
1. There is no benefit in prolonging treatment with sofosbuvir beyond 12 weeks,
since adverse events increased without any improvement in the rate of
sustained virologic response
2. There is a very low likelihood of developing viral resistance or mutation when
using sofosbuvir.
3. There is no role for response-guided therapy, a concept used with protease
inhibitor-based regimens in which patients who have complete clearance of
the virus within the first 4 weeks of treatment (a rapid virologic response) and
remain clear through 12 weeks of treatment (an extended rapid viral
response) can be treated for a shorter duration without decreasing the
likelihood of a sustained virologic response
• .
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve
Phase 3 Study - Genotype 1, 4, 5 & 6
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6
NEUTRINO Trial: Design
Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBVN=327
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily
Peginterferon alfa-2a: 180 µg once weekly
Ribavirin (weight-based and in 2 divided doses): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
0 12 24Week
SVR12
Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6
NEUTRINO Trial: Results
NEUTRINO: HCV RNA <25 IU/ml by Study Timepoint
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
99 99
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Week 4 Week 12 (End of Tx) SVR12
Patients(%)withHCVRNA<25IU/ml
SVR = sustained virologic response
321/325 326/327 295/327
Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6
NEUTRINO Trial: Results
NEUTRINO: SVR 12 by Liver Disease
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
92
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Cirrhosis Cirrhosis
PatientswithSVR12(%)
252/273 43/54
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6
NEUTRINO Trial: Conclusions
Conclusions: “In the open-label, single-group study, 12
weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir plus peginterferon-
ribavirin had high efficacy in previously untreated patients
with genotype 1 or 4 infection, with apparent reductions in
adverse effects.”
*Note: This conclusion pertains to both the NEUTRINO and FISSION trials, which were published in tandem
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve
Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 2 & 3 (Sof + Peg + RBV)
Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8.
Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1-3
PROTON Trial: Design
N =14Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily, except as designated in arm that received 200 mg once daily
Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
Peginterferferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly
n = 48
SOF + PEG + RBVn = 25GT 2, 3
GT 1
SOF (200 mg) +
PEG + RBV
+ RVR
PEG + RBV
- RVR PEG + RBV
n = 47 SOF (400 mg) +
PEG + RBV
+ RVR
PEG + RBV
- RVR PEG + RBV
SOF + PEG + RBVn = 26
0 24 4812 72Week
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Peginterferon in Genotypes 1-3
PROTON Trial: Results, by Genotype
PROTON: SVR 24
Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8.
90 91
58
92
0
20
40
60
80
100
SOF 200 mg + PR SOF 400 mg + PR PR SOF 400 mg + PR
Patients(%)withSVR24
41/48 42/47 15/26 23/25
Genotype 1 Genotype 2 or 3
Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8.
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Peginterferon in Genotypes 1-3
PROTON Trial: Conclusions
Interpretation: “Our findings lend support to the further assessment, in
phase 2 and 3 trials, of sofosbuvir 400 mg plus peginterferon and
ribavirin for 12 weeks in treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype-1.”
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve & Experienced
Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 2 & 3 (Sof + Peg + RBV)
Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44.
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin +/- Peginterferon in GT 1-3
ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Design
SOF + RBV
N =14
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily
Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
Peginterferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly
n = 9
n = 10
SOF + RBV + PEG (week 1-4)
n = 10 SOF + RBV + PEG (week 1-8)
n = 11 SOF + RBV + PEG
SOF
SOF + RBV + PEG
SOF + RBV
SOF + RBV SVR12
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
n = 25
SVR12
SVR12
SVR12
SVR12
SVR12
SVR12
SVR12GT 1 Null
GT 2,3
Naïve
GT 1 Naive
0 20 24Week 8 12
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin +/- Peginterferon in GT 1-3
ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Results
ELECTRON: SVR 12, by Treatment Regimen
Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44.
100 100 100 100
60
100
10
84
0
20
40
60
80
100
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
PEG wk 1-4
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
PEG wk 1-8
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
PEG 12 wks
SOF 12 wks SOF 8 wks
RBV 8 wks
PEG 8 wks
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
SOF 12 wks
RBV 12 wks
PatientswithSVR(%)
10/10
Genotype 2 or 3 (all treatment naïve)
Genotype 1
Exp-Null Naive
9/9 10/10 11/11 6/10 10/10 21/25
1/10
Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44.
Sofosbuvir + RBV in Treatment-Experienced HCV GT 2 or 3
ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Conclusions
Conclusions: “Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 12 weeks may
be effective in previously untreated patients with HCV
genotype 1, 2, or 3 infection.”
