1. 22-2 Bryophytes

2. Bryophytes Bryophytes are nonvascular plant; examples are mosses and their relatives.

3. Groups of bryophytes Bryophytes included mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

4. Mosses The most common bryophytes are mosses, which are members of the phylum Bryophyta. Mosses grow most abundantly in areas with water-in swamps and bogs, near streams, and in rain forests.

5. Rhizoids Rhizoid are in fungi, a root like hypha that penetrates the surface of an object; in mosses, a long, thin cell that anchors the moss to the ground and absorbs water and minerals from the surrounding soil.

6. Liverworts These plants belong to the phylum hepaticophyta and get their name from the fact that some species resemble the shape of a liver.

7. Gemmae Some liverworts can also reproduce asexually by means of gemmae. Gemmae are small multicellular reproductive structures.

8. Hornworts Hornworts are members of the phylum anthocerophyta. Like liverworts, hornworts are generally found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round.

9. Protonema Protonema is the mass of tangled green filaments in mosses that forms during germination.

10. Antheridia Antheridum is the male reproductive structure in some algae and plants.

11. Archegonia Archegonium is the female reproductive structure in some plants, including mosses and liverworts.