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve
Phase 3 Study - Genotype 2 & 3 ((Sof + RBV) & (Peg + RBV))
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
N=243
N=256 SVR12
SVR12
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3
FISSION Trial: Design
Peginterferon + RBV (fixed-dose)
Sofosbuvir +
RBV (weight-based)
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily
Peginterferon alfa-2a: 180 µg once weekly
Weight-based Ribavirin (in 2 divided doses): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
Fixed-dose Ribavirin (in 2 divided doses): 800 mg/day
Week 0 12 3624
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3
FISSION Trial: Results
FISSION: SVR12 by Genotype
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
67
97
56
67
78
63
0
20
40
60
80
100
GT 2 and 3
(n=496)
GT 2
(n=137)
GT 3
(n=359)
Patients(%)withSVR12
Sofosbuvir + RBV PEG + RBV
RBV = Ribavirin; PEG = Peginterferon
68/70 52/67 102/183 110/176170/253 162/243
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3
FISSION Trial: Results
FISSION: SVR12 by Presence of Cirrhosis
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
72
47
74
38
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Cirrhosis
(n=397)
Cirrhosis
(n=99)
Patients(%)withSVR12
Sofosbuvir + RBV PEG + RBV
RBV = Ribavirin; PEG = Peginterferon
147/204 23/49 19/50143/193
Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87.
Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3
FISSION Trial: Conclusions
Conclusions: “In the randomized trial of previously untreated patients
with genotype 2 or 3 infection, the efficacy of the all-oral regimen of
sofosbuvir plus ribavirin was similar to that of peginterferon–ribavirin, but
response rates among patients with genotype 3 infection were lower than
the rates among those with genotype 2 infection.”
*Note: This conclusion pertains to both the FISSION and NEUTRINO trials, which were published in tandem
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve & Experienced
Phase 3 Study - Genotype 2 & 3 (Sof + RBV)
Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001.
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3
VALENCE Trial: Study Features
VALENCE Trial: Features
 Design: Randomized, phase 3, using sofosbuvir + ribavirin in treatment
naive or experienced, chronic HCV GT 2 or 3
 Setting: Europe
 Entry Criteria
- Chronic HCV Genotype 2 or 3
- Treatment naïve or treatment experienced
- Platelet ≥ 50,000
 Patient Characteristics (range in different treatment arms)
- N = 419
- Sex: male (55-62%)
- Race: white (89-100%)
- Cirrhosis: (14-23%)
- IL28B Genotype: non-CC (64-74%)
 End-Points: Primary = SVR12; Secondary = safety
Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001.
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3
VALENCE: Treatment Arms
Sofosbuvir + RBV
(n = 73)
Sofosbuvir + RBV
(n = 250)
GT 2
GT 3
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily
Ribavirin (weight-based and divided bid): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
Original Study Protocol: Placebo versus 12 weeks treatment for GT 2 and 3.
Amended Protocol: GT3 treatment extended from 12 to 24 weeks; Placebo arm offered alternative treatment
Note: 85 patients enrolled in placebo arm
0 24 36Week 12
SVR12
SVR12
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3
VALENCE: Results for Treatment Naïve and Experienced
VALENCE: SVR12 by Genotype
Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001.
93
85
0
20
40
60
80
100
Genotype 2 Genotype 3
Patient(%)withSVR12
12-week Treatment 24-week Treatment
68/73 213/250
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3
VALENCE: Results
VALENCE: SVR12 by Genotype and Prior Treatment Experience
Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001.
93
85
97 94
90
79
0
20
40
60
80
100
Genotype 2 Genotype 3
Patients(%)withSVR12
All Treatment-Naïve Treatment-Experienced
68/73 213/25031/32 37/41 99/105 114/145
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Treatment Naïve
Phase 2 Study - Genotype 1 (Peg not an option)
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Features
NIAID/NIH Trial: Features
 Design
- Randomized, open-label, 2-part, phase 2 study of sofosbuvir and ribavirin
- Part 1: “proof of concept”
- Part 2: low dose versus weight-based dose of ribavirin in GT-1
 Setting: Single center: NIAID
 Entry Criteria: HCV genotype 1; treatment-naïve
 Patient Characteristics
- N = 60 HCV-monoinfected patients
- HCV Genotype: 1A (70%), 1B (30%)
- IL28B Genotype: 81% non-CC
- Age and Sex: median 54 (range 48-57); 62% male
- Race: 83% black; 13% white
- Liver disease: 23% had advanced fibrosis (F3-F4 by Knodell-HAI scoring)
 Primary end-points: Efficacy (SVR24) and safety
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
Part 2
N =50
Sofosbuvir + RBV (low-dose)
24 weeks
Sofosbuvir + RBV (wt-based)
24 weeks
Part 1
N =10
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Design
SVR24
Sofosbuvir + RBV (wt-based)
24 weeks
SVR24
N =25
N =25
Drug Dosing
Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily
Low-dose Ribavirin (divided bid): 800 mg/day
Weight-based Ribavirin (divided bid): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg
SVR24
0 24 48Week
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Part 1 Results
NIH SPARE Part 1: HCV <12 IU/ml by Study Timepoint
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
80
90 90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Week 4 Week 24 (End of Tx) SVR24
Patients(%)withHCVRNA<12IU/ml
All 10 patients in Part 1 received sofosbuvir plus weight-based ribavirin
8/10 9/10 9/10
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results
NIAID/NIH Part 2: HCV RNA <12 IU/ml by Study Timepoint
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
96
88
48
96 96
68
0
20
40
60
80
100
Week 4 Week 24 (End of Tx) SVR24
Patients(%)withHCVRNA<12IU/ml
SOF + RBV (low dose) SOF + RBV (weight based)
SOF = Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin
24/25 24/25 22/25 24/25 12/25 17/25
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results
NIH SPARE Part 2: SVR24 by Fibrosis Stage
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
56
29
74
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
Early Stage (0-1*) Advanced (3-4*)
Patients(%)withSVR24
Fibrosis Stage
(Knodell Histology Activity Index Scoring System)
SOF +RBV (Low Dose) SOF +RBV (Wt-Based)
SOF = Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin
3/62/714/1910/18
21
82
63
78
0
20
40
60
80
100
>800,000 IU/ml <800,000 IU/ml
Patients(%)withSVR24
HCV RNA Level
SOF +RBV (Low Dose) SOF +RBV (Wt-Based)
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results
NIH SPARE Part 2: SVR24 by Baseline HCV RNA Level
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
SOF= Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin
7/99/1110/163/14
Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11.
Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1
NIH SPARE Trial: Conclusions
Conclusion: “In conclusion, treatment with a 24-week regimen of
sofosbuvir and ribavirin resulted in an SVR rate of 68% in the weight-
based ribavirin regimen and 48% in the low-dose ribavirin regimen
among patients with chronic HCV and unfavorable traditional predictors
of treatment response who are representative of the demographics of the
US HCV epidemic.”
Characteristics of New Generation DAA Regimens
• Antiviral activity seen in all genotypes
• High Barrier to Resistance
• Higher SVR rates and shorter treatment duration
• Oral, IFN-free, combination regimens have less side effects
and higher SVR rates
• Patients with cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis will
benefit from less toxic regimens
Sofosbuvir
Drug-Drug Interactions
Sofosbuvir not recommended for coadministration with*:
• Anticonvulsants
- Carbamazepine
- Oxcarbazepine
- Phenobarbital
- Phenytoin
• Antimycobacterials
- Rifabutin
- Rifampin
- Rifapentine
• Herbal Supplements
- St. John’s wort
• HIV Protease Inhibitors
- Tipranavir/ritonavir
Source: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) Prescribing Information. Gilead Sciences.
*Not recommended because of potential marked decrease in sofosbuvir levels
EASL HCV Guidelines 2014: Genotype 1
Genotype Options for Therapy
Genotype 1*
PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks (A1)
PegIFN/ribavirin + simeprevir†: 12 wks, followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in
previously untreated pts and prior relapsers (A1), or 36 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in
previous partial responders and null responders (B1)
PegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir (genotype 1b only; B1): 12 wks followed by 12 wks of
pegIFN/ribavirin alone or a further 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir
(response-guided therapy) (B2)
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant pts only, where no other
interferon-free option available (B2)
Sofosbuvir + simeprevir: 12 wks (ribavirin may be added for previous nonresponders
& cirrhotics) (B1)
Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks in previously untreated pts; 24 wks in treatment-
experienced patients (including TVR/BOC-experienced patients) (ribavirin may be
added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B1)
EASL. J Hepatology. 2014;60:392-420.
*In settings where recommended options are not available, treatment with pegIFN/ribavirin + TVR or BOC
remains acceptable.
†Not recommended in pts with genotype 1a and detectable Q80K polymorphism.
EASL HCV Guidelines 2014: Genotype 2-6
Genotype Options for Therapy
Genotype 2*
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 12 wks (16-20 weeks in cirrhotic patients, especially treatment experienced) (A1)
PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks for cirrhotic and/or treatment-experienced patients (B1)
Genotype 3*
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks (unsuitable for treatment-experienced cirrhotics, no specific alternative
proposed) (A2)
PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks (A2)
Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks (24 wks for treatment-experienced patients) (B1)
Genotype 4*
PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir 12 weeks (B1)
PegIFN/ribavirin + simeprevir: 12 wks, followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previously untreated
patients & prior relapsers (B1), or 36 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previous partial responders & null
responders (B1)
PegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir: 12 wks followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin alone or a further 12 wks of
pegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir (response-guided therapy) (B1)
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant patients (C2)
Sofosbuvir + simeprevir: 12 wks (ribavirin may be added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B2)
Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks in previously untreated patients; 24 wks in treatment-experienced
patients (ribavirin may be added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B2)
Genotype
5/6*
PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir 12 wks (B1)
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant patients (C2)
EASL. J Hepatology. 2014;60:392-420.
*In settings where recommended options are not available, treatment with pegIFN/ribavirin remains acceptable.
AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014
Genotype 1
AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014
Genotype 2
AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014
Genotype 3
AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014
Genotype 4
Summary of collated trials data
The emergence of all-oral regimens for HCV treatment with increasingly
sophisticated agents such as sofosbuvir will dramatically alter the management of
HCV patients.
Preliminary Results of New
Interferon Free Regimens in Phase 2
Trials
Regimen SVR
Rate
Duration
in Weeks
Sufosbuvir + Ledipasvir + RBV >95% 8-12
ABT450/r + ABT267 + ABT333 + RBV 12 ~90%
Faldaprevir + 207127 + RBV (GT1B) 90% 12-24
DCV + ASV +BMS-791325 88-
94%
12-24
Presentations at European Association of Study of Liver Disease
and Press releases
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
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ESSENCE OF SOFOSBUVIR 400mg.

  • 1. Hepatitis web study Hepatitis web study Hepatitis web study Essence of Sofosbuvir SOVIHEP 400 MG
  • 2. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Role of DAA's In HCV
  • 3. Estimated 170 Million Persons With HCV Infection Worldwide •World Health Organization. Wkly Epid Rec .1999;74:425-427. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C: Global Prevalence: Update. 2003. Farci P, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:103-126. Wasley A, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:1-16. •Europe •8.9 million •(1.03%)•Americas •13.1 million •(1.7%) •Africa •31.9 million •(5.3%) •Western Pacific •62.2 million •(3.9%) •Eastern Mediterranean •21.3 million •(4.6%) •Southeast Asia •32.3 million •(2.15%)
  • 4. Hepatitis web study Hepatitis web study2015 0 20 40 60 80 100 IFN 6m IFN 12m IFN/RBV 6m IFN/RBV 12 m Peg-IFN 12m Peg-IFN/RBV 12m Peg-IFN/RBV/DAA SVR(%) 2001 1998 2011 Standard Interferon + Ribavirin Peginterferon 1991 + DAAs Milestones in Therapy of CHC: Average SVR Rates from Clinical Trials Adapted from US Food and Drug Administration, Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting, April 27-28, 2011, Silver Spring MD. 6% 16% 34% 42% 39% 55% 70+%
  • 5. The Evolution of HCV Therapy PegIFN/RBV Protease inhibitor Nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitor Nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor NS5A inhibitor Host targeting agent 2002 2012 Beyond
  • 6. Current status of HCV… • Treatment of HCV infection is evolving rapidly. • The approval in 2013 of two new directacting antivirals— sofosbuvir (a polymerase inhibitor) and simeprevir (a second-generation protease inhibitor)—opens the door for an all-oral regimen, potentially avoiding interferon and its harsh side effects. • Other direct-acting antivirals are under development.
  • 7. GOAL OF TREATING HCV: A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE • The aim of HCV treatment is to achieve a sustained virologic response, - defined as having no detectable viral RNA after completion of antiviral therapy. • SVR is associated with 1. better clinical outcomes, 2. lower morbidity and all-cause mortality, 3. improvement in liver histology
  • 8. GOAL OF TREATING HCV: A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE • This end point has traditionally been assessed at 6 months after the end of therapy, but recent data suggest the rates at 12 weeks are essentially equivalent
  • 9. HCV Life Cycle and DAA Targets Adapted from Manns MP, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6:991-1000. Receptor binding and endocytosis Fusion and uncoating Transport and release (+) RNA Translation and polyprotein processing RNA replication Virion assembly Membranous web ER lumen LD LD ER lumen LD NS3/4 protease inhibitors NS5B polymerase inhibitors Nucleoside/nucleotide Nonnucleoside
  • 10. Each Drug Class Has Unique Features NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors NS5A Inhibitors Cyclophilin A InhibitorsNucleos(t)ide Analogue Non- nucleos(t)ide High efficacy Low genetic barrier to resistance Macrocyclic or linear Boceprevir and Telaprevir already licensed in the US and EU Phase III: BI 201335, TMC435 Mimic natural substrates of the polymerase Incorporated into RNA chain causing chain termination Broad genotypic coverage High genetic barrier to resistance Phase III: PSI-7977 Bind to several different allosteric enzyme sites; results in conformational change Resistance more frequent than nucs Several agents in phase II NS5A has role in assembly of replication complex Mechanism of inhibition under study Phase III: Daclatasvir (BMS-790052) Supports HCV- specific RNA replication, protein expression Interacts with NS2, NS5A, NS5B May regulate polypeptide processing, viral assembly Phase III: Alisporivir
  • 13. On-Treatment Viral Kinetics HCVRNA 0 12 24 36 484 HCV RNA negative in blood Weeks First phase Second phase Ribavirin PEG-Interferon
  • 14. First phase 0 12 24 36 484 HCV RNA negative in blood Weeks On-Treatment Viral Kinetics Improve both first and second phase kinetics HCVRNA Boceprevir / Telaprevir 1. Increase efficacy
  • 15. Second phase First phase HCVRNA 0 12 24 36 484 HCV RNA negative in blood Weeks On-Treatment Viral Kinetics Improve both first and second phase kinetics 1. Increase efficacy 2. Shorten treatment duration Boceprevir / Telaprevir
  • 16. Nucleoside/tide Analog Polymerase Inhibitors Are Chain-Terminators AG C UC GA CGGG C RNA chain cannot be elongated NI Chain-terminator 3’ 5’ 5’ Template strand Primer strand NI
  • 17. Sofosbuvir • Approval Status: FDA approved December 6, 2013 • Indication for HCV Monoinfection and HCV-HIV Coinfection - GT 1,4: Sofosbuvir + peginterferon + ribavirin (12 weeks) - GT 2: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (12 weeks) - GT 3: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (24 weeks) • Additional Indication for HCV Monoinfection - GT 1 (interferon ineligible): Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (24 weeks) - HCC and awaiting transplant: Sofosbuvir + ribavirin (up to 48 weeks) • Class & Mechanism - Nucleotide analog inhibitor of NS5B polymerase enzyme • Dosing: 400 mg PO once daily with or without food • Adverse Effects (AE) attributable to Sofosbuvir - Fatigue, headache
  • 18. Sofosbuvir • Dosing in Renal Impairment - No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. - No dose recommendation can be given for patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2)or with end stage renal disease due to higher exposures (up to 20 -fold) of the predominant sofosbuvir metabolite
  • 19. Hepatitis web study Hepatitis web study Hepatitis web study Sofosbuvir: Details of Key Phase 2/3 Studies
  • 20. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 4 & 6
  • 21. Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7. Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6 ATOMIC Trial: Design N =14 Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg Peginterferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly Cohort A n = 52 GT 1 GT4 GT6 SOF + PEG + RBV SOF + PEG + RBV SOF + PEG + RBV SVR24 SVR24 SVR24 Cohort B n = 125 Cohort C n = 155 SOF SOF + RBV 0 12 48Week 24 36
  • 22. Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6 ATOMIC Trial: Results, by Cohort (Regimen) ATOMIC: SVR 24 by Cohort (Regimen) Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7. 89 89 87 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cohort A Cohort B Cohort C Patients(%)withSVR24 46/52 97/109 135/155 Patients with Genotype 1, 4, or 6 The rates of sustained virologic response were very high and were not significantly different among the three groups: 89%, 89%, and 87%, respectively
  • 23. Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6 ATOMIC Trial: Results, by Cohort (Regimen) ATOMIC: SVR 24 by Genotype Source: Kowdley K, et al. Lancet. 2013;381:2100-7. 88 82 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 GT 1 GT 4 GT 6 Patients(%)withSVR24 264/300 9/11 5/5 Notes: (1) No patients with Genotype 5 enrolled in study (2) All patients with Genotype 4 or 6 received 24 weeks of SOF + PEG + RBV (3) The 2 patients with Genotype 4 and failure resulted from lost to follow-up at end of treatment
  • 24. Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1,4,6 ATOMIC Trial: Implications 1. There is no benefit in prolonging treatment with sofosbuvir beyond 12 weeks, since adverse events increased without any improvement in the rate of sustained virologic response 2. There is a very low likelihood of developing viral resistance or mutation when using sofosbuvir. 3. There is no role for response-guided therapy, a concept used with protease inhibitor-based regimens in which patients who have complete clearance of the virus within the first 4 weeks of treatment (a rapid virologic response) and remain clear through 12 weeks of treatment (an extended rapid viral response) can be treated for a shorter duration without decreasing the likelihood of a sustained virologic response • .
  • 25. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve Phase 3 Study - Genotype 1, 4, 5 & 6
  • 26. Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6 NEUTRINO Trial: Design Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBVN=327 Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily Peginterferon alfa-2a: 180 µg once weekly Ribavirin (weight-based and in 2 divided doses): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg 0 12 24Week SVR12
  • 27. Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6 NEUTRINO Trial: Results NEUTRINO: HCV RNA <25 IU/ml by Study Timepoint Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. 99 99 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 Week 4 Week 12 (End of Tx) SVR12 Patients(%)withHCVRNA<25IU/ml SVR = sustained virologic response 321/325 326/327 295/327
  • 28. Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6 NEUTRINO Trial: Results NEUTRINO: SVR 12 by Liver Disease Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. 92 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 No Cirrhosis Cirrhosis PatientswithSVR12(%) 252/273 43/54
  • 29. Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. Sofosbuvir + PEG + RBV: Treatment-Naive HCV GT 1,4,5,6 NEUTRINO Trial: Conclusions Conclusions: “In the open-label, single-group study, 12 weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir plus peginterferon- ribavirin had high efficacy in previously untreated patients with genotype 1 or 4 infection, with apparent reductions in adverse effects.” *Note: This conclusion pertains to both the NEUTRINO and FISSION trials, which were published in tandem
  • 30. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 2 & 3 (Sof + Peg + RBV)
  • 31. Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8. Sofosbuvir + Peginterferon + Ribavirin in Genotypes 1-3 PROTON Trial: Design N =14Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily, except as designated in arm that received 200 mg once daily Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg Peginterferferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly n = 48 SOF + PEG + RBVn = 25GT 2, 3 GT 1 SOF (200 mg) + PEG + RBV + RVR PEG + RBV - RVR PEG + RBV n = 47 SOF (400 mg) + PEG + RBV + RVR PEG + RBV - RVR PEG + RBV SOF + PEG + RBVn = 26 0 24 4812 72Week
  • 32. Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Peginterferon in Genotypes 1-3 PROTON Trial: Results, by Genotype PROTON: SVR 24 Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8. 90 91 58 92 0 20 40 60 80 100 SOF 200 mg + PR SOF 400 mg + PR PR SOF 400 mg + PR Patients(%)withSVR24 41/48 42/47 15/26 23/25 Genotype 1 Genotype 2 or 3
  • 33. Source: Lawitz E, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:401-8. Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Peginterferon in Genotypes 1-3 PROTON Trial: Conclusions Interpretation: “Our findings lend support to the further assessment, in phase 2 and 3 trials, of sofosbuvir 400 mg plus peginterferon and ribavirin for 12 weeks in treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype-1.”
  • 34. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve & Experienced Phase 2 Study – Genotype 1, 2 & 3 (Sof + Peg + RBV)
  • 35. Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin +/- Peginterferon in GT 1-3 ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Design SOF + RBV N =14 Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir (SOF): 400 mg once daily Ribavirin (RBV) weight-based and divided bid: 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg Peginterferon alfa-2a (PEG): 180 µg once weekly n = 9 n = 10 SOF + RBV + PEG (week 1-4) n = 10 SOF + RBV + PEG (week 1-8) n = 11 SOF + RBV + PEG SOF SOF + RBV + PEG SOF + RBV SOF + RBV SVR12 n = 10 n = 10 n = 10 n = 25 SVR12 SVR12 SVR12 SVR12 SVR12 SVR12 SVR12GT 1 Null GT 2,3 Naïve GT 1 Naive 0 20 24Week 8 12
  • 36. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin +/- Peginterferon in GT 1-3 ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Results ELECTRON: SVR 12, by Treatment Regimen Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44. 100 100 100 100 60 100 10 84 0 20 40 60 80 100 SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks PEG wk 1-4 SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks PEG wk 1-8 SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks PEG 12 wks SOF 12 wks SOF 8 wks RBV 8 wks PEG 8 wks SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks SOF 12 wks RBV 12 wks PatientswithSVR(%) 10/10 Genotype 2 or 3 (all treatment naïve) Genotype 1 Exp-Null Naive 9/9 10/10 11/11 6/10 10/10 21/25 1/10
  • 37. Source: Gane EJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34-44. Sofosbuvir + RBV in Treatment-Experienced HCV GT 2 or 3 ELECTRON Trial (Arms 1-8): Conclusions Conclusions: “Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 12 weeks may be effective in previously untreated patients with HCV genotype 1, 2, or 3 infection.”
  • 38. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve Phase 3 Study - Genotype 2 & 3 ((Sof + RBV) & (Peg + RBV))
  • 39. Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. N=243 N=256 SVR12 SVR12 Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3 FISSION Trial: Design Peginterferon + RBV (fixed-dose) Sofosbuvir + RBV (weight-based) Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily Peginterferon alfa-2a: 180 µg once weekly Weight-based Ribavirin (in 2 divided doses): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg Fixed-dose Ribavirin (in 2 divided doses): 800 mg/day Week 0 12 3624
  • 40. Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3 FISSION Trial: Results FISSION: SVR12 by Genotype Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. 67 97 56 67 78 63 0 20 40 60 80 100 GT 2 and 3 (n=496) GT 2 (n=137) GT 3 (n=359) Patients(%)withSVR12 Sofosbuvir + RBV PEG + RBV RBV = Ribavirin; PEG = Peginterferon 68/70 52/67 102/183 110/176170/253 162/243
  • 41. Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3 FISSION Trial: Results FISSION: SVR12 by Presence of Cirrhosis Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. 72 47 74 38 0 20 40 60 80 100 No Cirrhosis (n=397) Cirrhosis (n=99) Patients(%)withSVR12 Sofosbuvir + RBV PEG + RBV RBV = Ribavirin; PEG = Peginterferon 147/204 23/49 19/50143/193
  • 42. Source: Lawitz E, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1878-87. Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 2 or 3 FISSION Trial: Conclusions Conclusions: “In the randomized trial of previously untreated patients with genotype 2 or 3 infection, the efficacy of the all-oral regimen of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin was similar to that of peginterferon–ribavirin, but response rates among patients with genotype 3 infection were lower than the rates among those with genotype 2 infection.” *Note: This conclusion pertains to both the FISSION and NEUTRINO trials, which were published in tandem
  • 43. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve & Experienced Phase 3 Study - Genotype 2 & 3 (Sof + RBV)
  • 44. Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3 VALENCE Trial: Study Features VALENCE Trial: Features  Design: Randomized, phase 3, using sofosbuvir + ribavirin in treatment naive or experienced, chronic HCV GT 2 or 3  Setting: Europe  Entry Criteria - Chronic HCV Genotype 2 or 3 - Treatment naïve or treatment experienced - Platelet ≥ 50,000  Patient Characteristics (range in different treatment arms) - N = 419 - Sex: male (55-62%) - Race: white (89-100%) - Cirrhosis: (14-23%) - IL28B Genotype: non-CC (64-74%)  End-Points: Primary = SVR12; Secondary = safety
  • 45. Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3 VALENCE: Treatment Arms Sofosbuvir + RBV (n = 73) Sofosbuvir + RBV (n = 250) GT 2 GT 3 Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily Ribavirin (weight-based and divided bid): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg Original Study Protocol: Placebo versus 12 weeks treatment for GT 2 and 3. Amended Protocol: GT3 treatment extended from 12 to 24 weeks; Placebo arm offered alternative treatment Note: 85 patients enrolled in placebo arm 0 24 36Week 12 SVR12 SVR12
  • 46. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3 VALENCE: Results for Treatment Naïve and Experienced VALENCE: SVR12 by Genotype Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001. 93 85 0 20 40 60 80 100 Genotype 2 Genotype 3 Patient(%)withSVR12 12-week Treatment 24-week Treatment 68/73 213/250
  • 47. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for HCV GT 2 or 3 VALENCE: Results VALENCE: SVR12 by Genotype and Prior Treatment Experience Source: Zeuzem S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1993-2001. 93 85 97 94 90 79 0 20 40 60 80 100 Genotype 2 Genotype 3 Patients(%)withSVR12 All Treatment-Naïve Treatment-Experienced 68/73 213/25031/32 37/41 99/105 114/145
  • 48. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Treatment Naïve Phase 2 Study - Genotype 1 (Peg not an option)
  • 49. Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Features NIAID/NIH Trial: Features  Design - Randomized, open-label, 2-part, phase 2 study of sofosbuvir and ribavirin - Part 1: “proof of concept” - Part 2: low dose versus weight-based dose of ribavirin in GT-1  Setting: Single center: NIAID  Entry Criteria: HCV genotype 1; treatment-naïve  Patient Characteristics - N = 60 HCV-monoinfected patients - HCV Genotype: 1A (70%), 1B (30%) - IL28B Genotype: 81% non-CC - Age and Sex: median 54 (range 48-57); 62% male - Race: 83% black; 13% white - Liver disease: 23% had advanced fibrosis (F3-F4 by Knodell-HAI scoring)  Primary end-points: Efficacy (SVR24) and safety
  • 50. Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. Part 2 N =50 Sofosbuvir + RBV (low-dose) 24 weeks Sofosbuvir + RBV (wt-based) 24 weeks Part 1 N =10 Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Design SVR24 Sofosbuvir + RBV (wt-based) 24 weeks SVR24 N =25 N =25 Drug Dosing Sofosbuvir: 400 mg once daily Low-dose Ribavirin (divided bid): 800 mg/day Weight-based Ribavirin (divided bid): 1000 mg/day if < 75 kg or 1200 mg/day if ≥ 75 kg SVR24 0 24 48Week
  • 51. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Part 1 Results NIH SPARE Part 1: HCV <12 IU/ml by Study Timepoint Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. 80 90 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 Week 4 Week 24 (End of Tx) SVR24 Patients(%)withHCVRNA<12IU/ml All 10 patients in Part 1 received sofosbuvir plus weight-based ribavirin 8/10 9/10 9/10
  • 52. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results NIAID/NIH Part 2: HCV RNA <12 IU/ml by Study Timepoint Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. 96 88 48 96 96 68 0 20 40 60 80 100 Week 4 Week 24 (End of Tx) SVR24 Patients(%)withHCVRNA<12IU/ml SOF + RBV (low dose) SOF + RBV (weight based) SOF = Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin 24/25 24/25 22/25 24/25 12/25 17/25
  • 53. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results NIH SPARE Part 2: SVR24 by Fibrosis Stage Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. 56 29 74 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 Early Stage (0-1*) Advanced (3-4*) Patients(%)withSVR24 Fibrosis Stage (Knodell Histology Activity Index Scoring System) SOF +RBV (Low Dose) SOF +RBV (Wt-Based) SOF = Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin 3/62/714/1910/18
  • 54. 21 82 63 78 0 20 40 60 80 100 >800,000 IU/ml <800,000 IU/ml Patients(%)withSVR24 HCV RNA Level SOF +RBV (Low Dose) SOF +RBV (Wt-Based) Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Part 2 Results NIH SPARE Part 2: SVR24 by Baseline HCV RNA Level Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. SOF= Sofosbuvir; RBV = Ribavirin 7/99/1110/163/14
  • 55. Source: Osinusi A, et al. JAMA. 2013;310:804-11. Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin for Treatment-Naïve HCV GT 1 NIH SPARE Trial: Conclusions Conclusion: “In conclusion, treatment with a 24-week regimen of sofosbuvir and ribavirin resulted in an SVR rate of 68% in the weight- based ribavirin regimen and 48% in the low-dose ribavirin regimen among patients with chronic HCV and unfavorable traditional predictors of treatment response who are representative of the demographics of the US HCV epidemic.”
  • 56. Characteristics of New Generation DAA Regimens • Antiviral activity seen in all genotypes • High Barrier to Resistance • Higher SVR rates and shorter treatment duration • Oral, IFN-free, combination regimens have less side effects and higher SVR rates • Patients with cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis will benefit from less toxic regimens
  • 57. Sofosbuvir Drug-Drug Interactions Sofosbuvir not recommended for coadministration with*: • Anticonvulsants - Carbamazepine - Oxcarbazepine - Phenobarbital - Phenytoin • Antimycobacterials - Rifabutin - Rifampin - Rifapentine • Herbal Supplements - St. John’s wort • HIV Protease Inhibitors - Tipranavir/ritonavir Source: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) Prescribing Information. Gilead Sciences. *Not recommended because of potential marked decrease in sofosbuvir levels
  • 58. EASL HCV Guidelines 2014: Genotype 1 Genotype Options for Therapy Genotype 1* PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks (A1) PegIFN/ribavirin + simeprevir†: 12 wks, followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previously untreated pts and prior relapsers (A1), or 36 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previous partial responders and null responders (B1) PegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir (genotype 1b only; B1): 12 wks followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin alone or a further 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir (response-guided therapy) (B2) Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant pts only, where no other interferon-free option available (B2) Sofosbuvir + simeprevir: 12 wks (ribavirin may be added for previous nonresponders & cirrhotics) (B1) Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks in previously untreated pts; 24 wks in treatment- experienced patients (including TVR/BOC-experienced patients) (ribavirin may be added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B1) EASL. J Hepatology. 2014;60:392-420. *In settings where recommended options are not available, treatment with pegIFN/ribavirin + TVR or BOC remains acceptable. †Not recommended in pts with genotype 1a and detectable Q80K polymorphism.
  • 59. EASL HCV Guidelines 2014: Genotype 2-6 Genotype Options for Therapy Genotype 2* Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 12 wks (16-20 weeks in cirrhotic patients, especially treatment experienced) (A1) PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks for cirrhotic and/or treatment-experienced patients (B1) Genotype 3* Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks (unsuitable for treatment-experienced cirrhotics, no specific alternative proposed) (A2) PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir: 12 wks (A2) Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks (24 wks for treatment-experienced patients) (B1) Genotype 4* PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir 12 weeks (B1) PegIFN/ribavirin + simeprevir: 12 wks, followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previously untreated patients & prior relapsers (B1), or 36 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin in previous partial responders & null responders (B1) PegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir: 12 wks followed by 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin alone or a further 12 wks of pegIFN/ribavirin + daclatasvir (response-guided therapy) (B1) Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant patients (C2) Sofosbuvir + simeprevir: 12 wks (ribavirin may be added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B2) Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir: 12 wks in previously untreated patients; 24 wks in treatment-experienced patients (ribavirin may be added in previous nonresponders and cirrhotics) (B2) Genotype 5/6* PegIFN/ribavirin + sofosbuvir 12 wks (B1) Sofosbuvir + ribavirin: 24 wks for interferon-intolerant patients (C2) EASL. J Hepatology. 2014;60:392-420. *In settings where recommended options are not available, treatment with pegIFN/ribavirin remains acceptable.
  • 60. AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014 Genotype 1
  • 61. AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014 Genotype 2
  • 62. AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014 Genotype 3
  • 63. AASLD HCV Guidelines 2014 Genotype 4
  • 64. Summary of collated trials data The emergence of all-oral regimens for HCV treatment with increasingly sophisticated agents such as sofosbuvir will dramatically alter the management of HCV patients.
  • 65. Preliminary Results of New Interferon Free Regimens in Phase 2 Trials Regimen SVR Rate Duration in Weeks Sufosbuvir + Ledipasvir + RBV >95% 8-12 ABT450/r + ABT267 + ABT333 + RBV 12 ~90% Faldaprevir + 207127 + RBV (GT1B) 90% 12-24 DCV + ASV +BMS-791325 88- 94% 12-24 Presentations at European Association of Study of Liver Disease and Press releases
  • 66. HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE Thanks

Notes de l'éditeur

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  2. DAAs, direct-acting antivirals; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HCV, hepatitis C virus; LD, luminal domain.   The elucidation of the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) allowed for the identification of potential targets of antivirals that directly interrupt HCV replication. From the binding of the virus to the plasma membrane and its endocytosis through the membrane, all the way through uncoating and generating the membranous web to translation and replication, viral assembly, and transport and release again into the extracellular space, one may envision a variety of potential targets. The most obvious targets are the NS3/4 serine protease and the NS5B HCV polymerase. Therefore, our first DAAs have been protease inhibitors and nucleoside or nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors.   Also interesting was the recent discovery of NS5A inhibitors that are inhibitors of the NS5A protein. However, the function of this protein in the hepatitis C life cycle is not yet well understood. Therefore, the inhibitory drugs may help to elucidate the involvement of this protein in the HCV life cycle rather than vice versa. The HCV lifecycle and the mechanism of actions of various STAT‑C agents are shown on this slide. The virus binds to specific cell surface receptors, is endocytosed, fuses with the hepatocyte membrane, and becomes uncoated before creating a replication membranous web where the virus is replicated, proteins are translated, new variants are assembled and are transported again to the membrane and released into the circulation. The NS3/4a protease inhibitors’ mechanisms of action are to inhibit the cleavage of the viral polyprotein into various independent HCV proteins. NS5B polymerase inhibitors interfere with the RNA replication process of the virus, and there is an interesting new molecule class, the NS5A inhibitors, that probably interfere with various stages of creation of this membranous replication web, but their role has not been well defined in the HCV lifecycle.  
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  4. BOC, boceprevir; HCV, hepatitis C virus; pegIFN, peginterferon; TVR, telaprevir.
  5. HCV, hepatitis C virus; pegIFN, peginterferon.